Surveying and Drawing Instruments
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The Origin and Evolution of Calipers
History of Precision Measuring Instruments The Origin and Evolution of Calipers MAP1481_E12029_2_MeasuringHistory_Calipers.indd 1 18/5/21 1:34 PM Contents 1. About the Nogisu ...............................................................................................................................1 2. About the Caliper ...............................................................................................................................2 3. Origin of the Name Nogisu and Vernier Graduations ..........................................................................4 4. Oldest Sliding Caliper: Nogisu .............................................................................................................8 5. Scabbard Type Sliding Caliper till the Middle of 19th Century .............................................................9 6. World's Oldest Vernier Caliper (Nogisu) in Existence .........................................................................11 7. Theory That the Vernier Caliper (Nogisu) Was Born in the U.S. ..........................................................12 8. Calipers before Around 1945 (the End of WWII) in the West ...........................................................13 8. 1. Slide-Catching Scale without Vernier Graduations: Simplified Calipers ......................................14 8. 2. Sliding Calipers with Diagonal Scale ..........................................................................................18 8. 3. Sliding Caliper with a Vernier Scale: Vernier Caliper ..................................................................19 -
AABTKJX0 Giesecke ©2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc
Figure Number: 03-01 AABTKJX0 Giesecke ©2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Engineering Graphics, 8E A Pearson Company Page Number: Principal Items of Equipment. Figure Number: 03-02 AABTKJY0 Giesecke ©2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Engineering Graphics, 8E A Pearson Company Page Number: The T-square. Figure Number: 03-03 AABTKJZ0 Giesecke ©2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Engineering Graphics, 8E A Pearson Company Page Number: Testing the Working Edge of the Drawing Board. Figure Number: 03-04 AABTKKA0 Giesecke ©2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Engineering Graphics, 8E A Pearson Company Page Number: Testing the T-square. Figure Number: 03-05 AABTKKB0 Giesecke ©2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Engineering Graphics, 8E A Pearson Company Page Number: Placing Paper on Drawing Board. Figure Number: 03-06 AABTKKC0 Giesecke ©2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Engineering Graphics, 8E A Pearson Company Page Number: Positions of Drafting Tape. Figure Number: 03-07 a-c AABTKKD0 Giesecke ©2004 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Engineering Graphics, 8E A Pearson Company Page Number: Drawing Pencils. Hard Medium Soft The hard leads in this group (left) These grades are for general These leads are too soft to be useful are used where extreme accuracy purpose work in technical drawing. in mechanical drafting. Their use for is required, as on graphical com- The softer grades (right) are used such work results in smudged, rough putations and charts and diagrams. for technical sketching, for letter- lines that are hard to erase, and the The softer leads in this group ing, arrowheads, and other free- lead must be sharpened continually. (right) are sometimes used for line hand work on mechanical These grades are used for art work work on engineering drawings, but drawings. -
FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory an Introduction to Surveying
FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory Lecture 5: Principals of Surveying • An Introduction to Surveying • Horizontal Distances & Angles An Introduction to Surveying: Social and Land In Natural Resources we survey populations to gain representative information about something We also conduct land surveys to record the fine-scale topographic detail of an area We use both kinds of surveying in Natural Resources An Introduction to Surveying: Why do we Survey? To measure in the field the distance, bearing, and location of features on the Earth’s surface Geodetic Surveying • Very large distances • Have to account for curvature of the Earth! Plane Surveying • What we do • Thankfully regular trig works just fine 1 An Introduction to Surveying: Why do we Survey? Foresters as a rule do not conduct many new surveys BUT it is very common to: • Retrace old lines • Locate boundaries • Run cruise lines and transects • Analyze post treatments impacts on stream morphology, soils fuels,etc In addition to land survey equipment, Modern tools include the use of GIS and GPS Æ FOR 375 for more details An Introduction to Surveying: Types of Survey Construction Surveys: collect data essential for planning of new projects - constructing a new forest road - putting in a culvert Hydrological Surveys: collect data on stream channel morphology or impacts of treatments on erosion potential An Introduction to Surveying: Types of Survey Topographic Surveys: gather data on natural and man-made features on the Earth's surface to produce a 3D topographic map Typical -
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Paul W
A STUDY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND INVENTIONS IN ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTS Thai: for III. Dean. of I. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Paul W. Hoynigor I948 This]: _ C./ SUPP! '3' Nagy NIH: LJWIHL WA KOF BOOK A STUDY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND INVENTIONS IN ENGINEERING’INSIRUMENTS A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of MICHIGAN‘STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND.APPLIED SCIENCE by Paul W. Heyniger Candidate for the Degree of Batchelor of Science June 1948 \. HE-UI: PREFACE This Thesis is submitted to the faculty of Michigan State College as one of the requirements for a B. S. De- gree in Civil Engineering.' At this time,I Iish to express my appreciation to c. M. Cade, Professor of Civil Engineering at Michigan State Collegeafor his assistance throughout the course and to the manufacturers,vhose products are represented, for their help by freely giving of the data used in this paper. In preparing the laterial used in this thesis, it was the authors at: to point out new develop-ants on existing instruments and recent inventions or engineer- ing equipment used principally by the Civil Engineer. 20 6052 TAEEE OF CONTENTS Chapter One Page Introduction B. Drafting Equipment ----------------------- 13 Chapter Two Telescopic Inprovenents A. Glass Reticles .......................... -32 B. Coated Lenses .......................... --J.B Chapter three The Tilting Level- ............................ -33 Chapter rear The First One-Second.Anerican Optical 28 “00d011 ‘6- -------------------------- e- --------- Chapter rive Chapter Six The Latest Type Altineter ----- - ................ 5.5 TABLE OF CONTENTS , Chapter Seven Page The Most Recent Drafting Machine ........... -39.--- Chapter Eight Chapter Nine SmOnnB By Radar ....... - ------------------ In”.-- Chapter Ten Conclusion ------------ - ----- -. -
Maps and Diagrams. Their Compilation and Construction
~r HJ.Mo Mouse andHR Wilkinson MAPS AND DIAGRAMS 8 his third edition does not form a ramatic departure from the treatment of artographic methods which has made it a standard text for 1 years, but it has developed those aspects of the subject (computer-graphics, quantification gen- erally) which are likely to progress in the uture. While earlier editions were primarily concerned with university cartography ‘ourses and with the production of the- matic maps to illustrate theses, articles and books, this new edition takes into account the increasing number of professional cartographer-geographers employed in Government departments, planning de- partments and in the offices of architects pnd civil engineers. The authors seek to ive students some idea of the novel and xciting developments in tools, materials, echniques and methods. The growth, mounting to an explosion, in data of all inds emphasises the increasing need for discerning use of statistical techniques, nevitably, the dependence on the com- uter for ordering and sifting data must row, as must the degree of sophistication n the techniques employed. New maps nd diagrams have been supplied where ecessary. HIRD EDITION PRICE NET £3-50 :70s IN U K 0 N LY MAPS AND DIAGRAMS THEIR COMPILATION AND CONSTRUCTION MAPS AND DIAGRAMS THEIR COMPILATION AND CONSTRUCTION F. J. MONKHOUSE Formerly Professor of Geography in the University of Southampton and H. R. WILKINSON Professor of Geography in the University of Hull METHUEN & CO LTD II NEW FETTER LANE LONDON EC4 ; © ig6g and igyi F.J. Monkhouse and H. R. Wilkinson First published goth October igj2 Reprinted 4 times Second edition, revised and enlarged, ig6g Reprinted 3 times Third edition, revised and enlarged, igyi SBN 416 07440 5 Second edition first published as a University Paperback, ig6g Reprinted 5 times Third edition, igyi SBN 416 07450 2 Printed in Great Britain by Richard Clay ( The Chaucer Press), Ltd Bungay, Suffolk This title is available in both hard and paperback editions. -
Plane Table Civil Engineering Department Integral
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW Basic Survey Field Work (ICE-352) The history of surveying started with plane surveying when the first line was measured. Today the land surveying basics are the same but the instruments and technology has changed. The surveying equipments used today are much more different than the simple surveying instruments in the past. The land surveying methods too have changed and the surveyor uses more advanced tools and techniques in Land survey. Civil Engineering survey is based on measuring, recording and drawing to scale the physical features on the surface of the earth. The surveyor uses instruments for measuring, a field book for recording and now a days surveying softwares for plotting and drawing to scale the site features in civil engineering survey. The surveying Leveling techniques are aided by instruments such as theodolite, Level, tripods, tapes, chains, telescopes etc and then the surveying engineer drafts a report on the proceedings. S.NO APPARATUS IMAGE DISCRIPTION . NAME In case of plane table survey, the measurements of survey lines of the traverse and their plotting to a suitable 1- PLANE TABLE scale are done simultaneously. Instruments required: Alidade, Drawing board, peg, Plumbing fork, Spirit level and Trough compass . The length of the survey lines are measured with the help of tape or chain. 2- CHAIN AND TAPE Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a 3- PRISMATIC magnetic compass. &SURVEYOR The compass is CAMPASS generally used to run a traverse line. The compass calculates bearings of lines with respect to magnetic north. -
Drafting Machines and Parts Threof from Japan
DRAFTING MACHINES AND PARTS THEREOF FROM JAPAN Determination of the Commission in Investigation No. 731-T A-432 (Final} Under the Tariff Act of 1930, Together With the Information Obtained in the Investigation USITC PUBLICATION 2247 DECEMBER 1989 United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION COMMISSIONERS Anne E. Brunsdale, Chairman Ronald A. Cass, Vice Chairman Alfred E. Eckes Seeley G. Lodwick David B. Rohr Don E. Newquist Staff assigned: Elizabeth Haines, Investigator Catherine DeFilippo, Economist Marshall Wade, Financial Analyst Ruben Moller, Industry Analyst William Kane, Attorney George Deyman, Supervisory Investigator Address all communications to Kenneth R. Mason, Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 CONTENTS Determination and Views of the Commission: Determination ..........•........... ~. .... 1 Views of the Conunission •••••••••••••.•••• ............. 3 Views of Chairman Anne E. Brunsdale •••••• . • . .. .. ... .. ... 21 Additional Views of Vice Chairman Ronald A. Cass •••• ....... • _35 Additional Views of Conunissioner Eckes ••••• .. • ......... ............ 67 Information obtained in the investigation: Introduction •••••• .................. ·• ........ A-1 Background ••••••••• ..... •· .. A-2 Nature and extent of sales at LTFV •••• .............. ............ A"."'2 The product: Description and uses .••••••••••• . .. ............. A-3 Track drafting machine •••••••. .. .. ..... ...... A-3 Band-and-pulley -
6. Determination of Height and Distance: Theodolite
Geography (H), UG, 2nd Sem CC-04-TH: Thematic Cartography 6. Determination of Height and Distance: Theodolite What is Theodolite? A Theodolite is a measuring instrument used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles are determined with great precision. Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass. Magnetic compass measures the angle up to as accuracy of 30’. Anyhow a vernier theodolite measures the angles up to and accuracy of 10’’, 20”. It is of either transit or non- transit type. In Transit theodolites the telescope can rotate in a complete circle in the vertical plane while Non-transit theodolites are those in which the telescope can rotate only in a semicircle in the vertical plane. Types of Theodolite A Transit Theodolite Non transit Theodolite B Vernier Theodolite Micrometer Theodolite A I. Transit Theodolite: a theodolite is called transit theodolite when its telescope can be transited i.e. revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in the vertical plane. II. Non transit Theodolite: the telescope cannot be transited. They are inferior in utility and have now become obsolete. Kaberi Murmu B I. Vernier Theodolite: For reading the graduated circle if verniers are used, the theodolite is called a vernier theodolit. II. Whereas, if a micrometer is provided to read the graduated circle the same is called as a Micrometer Theodolite. Vernier type theodolites are commonly used. Uses of Theodolite Theodolite uses for many purposes, but mainly it is used for measuring angles, scaling points of constructional works. For example, to determine highway points, huge buildings’ escalating edges theodolites are used. -
Surveying Is the Art of Determining the Relative Position
CE6304-SURVEYING-I UNIT-I INTRODUCTION AND CHAIN SURVEYING DEFINITION: Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance, direction & elevation. Plane Survey: Surveying which the mean surface of earth regarded as plain surface and not curve it really is known as plain surveying. A following Assumption are made: (i) A level line is considered a strait line thus the plump line at a point is parallel plump line at any after point. (ii) The angles between two such lines that intersect is a plain angle and not a sphere angle. (iii) The meridian through any two points parallel. (iv) When we deal with only a small portion earths surface the above assumptions can justify. (v) The error induced for a length of an 18.5 kms it‘s only 0.0152 ms grater than sub dented chord 1.52 cm. Geodetic survey : Survey is which the shape (curvature) of the earth surface is taken in the account a higher degree of precision is exercised in linear and angular measurement is tanned as Geodetic Survey. A line connecting two points is regarded as an arc. Such surveys extend over large areas PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING Location of a point by measurement from 2 points of reference Working from whole to part. Location of a point by measurement from 2 points of reference There should be 2 points of reference say P & Q P,Q are the ground reference points and permanent points. -
Instruments and Methods of Physical Measurement
INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT By J. W. MOORE, . i» Professor of Mechanics and Experimental Philosophy, LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. Easton, Pa.: The Eschenbach Printing House. 1892. Copyright by J. W. Moore, 1892 PREFACE. 'y'HE following pages have been arranged for use in the physical laboratory. The aim has been to be as concise as is con- sistent with clearness. sources of information have been used, and in many cases, perhaps, the ipsissima verba of well- known authors. j. w. M. Lafayette College, August 23,' 18g2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Measurement of A. Length— I. The Diagonal Scale 7 11. The Vernier, Straight 8 * 111. Mayer’s Vernier Microscope . 9 IV. The Vernier Calipers 9 V. The Beam Compass 10 VI. The Kathetometer 10 VII. The Reading Telescope 12 VIII. Stage Micrometer with Camera Lucida 12 IX. Jackson’s Eye-piece Micrometer 13 X. Quincke’s Kathetometer Microscope 13 XI. The Screw . 14 a. The Micrometer Calipers 14 b. The Spherometer 15 c. The Micrometer Microscope or Reading Microscope . 16 d. The Dividing Engine 17 To Divide a Line into Equal Parts by 1. The Beam Compass . 17 2. The Dividing Engine 17 To Divide a Line “Originally” into Equal Parts by 1. Spring Dividers or Beam Compass 18 2. Spring Dividers and Straight Edge 18 3. Another Method 18 B. Angees— 1. Arc Verniers 19 2. The Spirit Level 20 3. The Reading Microscope with Micrometer Attachment .... 22 4. The Filar Micrometer 5. The Optical Method— 1. The Optical Lever 23 2. Poggendorff’s Method 25 3. The Objective or English Method 28 6. -
Measuring and Layout
DRILLING DRILLING MEASURING AND LAYOUT TAPE MEASURES CHALK LINES/PLUMB BOBS DIGITAL MEASURING PRECISION MEASURING RULERS/SQUARES LEVELS PROTRACTORS MARKING TOOLS AND FLAGGING TAPES Measuring and Layout 1 TAPE MEASURES INDUSTRIAL TAPE MEASURES - SAE INDUSTRIAL TAPE MEASURES - SAE/METRIC • Durable nylon coated blade • Durable nylon coated blade • High contrast blade for easy reading • High contrast blade for easy reading • Impact resistant case with rubberized grip • Impact resistant case with rubberized grip • Easy slide lock in any position • Easy slide lock in any position Item # Size Item # Size 27904 1" x 16' 27902 5/8" x 10' (3M) 27906 1" x 25' 27908 1" x 25' (7.5M) NEW PROFESSIONAL TAPE MEASURES - SAE/ PROFESSIONAL TAPE MEASURES - SAE METRIC • Impact resistant rubberized case • Impact resistant rubberized case • Easy-to-read black and red markings • Easy-to-read black and red markings • Slide-down bar locks tape in any position • Slide-down bar locks tape in any position • Tru-zero hook and removable belt clip • Tru-zero hook and removable belt clip Item # Size Item # Size Item # Size Item # Size 27914 1" x 16' 27922 1-1/4" x 16' 27916 1" x 16' (5M) 27924 1-1/4" x 16' (5M) 27918 1" x 25' 27926 1-1/4" x 25' 27920 1" x 25' (7.5M) 27928 1-1/4" x 25' (7.5M) 2 Measuring and Layout Tape Measures/Long Tapes NEW 1" X 25' TAPE MEASURE FRACTIONAL 1" X 25' (7.5M) TAPE MEASURE MARKINGS - SAE DOUBLE SIDED - SAE/METRIC • Easy read fractional markings • Best when taking measurements at a height • Impact resistant rubberized case • Impact resistant -
Comments on Double-Theodolite Evaluations
322 BULLETIN AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY Comments on Double-Theodolite Evaluations ROBERT O. WEEDFALL AND WALTER M. JAGODZINSKI U. S. Weather Bureau (Original manuscript received 7 May 1960; revised manuscript received 26 August 1960) 1. Introduction After reading an article [1], in the May 1959 issue of the Bulletin of the AMS wherein Mssrs. Hansen and Taft describe another method of computing double-theodolite runs, it was realized that a method developed at the AEC installation at Yucca Flat, Nevada is even more efficient than any previous method and could be of great value in speed and saving of man-hours to those wind- research installations that use the double-theodo- lite method. Further, it does not need special plotting boards but utilizes the standard Weather Bureau equipment with a few ingenious adaptations. FIG. 1. Winds-aloft plotting board, showing position of three distance scales. (360-deg intervals not indicated.) 2. Materials needed (1) Winds-aloft plotting board (fig. 1). A 3-ft-square board with distance scales running from the center to the bottom, with a movable circular piece of plastic attached to the center of the board, whose outer edge is marked off in 360-deg intervals. (2) Circular protractor (fig. 2). A 10-inch- square piece of clear plastic divided into 360-deg intervals. (3) Appropriately marked scale in the shape of an "L" (fig. 3). (4) Scotch tape, rubber band and short piece of string. (5) Winds-aloft graphing board (fig. 4). A rectangular board 2 X 2% ft marked with height FIG. 2. Clear plastic protractor, 10 inches square.