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Fort Raleigh Archaeological Project: 1994/1995 Survey Report

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Fort Raleigh Archaeological Project: 1994/1995 Survey Report Fort Raleigh Archaelogical Project 1994/1995 Survey Report Nicholas M. Luccketti Virginia Association for Company the Preservation Foundation of Virginia Antiquities December 1996 Graphics by Jamie E. May Design and Production by Elliott Jordan © 1997 by The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities and Nicholas M. Luccketti Contents Introduction .................................................. 1 Context ......................................................... 5 Historical Background ....................................................................... 5 Archaeological Background............................................................... 6 Research Design ............................................ 8 1994 Objectives ................................................................................ 8 1995 Objectives .............................................................................. 10 1994/1995 Methods ....................................................................... 11 1994/1995 Expected Results........................................................... 12 Fieldwork Results......................................... 15 1994 Area Excavation ..................................................................... 15 1994 Survey Test Pits ...................................................................... 19 1995 Shovel Test Hole Survey ......................................................... 20 1995 Test Pits .................................................................................. 21 Soil Analysis .................................................................................... 22 Summary..................................................... 23 Conclusions ................................................. 25 Future Research ........................................... 28 Bibliography ................................................ 29 Appendix A ................................................ 31 Finds List ......................................................................................... 31 Introduction The Virginia Company Foundation (VCF) ology Office of the Institute for Historical and is a non-profit organization devoted to the archae- Cultural Research at East Carolina University, gen- ology and research of sites dating to the first years erously served as the prehistory consultant for the of English settlement of Virginia. It has been con- 1994-95 projects. He identified all Native Ameri- ducting archaeological research at Fort Raleigh can artifacts recovered during the excavations and National Historic Site, Roanoke Island, North made three on site inspections, one in 1994 and Carolina, since 1991 (Figure 1). The first two years two in 1995. focused on the excavation of a metallurgical and The 1994 field crew consisted of VCF per- distilling area, a “science center,” located adjacent sonnel David K. Hazzard, William M. Kelso, Eric to the west side of the reconstructed earthen fort Klingelhofer, William L. Leigh, III, Nicholas M. and associated with the 1585-86 colony of Ralph Luccketti, Jamie May, Alastair Macdonald, Ivor Lane. This work is the subject of a separate report Noel Hume, Nate Smith, Martha Williams and authored by Ivor Noel Hume that will be submit- NPS archaeologist Ken Wild. Members of the ted to the National Park Service (NPS) in early 1996. 1995 field crew were David K. Hazzard, Nicholas In 1994, the VCF commenced three area ex- M. Luccketti, Alastair Macdonald, Martha Will- cavations in the vicinity of the reconstructed iams, Gail Wharton, and Robert Wharton with earthen fort to reexamine features that were first assistance from Dr. Paul Green, Thomas MacDonald, recorded by J.C. Harrington during his survey of and Dane Magoon. Artifacts collected during the the park in 1947-48 and possibly related to En- area excavations and survey were processed by glish occupation from 1585-87. The VCF also VCF curator Beverly A. Straube. She also identi- conducted limited testing away from the immedi- fied the European objects and edited the final re- ate vicinity of the reconstructed earthen fort in port in her usual thoughtful manner. Dr. Gerald 1994. No European artifacts or features associated Johnson, Professor of Geology at the College of with the 16th-century English settlements at William and Mary, amiably provided his expertise, Roanoke Island were found. The survey did locate as he has done so many times in the past, regarding a deeply buried layer containing Native American soils of the project area and Dr. Stanley Riggs, Dis- Colington ceramics in the heavily wooded area be- tinguished Professor of Geology at East Carolina tween the earthen fort and the Elizabethan Gar- University kindly identified geological specimens. dens which had never been previously tested. Funds to support the 1994 fieldwork were The 1995 field season consisted of a shovel provided in large part by the Fort Raleigh National test survey supplemented by the excavation of sev- Historic Site thanks to the interest of then Super- eral larger test units to define the cultural layer dis- intendent Tom Hartmann and Cultural Resource covered in 1994 and to determine if it also con- Manager Mary Collier. A significant financial con- tained evidence of 16th-century English tribution to the 1994 project was made by the settlement. Although no features were found, the Roanoke Colonies Research Office of the Institute survey did recover European artifacts dating to the for Historical and Cultural Research at East Caro- 16th century from this area. lina University through the efforts of Dr. Keats The Project Director for the 1994-95 Fort Sparrow, Dean of Arts and Sciences. Financial sup- Raleigh Archaeological Project was VCF president port in 1995 was drastically diminished to only a Dr. William M. Kelso, who provided general direc- VCF grant for staff lodging which unfortunately tion for the fieldwork and report production. reduced the normal fieldwork season by half. Ac- Nicholas M. Luccketti was the project archaeolo- cordingly, a particular debt of gratitude is owed to gist supervising the fieldwork. Ivor Noel Hume, the 1995 field crew whose commitment to archae- who was Project Director for the 1991-93 science ology at Fort Raleigh is such that they were not de- center excavations, was an advisor to the project. terred by the lack of compensation for either their Dr. David Phelps, Director of the Coastal Archae- time or expenses. 1 The VCF/NPS archaeological work was a of the Fort Raleigh Archaeological Project. The major component of “The Riddle of Roanoke,” a National Park Service Southeast Archaeological television program produced by New Dominion Center (SEAC) regional archaeologist Bennie Pictures for the Archaeology series on the Discov- Keel, who participated in the science center exca- ery channel and included footage of the 1994 vations, provided much needed advice, while fieldwork as well as an interview with Ivor Noel SEAC archaeologist Ken Wild was an extremely Hume. valuable member of the 1995 team. The author is Of course, the VCF Fort Raleigh Archaeo- indebted to the Association for the Preservation of logical Project would not be possible without the Virginia Antiquities (APVA) for graciously allow- support and cooperation of Fort Raleigh National ing this report to be produced at its archaeological Historic Site and the Southeast Archaeological facility at Jamestown Island and particularly to the Center of the National Park Service. Superinten- APVA Laboratory Manager Elliott Jordan who dents Tom Hartman, now retired, and Russ Berry, skillfully designed and produced this report. The Assistant Superintendent Mary Collier, Supervi- confluence of the VCF mission and the APVA’s de- sory Park Ranger Andrew Kling, and Curators cision to expand its archaeological program re- BeBe Woody, now retired, and Steve Harrison have sulted in a formal consolidation of the two organi- all made substantial contributions to the ongoing zations in 1996. Finally, the author is most grateful research, ranging from their official management to Ivor Noel Hume, William M. Kelso, and David duties to their continuing encouragement and will- K. Hazzard for allowing me to continually pester ingness to help in whatever manner possible. A them for their insights on the archaeology at Fort special acknowledgment is due NPS Civil Engi- Raleigh. neer Charley Snow, whose unflagging assistance The 1994 fieldwork was conducted from through the years, whether it was surveying, re- October 15-October 29 and the 1995 fieldwork moving sidewalks, backfilling or any number of from November 6-November 12. All errors are the other tiresome requests made of him and his staff, responsibility of the author. has been of immeasurable help during the course 2 Figure 1: Roanoke Island and vicinity (Harrington 1962). 3 4 Context Historical Background The history of the English settlements at the settlement abandoned, however, he left a garri- Roanoke Island has been researched in great detail son of 15 men on Roanoke Island to hold it for the and extensively published, therefore it is unneces- Queen. A captured Spanish pilot, Pedro Diaz, al- sary to provide a shallow repetition of this material though he was not allowed to leave the ship, re- in this report. Nevertheless, it is important for ported that the settlement had “…a wooden fort of evaluating archaeological investigations to briefly little strength…” (Quinn 1991:790). describe those events that may have left archaeo- Raleigh dispatched another colony
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