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Anatomy of Male Reproductive System

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Anatomy of Male Reproductive System Reproductive System Anatomy of Male Reproductive System Function: producing offspring Major Organs propagation of the species External Reproductive Organs !in terms of evolution penis and scrotum – the only reason all the other systems exist Internal Organs: only major system that doesn’t work continuously ! only activated at puberty these structures form continuous tube: unlike most other organisms on planet Testes ! mammals only reproduce sexually epididymus humans are dieocious vas deferens ! separate sexed (many animals are monoecious or ejaculatory duct hermaphrodites) urethra in penis th in 7 week of embryonic development genes are activated that trigger differentiation of gonads Accessory organs seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands 1. Penis and Scrotum penis is transfer organ glans ! expanded head prepuce ! foreskin both have modified sebaceous glands that produce waxy secretion = smegma Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 1 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 2 a. seminiferous tubules penis contains erectile tissues that surrounds (700’ of seminiferous tubules in testes) the urethra ! functions in spermatogenesis: ! fill with blood during sexual arousal formation and maturation of sperm cells corpus spongiosum (lower – surrounds urethra) passes along ventral side of penis and in cross section: encloses urethra seminiferous tubules appear roughly circular and contain germinal epithelium 2 coropora cavernosum (upper) (containing germ cells) and sustentacular on dorsal side (Sertoli) cells Sertoli cells protect germ cells and promote all contain numerous tiny blood sinuses their development = lacunae b. interstitial cells scrotum keeps testes at cooler temperature are scattered between the seminiferous tubules ! sperm can only be produced at several degrees below function in hormone secretion normal body temp !testosterone 2. Testes (=testicles) 1. development and maintenance of primary reproductive organ of male secondary sexual characteristics 2. stimulates protein synthesis testis enclosed by white fibrous capsule 3. promotes growth of skeletal muscles interior is divided into several hundred lobules divided by septa 3. Epididymis each lobule contains: epididymis is highly coiled, 18’ tube that sits on outside of testes Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 3 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 4 ejaculatory duct connects with urethra inside takes sperm about 20 days to make their way the prostate gland through the epididymus urethra opens to outside via the penis when sperm enter epididymis they are immature, nonmotile and incapable of fertilization Accessory Organs !epididymis is a site of maturation three accessory glands secrete fluids that mix with the sperm !then are stored until “duty calls” = semen stored sperm remain fertile for 40-60 days 1. Seminal Vesicles (paired) older sperm disintegrate and are reabsorbed by epididymis pair of glands dorsal to bladder, each ~5 cm long 4. Vas Deferens (=Ductus Deferens) secrete viscous yellowish liquid rich in fructose, prostaglandins and other nutrients that a long muscular tube leading from eipdidymis in comprises ~60% of the semen scrotum, through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity and around the posterior side of fructose serves as energy source for sperm the bladder where it unites with ducts from the seminal vesicles 2. Prostate Gland (single) 5. Ejaculatory Duct inferior to bladder, ~3 cm diameter (size of golf ball) ducts from seminal vesicles join vas deferens to form a short ejaculatory duct that passes surrounds ejaculatory duct at junction with urethra through the prostate gland and joins the urethra resembles a sponge; walls have >30 orifices 6. Urethra secretes a thin, milky, liquid that contains citric Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 5 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 6 acid, calcium and various enzymes and Anatomy of Female Reproductive constitutes ~30% of the semen System this buffered solution (pH~6.5) protects sperm External Reproductive Organs: from the acidity of male urethra and female vagina vulva mammary glands by age 70, most (90%) of men show some degree of benign prostatic hyperplasia Internal Organs ! can compress urethra, slow urine flow, promote bladder and kidney infections ovaries oviducts 3. Bulbourethral Glands (paired) uterus vagina small (~1cm) pea-shaped glands below prostate 1. Vulva during sexual arousal they produce a clear, slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the group of structures at external opening of vagina penis in preparation for intercourse mons pubis also protects sperm by helping to neutralize the labia majora acidity of residual urine in urethra labia minor clitoris (homologous to male penis) Bartholins gland (for lubrication, homologous to during arousal some of this fluid may appear at tip of penis and bulbourethral glands in males) may contain sufficient sperm to fertilize the egg even without actual ejaculation functions: sensory arousal glands for lubrication 2. Breasts (Mammary Glands) nutrient rich food for nursing infant Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 7 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 8 in developing countries often the best meals a person gets in follicle cells in ovary secrete mainly estrogen and his/her lifetime progesterone ! diseases associated with cessation of nursing 4. Uterine Tubes (=oviducts, fallopian tubes) each breast consists of several lobes of secretory cells embedded in connective tissue open at one end to receive the egg at ovulation ducts from individual glands unite to form single opening is enlarged and partially surrounds ovary duct feathery projections = fimbriae fibriae, activated by hormones just before ovulation !duct exits through nipple ! become filled with blood ! brush swollen follicle at ovulatioin 3. Ovaries ! draw egg into oviduct cortex of ovaries are covered by layer of small ciliated along its length and muscular wall to move epithelial cells egg down to uterus = germinal epithelium takes 3-4 days for egg to travel ~5” below this layer 1000’s of follicles develop fertilization occurs here embedded in connective tissue matrix 5. Uterus within follicles are partially developed egg cells a thick pear-shaped, muscular organ ovaries perform two major functions: subdivided into: 1. oogenesis fundus = upper portion immature egg cells in ovary mature into ova ready for body = mid portion fertilization cervix = lower portion that extends into the vagina 2. hormone secretions Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 9 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 10 receives egg from oviduct leads to outside of body !if fertilized, holds embryo and fetus during development muscular tube wall is thin but very distendable 3 layers: mucosa secretes lubricating fluid during sexual epimetrium (=perimetrium, =visceral arousal peritoneum) ! serous tissue at its lower end, mucosa folds inward and forms a membrane = the hymen myometrium ! muscle layers which is ruptured by strenuous activity, insertion of tampons as menstrual cycle begins or first intercourse endometrium not connected to urethra ! inner mucous lining ovaries and other internal reproductive organs are held in place by several connective tissue ligaments: some are mainly extensions of peritoneum eg. ovarian ligament ! connects ovary to uterus eg. suspensory ligament ! connects ovary to pelvic wall eg. broad ligament ! encloses uterine tube and connects it to sides of uterus eg. round ligaments ! fibromuscular cords that help hold uterus in place 6. Vagina (birth canal) Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 11 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 12 Physiology of Male Reproductive decrease in testosterone can cause sterility System 2. stimulates general protein synthesis the anterior pituitary gland serves as the primary control of reproductive function 3. promotes muscular development, bone growth, thickening of skin and growth of facial and at puberty Ant Pituitary secretes FSH & large amounts body hair of LH (ICSH) 4. development and maintenance of secondary FSH & LH ! cause testes to increase in size sexual characteristics and begin sperm production hair pattern thickening of vocal cords and enlargement of larynx to lower of voice pitch LH ! triggers interstitial cells to produce testosterone 5. behavioral changes (~sex drive, aggression, courtship behaviors) the secretion of FSH and LH is fairly constant from day to day in males Androgens are also produced in women ovary & adrenal cortex male hormone (=androgens) are secreted mainly by relatively weak promotes protein synthesis, growth interstital cells of testes not masculinizing main male hormone is Testosterone Negative feedback loop maintains constant level of testosterone in blood: There are two male hormones: testosterone androstenedione !high testosterone levels inhibit LH additional testosterone is secreted by Adrenal Cortex Testosterone functions: 1. local effects on sperm development in seminiferous tubules Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2013.4 13 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproductive System; Ziser Lecture Notes,
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