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Chapter 9 Multiview Drawings 203 This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved. 202 Exploring Drafting Chapter 9 Multiview Drawings 203 Multiview 9 Drawings OBJECTIVES Drafting vocabulary After studying this chapter, Blocking in Orthographic you should be able to: Depth projection Engineering ◆ Understand the principles of Positive mass working drawings orthographic projection. Primary projection First-angle plane ◆ Use orthographic projection to develop projection Primary view multiview drawings. Foreshortening Principal planes ◆ Identify and explain projection planes Frontal plane Principal views and how they relate to multiview Height Profi le plane drawings. Horizontal plane Third-angle ◆ Determine the views necessary to Mechanical drawing projection completely describe an object in a Multiview drawing True face multiview drawing. Negative mass Width Object feature ◆ Identify various types of features existing within objects. ◆ Identify and explain positive and negative mass as it relates to an object. ◆ Explain the difference between primary and secondary views of objects and features. ◆ Center a multiview drawing on the drawing sheet. 204 Exploring Drafting Chapter 9 Multiview Drawings 205 When a drawing is made with the aid of Top view Visualizing the Object and width, height, and depth) to be shown on a fl at instruments, it is called a mechanical drawing. surface having only two dimensions. The fl at Straight lines are made with a T-square, Left Rear view Projecting Views surface may be a piece of paper or the screen view triangle, or drafting machine straightedge. Before a drafter can generate the necessary of a computer monitor. Orthographic projec- Circles, arcs, and irregular curves are drawn views for a multiview drawing, he or she must tion is the key tool used in developing views with a compass, French curve, or the appro- be able to visualize the object being drawn. In for engineering working drawings (drawings priate template for the object needed. other words, the drafter must be able to see the used to manufacture or construct objects). As discussed in Chapter 7, drawings are Front Right There are two ways to project views in view view object in three dimensions in his or her mind’s also generated with computer-aided drafting Bottom eye. This is an essential skill in drafting. There orthographic projection, Figure 9-4. Third- (CAD) software. While many drafting fi rms view are many methods and techniques that aid in angle projection is preferred in the United now use CAD for developing drawing pro jects, the process of visualizing objects. The following States. First-angle projection is typically used knowledge of manual drafting techniques Figure 9-1 An object is normally viewed from six in most European countries. basic directions. approach should help the beginning drafter and procedures is still extremely valuable in become successful at visualizing objects. The difference between the two types solving design problems. To obtain the two-dimensional views of projection relates to the placement of the Regardless of the technique, whether needed for a multiview drawing, the drafter imaginary box in one of the quadrants formed traditional (manual) or CAD drafting, the than one two-dimensional view in order to should fi rst think of the object as being enclosed by the intersection of the three principal principles of drafting remain the same. The provide an accurate shape and size descrip- in a hinged glass box. See Figure 9-3. The planes. Referring to Figure 9-4, these planes drafter must be familiar with the standards tion of the object being produced. In devel- six surfaces of the glass box are the standard are the frontal plane, horizontal plane, and and procedures necessary to develop draw- oping the needed views, the object is normally projection planes to which the individual views profi le plane. The frontal plane represents the ings that accurately describe objects. viewed from six basic directions, as shown in are projected. The process used in projecting projection for the front view of an object. The Many drawings used by industry are Figure 9-1. These are the six principal views. the views to the projection planes is known as horizontal plane represents the projection for created as multiview drawings. A multiview They include the front, top, right side, left orthographic projection. This process allows the top view of the object. The profi le plane drawing is a drawing that requires more side, rear, and bottom views. See Figure 9-2. three-dimensional objects (objects having represents the projection for the side view of the object. In third-angle projection, the imaginary box containing the object rests in the third quadrant (the lower-right or third- angle quadrant when looking at the profi le plane). In this type of projection, the sides of Top view the object are projected to the sides of the box and toward the viewer. In fi rst-angle projec- tion, the imaginary box containing the object rests in the fi rst quadrant (the upper-left or fi rst-angle quadrant when looking at the profi le plane). In this type of projection, the sides of the object are projected to the sides of Rear view Left view Front view Right view the box and away from the viewer. A graphic explanation of third-angle pro- jection is shown in Figure 9-5. In this method, the object is viewed from points of view that are perpendicular to the projection planes (the surfaces of the glass box). The drafter looks Bottom view through the given projection plane and the surfaces, edges, and intersections that make Figure 9-2 The six basic directions of sight provide the principal views for developing a multiview drawing. Figure 9-3 Visualizing a three-dimensional object up the object are then projected forward to Shown are the principal views of the object in Figure 9-1. inside a hinged glass box helps establish the planes the projection plane. That is, the views are of projection for projecting views. projected to the six sides of the glass box. 206 Exploring Drafting Chapter 9 Multiview Drawings 207 hen unfolded hen unfolded Frontal plane Second angle First angle Third angle Horizontal Fourth plane angle Profile plane A Top Front First Bottom angle Third angle Third angle Left BC Figure 9-4 Third-angle and fi rst-angle projection. A—The principal planes used in orthographic projection Rear Right divide the drawing space into four quadrants. B—An imaginary box containing the object is placed in the third are t The sides of the box In third-angle projection, the sides of the object are projected to the sides of the imaginary box. quadrant for third-angle projection. C—An imaginary box containing the object is placed in the fi rst quadrant for fi rst-angle projection. toward the viewer. toward Figure 9-5 208 Exploring Drafting Chapter 9 Multiview Drawings 209 Mechanical Engineer (continued) CAREERs in drafting and Air-Conditioning Engineers (www.ashrae. If I decide to pursue a different career, org) and the Society of Automotive Engineers what other fi elds are related to mechanical (www.sae.org), respectively. Special informa- engineering? Mathematics, drafting, archi- What are the special fi elds relating Mechanical Engineer tion for high school students about careers tecture, other types of engineering, and many to this career? Mechanical engineering is a in engineering is available from the Junior types of science. What would I do if I were to become a specialized fi eld of engineering. Specialized Engineering Technical Society (www.jets.org). mechanical engineer? I would design and fi elds of mechanical engineering include develop power-producing machines such as automotive design and plant engineering and generators, engines, and turbines. I would also maintenance. Mechanical engineering is also design and develop power-using machines related to the design of energy systems, manu- such as automotive vehicles, heating, venti- facturing systems, materials, pressure vessels lation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equip- and piping, and HVAC systems. Then, the “sides” of the glass box are unfolded so on. Compare the orientation of the views ment, machine tools, manufacturing systems What are my chances of finding a toward the drafter. The front is always the in Figure 9-5 to the orientation of the views and components, elevators and escalators, job? The demand for mechanical engi- featured view with the other views oriented in Figure 9-6. Notice that regardless of the and robots used in automation systems. I neers is not expected to grow quite as in the order obtained by unfolding the sides method of projection, all views are centered would also design and develop other types of fast as the demand for some other engi- of the box. In other words, the right side view about and originate from the front view. machinery and products. neering specialties over the next several What would I need to know? I would need is always to the right of the front view, the top Different symbols are used in industry to years. However, new technologies relating view is always above the front view, the bot- identify third-angle and fi rst-angle projection to know how to develop economical solutions to to nanotechnology, materials science, and tom view is always below the front view, and drawings. See Figure 9-7. The appropriate technical mechanical problems. I would have to biotechnology should provide opportuni- so on. know how to research, develop, design, manu- ties for mechanical engineers. Also, it is not symbol typically appears next to the title facture, and test tools, engines, machines, and uncommon for someone holding a degree in A graphic explanation of fi rst-angle block on the drawing sheet. other mechanical devices by applying theories mechanical engineering to qualify for jobs in projection is shown in Figure 9-6.
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