Industrializing Albania During Communism Case Study

CEU eTD Collection }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} Kochanowicz Jacek Reader: Second Supervisor: Professor:Constantin Iordachi INDUSTRIALIZING ALBANIA DURINGCOMMUNISM In partialfulfillment forthedegreeof oftherequirements CASE STUDY: ELBASAN 1960-1991 Central European University European Central History Department History Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Master ofArts Submitted to: Submitted Rozeta Bici Rozeta 2007 By: CEU eTD Collection i CEU eTD Collection of theAuthor.” in accordance with such instructions may notbemadewithout thewritten permission librarian. Thispage must formapartofanysuchcopies made. Furthercopiesmade Author and lodged the Centralin European Library. Details may beobtainedfrom the fullin orpart,maymade beinaccordance only with theinstructions given bythe “Copyright in thetext thesis ofthis rests with the Author.Copies byany process, either S S t t a a t t e e m m e e n n t t o o f f C C o o p p y y r r i i g g h h t t i CEU eTD Collection legislation andto the published booksand articles. Hence theuseof oral history and sources, written and unwritten ones,from unpublished interviews, archival documents, and theroleofeach factor, includingthe role ofthe leader, Iconsulted various Albanian ones, and this is notable inthecampaign ofindustrialization, aswell. characteristics of the communist regimewere present in bothcases, the Soviet and fully aware ofthehigh social costs of industrialization. Despitecertain, thetotalitarian of Albania, who nowadaysmistakes admit were made inthepast,evenifthey arenot Soviet blueprint toAlbanian realities, I have also interviewed former communist leaders implemented Albania in and what was itsoutcome. Inexploring the adaptation of industrialization. Ihave attempted todiscover towhat extent theSoviet modelwas from an agriculturalcountry into an industrial one,by emulating theSoviet models of underwent atotaltransformation undercommunism, byswitching profile especially its history, especially onthe industrialization aspect Iarguethat theAlbanianeconomy obvious negativesides, if theseworks have been written after theregime’s collapse. Albania either glorify the regime they are products if of thatperiod, or blame for its it Albania, aswell. A majority ofthe works on the history of the communist regime in communist totalitarian systems. Thesame caseis valid forthe study of communism in mostlypolitical on aspect, pointing out the lack ofcivilrights and liberties under intense academic interest. Todate,scholarly research hasnevertheless focused The communist regimes invariousregions of theworld have beensubject to In ordertohave aclearpicture oftheprocess ofindustrialization, the factors In anefforttoovercome thisdichotomy, thecurrentthesisfocuses oneconomic A A b b s s t t r r a a c c t t ii CEU eTD Collection Elbasan, were relevant in thematerial analysis tocome toconclusions. microhistorymy theories,asIdeal nationaland local in with the level, thesis caseof iii CEU eTD Collection literature as well. facilitating mywork withthecontacts and Prof. GuidoFranzinetti for supplying mewith interview andmy otherinterviewees, without leaving aside Mr. Blendi Fevziu for willingnesscomplete Mr. study.Iwould liketothank Ramiz Aliaforhis this forthe duringmy research, as without their support wouldit have been impossible to for thecompletion ofthis thesis. Special thanks gotomy forthe family assistance Jacek Kochanowicz, whose andadvice guidance helped me this during yearand alot I appreciate the helpof my supervisor, Prof. ConstantinIordachi and A A c c k k n n o o w w l l e e d d g g m m e e n n t t s s iv CEU eTD Collection ilorpy...... 120 ...... Bibliography 112 ...... Conclusions 103 ...... 3.3. ThePolitical Reflection ofElbasan’s Industrialization 87 3.2. TheCaseof Elbasan after theCommunist Takeover...... 83 3.1. TheEconomic Circumstances of Elbasan before theCommunist Takeover...... 80 ...... Chapter 3:The Transformation ofElbasan during Communism 68 2.5. Legal andPoliticalAspects of Industrialization ofAlbania during Communism.... 58 ...... 2.4. Industrialization ofAlbania during Communism 51 2.3 The Industrialization ProjectMeans andthe toAchieve it...... 43 Economic Policies...... 2.2. TheCommunist Takeover, theLeader’s, Ideology and theParty’s Role in 32 2.1. TheEconomic Circumstances ofAlbania before theCommunist Takeover...... 31 2:Chapter Industrialization ofAlbania during Communism...... 20 1.3. SovietModels ofIndustrialization inSoviet Union...... 16 1.2. SomeConsiderations...... Methodological 1 ...... 1.1. SomeAspects Theoretical of Industrialization under Communism 1 Chapter 1:Theoretical andMethodologicalAspects...... I ...... Introduction B ofTables...... List Acknowledgments...... iv Abstract...... ii ...... i Statement ofCopyright Table of Content CEU eTD Collection al :Eooi eeomn fAbna(9019)...... 111 Table 8:Economic development ofAlbania (1990-1996)...... 93 ...... NumberTable 7: Workersinthe Metallurgical of Plant in1966-1967 93 ...... PopulationTable 6: ofElbasan 75 Table 5:Balance ofIndustrial Production of1963...... 41 4: IIDamages Table CountryWorld percapita...... per War 39 ...... Table 3:Sector ofExtracting Minerals (in tons) 35 Table 2:Investments ofSVEAAlbania...... in 26 Table 1:GrossIndustrial output byforms (Percent ofownership of total)...... L L i i s s t t o o f f T T a a b b l l e e s s B CEU eTD Collection in liberatingAlbania onNovember 29,1944. distinguished himself during thewar ofliberation. Finally the Albanian army succeeded (PPSH) 1941. Theleader in ofthese forces was Enver Hoxha, who afigure NationalLiberation Army followed bythe foundation of the Albanian Labor Party totalitarian regimes. The fight against theGermansto thecreation led oftheAlbanian 1939; later on, Albaniawas occupiedby Nazi Germany experiencing thustwo involveddue invasion in War toits II World then and occupation byFascistItaly in impact oncountries inCentraland Southeastern Europe. Nevertheless, Albania was disasters, suchas and endstrong WarII. The I ofthelatterhada World World War well. This was theresult of theConference of Ambassadors inLondon in1913. territories, suchasKosova, Çamëria, part of Macedonia andpartofMontenegro as months duetotheBalkan whichWars, would separate definitelyit from some ofits which wouldbegained onNovember 28,1912.This independence would lastforafew historyAlbanian istherelation toitsendless wars an forindependence, independence, independencearestruggling and still asinKosova” slavery andwhich inhaledto bealive, in every partwhere Albanians struggledfor the Greek world, theRoman occupation and the Slavic invasion, which survived 1 1913) Sheradin Berisha, “Kryengritja Shqiptare e Vjeshtës së Vitit 1913” sëVitit eVjeshtës Shqiptare “Kryengritja Berisha, Sheradin , in http://www.agimi.com, 2004, (last visited 2007). February visited 2004, (last http://www.agimi.com, in This wouldnotbethe last hardshipfor Albania, asitexperienced other war country“Albania isa asoldtheBalkans itself, inhabiting theBalkans before I I n n t t r r o o d d u u c c t t i i o o n n 1 . Oneofthecharacteristics of (The Albanian Appraisal ofAutumn Appraisal (The Albanian I CEU eTD Collection political life atthat period. Edith Durham in “Historie Letrarizuar Balkanike” (Literary 1992). 2 1966-1968) limitations. For instance EmilGinar “Shqipëria-Historia 1966-1968” (Albania- History surveillance andthepurges aswell. The works authors ofvarious havesome have focusedmostly onthenegative effects andthecontrolof people’s life, the industrialization, theexisting works focusing mainly onpoliticalhistory. These studies economicpolicy oftheAlbanian communist regime,the especially in field of whichhe succeeded indoing.Yet, todate there have been few studiesabout the aimed attransformingAlbania from a semi-feudalcountry into an industrialized one, government until hisdeath. CentralCommittee and President ofAlbaniahe aswellretained effective controlof the affairs from 1946 to1953andPresident ofAlbania. As first secretary ofthe Party’s (PPSH), Prime fromMinister 1944-1954, simultaneously holding theministry offoreign new government, suchas head of theCentral Committee oftheAlbanian Labor Party This campaign was led byEnverHoxha,whoappointed himself tovarious posts in the wouldembark onanassiduous campaign ofreconstructing andtransformingAlbania. creation ofthenew government headedbyEnverHoxha, inwhichthenew leadership country withpartisan the forces.All would this tothecommunistlead take-over andthe Enver Hoxha, who onwould later be regarded byAlbanians asthesavior ofthe Ginar, Emil. “Shqipëria-Historia 1966-1968” (Albania- History 1966-1968), (Tiranë: Naim Frashëri, (Tiranë: 1966-1968), History (Albania- 1966-1968” “Shqipëria-Historia Emil. Ginar, Albania's economy was revolutionized under Enver Hoxha’s longrule, ashe The NationalLiberation was War thebeginningofcharismatic leadershipof 2 , who concentrates in asmallspan oftime writes abouttheAlbanian and II CEU eTD Collection making good use of the natural resources. mainMydirections of research are the succeeded in industrializingAlbania changing and in the national economicdirection was clearlynoticeablethe in development ofindustry, asthe communist government political transformation undercommunist rulebut atahigh cost. This transformation consideration aswell. to the Soviet relations ofAlbaniawith the Sovietexamples Union and theeconomic transformation according is suffered fromstill it. Despitethis,theexisting common known knowledge aboutthe present.visibly two types,theones who arenostalgic for theregime andtheothersthat In realityAlbania interms oftheeconomy. Intheeveryday life discussions ofpeople, there are this is a topicwhich astheothersystems own hadits cons, prosand butwhich reconstructed that needsno onetodatehasattempted toconsiderthe two sidesofthecommunist regime, some concentrated just on the politicalaspect of the communist regime areinnumerable. Yet the persecutions andthe limitations ofhuman rights. Names oftheoneswho have Përpjeka (Endeavor), January 19, 2007. 19, January (Endeavor), Përpjeka 5 F. Lubonja to write history. Other names thatfocus only onthe negative sides ofthe regime are: his bookonthe stories toldby his grandfather andjust onetestimony isnever enough the realhistory focus. NikolasWhereas J.Costa “Albania: AEuropean Enigma” 4 1995). 3 Balkan History) Costa, Nikolas J Durham, Edith. “Histori eLetrarizuar Balkanike” (Literary Balkan History), (Tiranë: Naim Frashëri, Fatos Lubonja, “Fatos Lubonja, “Mbi Krimet e Komunizmit” (On the Crimes of Communism) in of Communism) (Onthe Crimes eKomunizmit” “Mbi Krimet Lubonja, “Fatos Lubonja, Fatos My MAthesisargues that Albania experienced a complete socio-economic and 5 , R.Papa . Albania: A European Enigma A European . Albania: 3 , seestheAlbanian history a literary wayin andunfortunately escapes 6 who throughout theirarticles criticize theregime forthepurges, , (Boulder: East European Monographs, c1995) Monographs, East European (Boulder: 4 bases III CEU eTD Collection from 1991-2007 in various TVchannels). various 1991-2007 in from 6 enterprises or plants during communism. Thesedocuments together with theothers in archives ofPPSH (Albanian Labor Party), aswell documents inthemain were thearchival documents inElbasan and Tirana in the Political CentralCommittee refinery. industrialbranches itandinitssurroundingsin petrol aswas thecaseofCërrik’s resources were availabletomake the communist regime concentratethemajority of plans. It cityis a situated in thecenter ofAlbania andthe climatemineral and population number. Elbasan became aclear exampleof the impact ofcommunist significant outcomes like the increase forit, itseconomyin increase ofthe andthe situation ofmany industrialstate enterprises andfactories.This resulted somein regime’s planswas thecreation of an industrialized town andElbasan wasto bethe city wasselected forthe most important branchesof industry. The outcome ofthis industrial boom in Albania, especially ofElbasan, from the late1960sup1991. This most industrialized Albanian city. Ihave concentrated my researchon the period ofthe duringcommunism, Ihavefocused morein detail onthecase study of Elbasan, the technical aidof theSoviet Union. adaptation ofthe Sovietmodels of industrialization toAlbania due to the economic and type ofindustrializationprevalent the in SovietUnionAlbania and in to explain the and thedevelopment ofindustry. Ihave used the comparative method tocompare the influence ofthe Soviet industrial model Albania, in the legislation on industry in Albania Robert Papa, “Fokus nga Robert Papa” (Focus from Robert Papa), (A program conducted form him form conducted (A program Papa), Robert (Focus Papa” from “Fokus ngaRobert Papa, Robert I haveanalyzed mainly primary andsecondarysources. Theprimary sources providingWhile ageneral overview ofthe industrial development ofAlbania IV CEU eTD Collection focus attention onand to consider what was written, the way itwas judged andthe and “Shkumbini” (Shkumbini). The books served asafirststimulus things onwhich to the Proletariatperiod such as “Zëri iPopullit” (People’s Voice), “Bashkimi”(Unification) and additionally the mainnewspapers published Albaniain during the Dictatorship of decision, which they aimed atspecifying. process. Moreover, theyfocused ontheir dependence onthe regime andtheleader’s shed light ontheadministrative issuesand the position ofthedirectors inthework of theMinisters ofIndustry andtheothers ofthedirectors important enterprises industrialization compared toothers. The other interviews, such asthe interview ofone interview was relatedtothe reasonsfor choosing Elbasan asthetarget for of industrialization and implementingAlbania.them in The other concern of this confessed to some ofthemistakes made the in course of followingthe Soviet Models engineers. Furthermore, facilitated it theunderstanding ofdecision-making andhe ways ofindustrializationof Albania, specified theroleof the leader, aswell asthe later on President of Albania during this period alleviated my work in revealing the real authorities. The interview with Mr.Ramiz Alia,Minister, Member ofthePolitburo and they were specified tofunction the Albanianin constitution. way thattheprocess of industrialization was reflected inthe political lifeand the ways from the CouncilofMinisters analysis were my focusaswell.Theydemonstrated the simultaneously their administrative structure. The legislation andthedecisions made the Municipality ofElbasan testified the development oftheseenterprises and The secondary sources were composed of books in English and in Albanian The other primary sourcewas composed ofthelive interviews ofvarious V CEU eTD Collection chapter is concerned withnational the level where Ihave given anoverview ofthe thesis is reflected nationalin and local perspective aswell. Asa resultmy second countries. Union itself implementedof the themonbasis observationsof its leaders in Western modelsof theterritory andtheshapingfor the Soviet leaders toemploy them as Soviet have summarized thefindings ofthischapter in terms oftheimplementation ofthese pursued by the outcome ofthesemodels are the concerns ofthis chapter. Concluding I the roleof theSoviet leaders, the role oftheparty and the roleofheavy industry, order that the transportation modelcan be visible. Hence the nature of these models, Albania, Ihave outlined theSovietModels firstimplemented inSoviet Union itself in Moreover, asI will consider the Sovietmodels of industrialization implemented in employed andfurthermore theexisting literature is the focus of this chapter aswell. aspects about industrialization during communism. ofthemethods The analysis Ihave and aims ofmy thesis. The first chapter provides some theoretical and methodological from Committeethe Central of PPSH andthe Council ofMinisters. its naturalresources. This wouldtoeconomiclead growth duetothedecisions taken all thisdevelopment was reflected inElbasan, inwhich theleaders made gooduseof political arena. development ofindustry Albaniain and the waythatthedevelopmentwas discussed in gaps thatneedtobefilled. Thenewspaper articles revealed thedataof The studyofthe industrialization process in Albania during communism myin I havedivided my thesisintothree chapters in accordance with theperiodization Albania underwenteconomicdevelopment communistduring theregime and VI CEU eTD Collection remarks. made by theregime byfollowingthe Soviet example isplaced thein concluding of thecommunist regime Elbasan. in Furthermore, ashortdiscussion on the mistakes enterprises’ change after the collapse of communism orderin to contrast the outcome consequences ofthe politicalregime change.There is ashort analysis ofthe what thecommunist ruleresulted tobefor Elbasan, especially if wecompare tothe it on theprocess of industrializationof Elbasan. Concluding, Ihavegiven anaccount of communism. Theotheraspecttreated in this chapter is thepoliticaland legalaspect transformationof Elbasan intothe mostindustrialized city ofAlbania during important enterprises orfactories. This chapter reveals thereasonsfor full account on the stages of industrializationof Elbasan focusing onthe most during thecommunist eraisthecoresection ofthis chapter. This sub-chapter gives a development duringcommunism.After thisthe economic transformation ofElbasan on thehistoryofElbasan beforethecommunist takeover, ordertoclarify in its process ofindustrialization. and reflected in the mediaand also totake into account the legislation related to the be ofacademic relevance toobservethewayindustrialization was discussedpolitically and the legal andpoliticalaspects ofindustrialization occupy the other part asitwould stages occupy the other aspect covered thisin chapter. Themeans ofindustrialization policies implemented Albania. in Then theprocess of industrialization Albania in and its other concern ofthis chapter the is of therole leader andthe partyin theeconomic economic circumstances ofAlbania before the establishment ofcommunism. The The lastchapter addresses Elbasan, my casestudy.Ihaveprovided anaccount VII CEU eTD Collection are made gooduseofatthe present time. city andespecially demonstratingin thepotential resources it hasandhowmuchthey and especially onElbasan, with thepurpose of demonstrating theimportance ofthat democracy. This thesis canserve as one of the few objective studies on communism for comparison oftheeconomic prosperity incommunism and theunconsolidated policies and their outcome. Notonly this, but my thesiscan be considered as a basis underline thetransfer and adaptation toAlbanian conditions of the Soviet industrial Albania, especially with regard to its strategy onindustrial development. Iaim to It ishoped that the thesis will contribute tothe study ofthe communist regime in VIII CEU eTD Collection regional level, my research focuses on asingle national casestudy thatof Albania. In changedid its. Incoping with thischallenge, after delineatinggeneral features at case ofAlbaniaas it didnot separate its Stalinist communist type,despiteSoviet Union in eachcountry, accountingfor thedifferent long time duration. This waspresent int eh positive sides ofthecommunist rule. discussed intheacademic literature, adeeper studywould also uncover long-lasting Notwithstanding politicalrepression, purgesandthe ofhuman verylack much rights, thus taking intoaccount thenegativeas thepositive aswell effectsofcommunism. nevertheless be of relevant academic importance toexplore the two sides of the coin, totalitarian regime, communism had alargely negative impact onsocieties; wouldit position. Yet,arguably its greatest impact Central was in and Southeast Europe. Asa regime hadsimilar consequences inall countries, nomatter theirgeographical IIwasWorldthe region, asthe othersin acommunistWar Communist one.The displays the focus of the government. This government established in Albania after plotësisht i realizueshëm”. plotësisht program një se ishte ngapraktika u vërtetua prodhimit modern të rinj të sektorë e sajme zgjerimin për të lehtë, rëndë e të komplekse, enjë industrie përndërtimin Partisë i “Programi Hoxha- Enver 4. 1976), 8 Nëntori, 1 Enver Hoxha, Enver 1 1 The peculiar characteristics of each country shaped the communist typeregime oneThis is ofthemany speeches of thecommunist ofAlbania leader that . . 1 1 . . S S o o Raport në Kongresin e VII tëPPSH e VII në Kongresin Raport m m e e C C T T h h h h a a e p e p o o t t e e r r r e r e t t 1 1 i i c : c : a a T T l l h h A A e e s s o o p p r r e e e e t t c c i i c c t t s s a a l l o o a a f f E E n n I I n (Report in the Seventh Congress of PPSH), (Tiranë: PPSH), of Congress Seventh the in (Report n n n d d v v d d M e M e u u r r e s e s H H t t t t h r h r o o i i o o x a x a h d h l d l i i a a z z o o completely realizable program. verified from practice that it was a sectors ofmodern production was one, for its enlargement with new complex industry, heavy or light : a : a l l -The Party’s program to build a o o t t i i g g o o i i n n c c a a u u l l n n A A d d s s e e p p r r e e C C c c o o t t s s m m m m u u n n i i s s m m 1 1 CEU eTD Collection key terms thatIemploy in my thesis. the stages of industrialization during communism it isimportant todefinesome ofthe country in decision-making especially in mycase study, Albania. Before dealing with country runs through my thesis, mostly when talking about the roleof the leader of the Kosta Goga, 2 energetic plants such asKukësor Matwhere some industrial works wereincluding placed thehydro- closely related tourbanization. Inthe caseof Albania severalnew cities were created of the industrial branches. From this perspective, the industrialization ofthe country is government transformed Elbasanfrom agriculturala generally intothesettler ofmost industrial cities like the Soviet Magnitogorsk as well. In the same vein,theAlbanian industrialization process was the development of heavy industry and the creation of for thecompletion oftheentire process of industrialization. Theconcern forthe controlled economy andthe communist leaders operated through the Five-Year Plans became thetarget of the communist governments duringthe implementation of the total industrialization ofthe country was themain goalofthegovernment. Industry regime toindustrialize Albania andon the degree theywere applicable forAlbania as were on transported later Albania in and employed from the Albanian communist My Focus Albania andElbasan. this perspective Iwill concentrate on national and local level, concretely speaking, Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Agim Shehu, Dhori Guri, Naço, Stavri EgonGjadri, Veteriku, Irfan Konomi, Anthim The idea of leadership embarking inassiduous campaignsto industrialize the My focusis on the models of industrialization implemented inSoviet Union that Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet 2 . (Constructions in the Socialist Albania), (Tiranë: Albania), the Socialist in (Constructions 2 CEU eTD Collection their life was surveyed by the police forces. There were lots of purges Sovietin Union citizens’ rights. Notwithstanding people’s value inbuilding the new socialist society, the practice” are linked sowellthat “it mightsaid be that Marxism is theideologyand communism case ofdetermining totraintechnically theproletariat leader. The leader and the party were totake decisions related to people as in the are characteristic fortotalitarianregimes. Fitzpatrick defined it inview ofthe of therole study cannot beapplied toall thecommunist regimes. collapse, compared toother countries, demonstrates that one example ofcommunist That is the case of Albania which didnot “betray” the Stalinist modelsand its latest stages asin SovietUnion, whose communism changedwith theKhrushchevtakeover. communism inthemdeveloped somespecial features, ordid notundergothesame Soviet communist regime. Nevertheless each country had itsown peculiarities and East andSoutheast European countries shared thesame characteristics with the communism theSovietUnion one, but alltheis communist regimes various settledin impact ofcommunism. the Intheacademic most world researchedcasestudy of commonway ofunderstanding communism that isbasedmostly onthenegative Communism is oneofthekeyterms thatneedstobedefined, mostly sincethere isa 4 155. Press,1992), University 3 52-61. 1980), 8 Nëntori, York: Continuum, 1999), 104. 1999), Continuum, York: Joseph V. Femia, “Marxism and Communism” in Communism” and “Marxism Femia, JosephV. in New ofElite” andtheMaking “Stalin Fitzpatrick. Sheila Femia defines Femiatermsdefines Marxistit in oftheleading ideology.Thesetwo approaches Various scholars definecommunism on thebasisofseveral denominations that Definition 4 . Other scholars basetheirdefinition onthe economicmodel andon of Terms Contemporary Political Ideologies Political Contemporary The Cultural Front Cultural The 3 . , (New York: Cornell , (New York: , (London, New (London, , 3 CEU eTD Collection System in Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 45, issue 3, 1993, 533-535. 45, issue 3, Vol. Studies, Europe-Asia in System 6 170-176. Press,1992), University 5 functions during communist regime andthiswas relatedtoclasses but mostly topeople’s like the leader, thestate-party, controlled economy, whoact simultaneously butthe communism intermsof atotalitarian regimewhich is composed ofseveral constituents the development ofeconomy. Thereforeinaccordance tomy thesisIhavedefined termsin ofcontrolledeconomy, theroleofleader andthe roleof the state-party in imprisonment oftherich farmers from agriculturalto industrial profile through collectivization, which toled high rates of characterized by controlled economy. The first step of this process was thechange because all communist regimes established Easternin andSoutheastEurope were my interviewees asserted. Ihave focused my this thesis in perspective. This was essential role formulatingin andcontrolling the process of industrializationas one of withoutforgetting the existence ofthe State PlanningCommission that played significant role in implementingcontrolled economy thecountry in during communism, country came out. the leader and the other members ofthe Politburo from where theprincipals ofthe did not allow the latter, as a resultthere was only oneparty and that was directed by John L. Schreher & Michael Jakobson, Collectivization of Agriculture and the Soviet Prison Camp Prison andtheSoviet Agriculture of Collectivization Jakobson, Michael Schreher & JohnL. in New ofElite” andtheMaking “Stalin Fitzpatrick. Sheila In myIn thesisIusethe concept ofcommunism to refereconomic development As previously mentioned thestate-party and the leaderofcountry playeda Another feature ofcommunism was relatedto political pluralism. Theprevious 5 . 6 . The Cultural Front Cultural The , (New York: Cornell , (New York: 4 CEU eTD Collection 9 63. Press,1999), 8 211. 1997), Routledge, York: Nazi Germany commander ofthe NationalLiberation Army in1944,which liberated the country from in 1941 and the main leader was Enver Hoxha, who later on wouldbecome eventhe The first communist groupwas formed Korça in in1929 but as a party it was founded associations, trade unions, professionalbodies andSoviet friendship societies. through social organizations under their control, suchaswomen’s andyouth During thefirst and thesecond stages thecommunists established enormous influence the country the NationalFront (Balli Kombëtar) throughtheirself-legitimization forhaving liberated seized the leadership ofthe country since the beginning andset upfor the opposingof the charismatic leadership ofEnver Hoxha and the regime. Thecommunists afterthey 7 exercised inanew ofcommunistsparty formed bythefusion andleftist groups” communist supremacy andfinally complete communist domination frequently which thecommunists neutralized those otherin parties who were notwilling toaccept stages, namely: “ageneralcoalition ofleft-wing against fascism; aboguscoalition in focus. Hugh Seton claimsWatson thatthecommunist take-over took place inthree socio-economic life. primary role falls onthe leader ofthe country and the state-party, who control the Christopher Cviic, Christopher James James O’Donnell, R. J. Crampon, What isthecase What of Albania inthis frameworkcommunist of takeover? The stagesof the communist takeover havebeenandare stilla discursive 9 . Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century and After Century Twentieth Europeinthe Eastern 8 . Thefact that the communists liberated Albania was thebeginning of Remaking the the Balkans Remaking A Coming of Age: Albania under Enver Hoxha Enver Age:Albania under A Coming of , (London: Pinter Publishers, c1991), 138. c1991), Pinter Publishers, (London: , (New York, Columbia University , Second Edition, (London andNew , SecondEdition, 7 5 . CEU eTD Collection size. implemented into two different countries termsin ofeconomy and termsin ofterritorial implemented tomodernize Soviet Union. Consequently the samemodels were accepted the Soviet assistance and decided to implement thesame policies thatStalin which were themodels of industrialization followed bytheAlbanian government? Albaniafrom an agricultural-industrial countryintoan industrial- agriculturalone” approaching everyday the planned objective from the Party, thetransformation of declared that “We observe with pleasure that industrialization with quickrhythm is from an agricultural intoan industrial country. The leaderofthe country EnverHoxha decided to revolutionizethe economy aimingat thechange oftheprofile ofthecountry rely on economic aidto overcome thedifficulties moreover when the leadership Southeastern Europe. AsAlbania came out of thewar in very poor conditions it had to communism was alsousedfortheconstruction ofother communist regimes in The model typeofcommunism is regarded theSoviet Union one.This typeof 10 takeover underwent thesame stagesnoticedfrom Watson. modernize thecountry. These empirical examples thattheAlbanian testify communist times. Asthe leader ofthecountry, he embarked assiduous in campaigns to në një vend industrialo-bujqësor”. vend një në bujqësoro-industrial vend nga një e Shqipërisë shndërrimin Partia, nga ecaktuar objektivin shumë e më përditë poeafron të shpejta ritme me se industrializimi tani konstatojmë Hoxha -“Mekënaqësi Enver 4. 1976), 8 Nëntori, (Tiranë: Enver Hoxha, Enver At atime when SovietUnionwas tryingto spread communism, Enver Hoxha Communist He formed thegovernment where hewasholding several posts in various Raport në Kongresin e VII PPSH eVII të Raport nëKongresin Model of Industrialization (Report in the Seventh Congress of PPSH), 10 . But 6 CEU eTD Collection 13 12 Tiranë 2007, transcript, 25, April author, bythe interview Albania, in Industry of ex-Minister J.B. 11 making process. The volume “An Economic History ofthe USSR 1917-1991” Stalin as… to the development ofthe country. The authors name allthechapters startingwith process ofindustrialization, ashewas thedecision-taker for anypolicywould that lead opinion, the book dedicatedis to the role ofStalin intheentire communist andthe era research. the field of industrialization andSoviet communism stillis an interesting topicof of communism. talking aboutWhen theliterature aboutSoviet typeof communism in works oncommunism Soviet Unionin due tothe fact it isregarded asthe main pattern concentrates onthe leader cult.It is worth sayingthat there isagreat variety of literary existing academic literature either blames communist regime forpolitical purges or The natureof the communism regime numerous hasgenerated scholarly debates. The industrialization, dueto theideologicalstandpoint confirmed intheirinterviewsmistake the they didincopying alltheSoviet Modelsof voted that timeit at havedifferent opinions atthepresent. Two ofmy interviewees of heavy industry, were regarded asvery much profitableand thesame peoplewho the period when thesemodels ofindustrialization, which focused onthe development what theybroughttoAlbania. Inthis perspective time playsanimportant asfor role, Sarah Davies & James Harris, Tiranë recording, 2007, tape 27, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz Alec Nove, Alec This is theThis is focusofarecent bookentitled “Stalin ANew History.” Historiography about Soviet Communism interesting tostudywhichextentBut itis theywerein Albaniaand successful which demonstrates thatStalin was thefirst andfinal wordinthe decision- An Economic History of the 1917-1991 ofthe USSR History An Economic Stalin ANew History , (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005). University Cambridge (UK:, 11 , (London: Penguin Books, 1992). Books, Penguin (London: , . 13 12 offers a To my To 7 CEU eTD Collection 1913-1945 16 15 1991). Press, California 14 Union is“Steeltown USSR, SovietSocietyintheGorbachev Era” and policies aswell.Another bookthat concentrates on the industrialization ofSoviet development ofitseconomy, simultaneously focusing ontheindustrial development complete overview of theeconomic policies followed during communism forthe economic history. Recentpoliticalchanges influencedtheway communist history is repression andthelack of rightsfocusing morehistory, onpolitical ratherthan on to theconcentration of the scholars mainly in thesideeffects of theregime, such as bibliographical items aboutindustrializationof Albaniaduring communism. isdue This The communist regime inAlbania isdepicted as a gloomy oneandtherearefew industrialization and its stagesaswell. Consequently all thesesources andother attempt themodels toexplain of same the comparing time industrialdevelopment ofthecountry in several years. Soviet Unionand also explaining allthe influencing factors thisin processandatthe 1913-1945” DaviesR.W. doesinthe volume “The Economic Transformation oftheSoviet Union Union. Thiswhat is AlecNove does in “The Economy,Soviet AnIntroduction” stages, themeans andthefactorsthat toled thedevelopment ofindustryinSoviet the town industry. Other books describe the entire process of industrialization, the during Stalinism. Itdescribes all its stages of creation and then the peopleemployed in the urbanization areaespecially thecreation the industrial town likeMagnitogorks was W.Davies, Mark Harrison, S.G. Wheatcroft Alec Nove Stephen Kotkin, Stephen Historiography about Albanian Communism , (London: Cambridge University Press,1994). University Cambridge (London: , , The , 16 . Thesetwo authors embark inexplaining theeconomic development of Soviet Steeltown Economy USSR , , An Soviet Introduction Society , The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union Soviet ofthe Transformation , Economic The , (Washington: Frederick A. Praeger, A. Frederick , (Washington: in the Gorbachev Era , (Los Angeles, University of University , (LosAngeles, 14 . Thisbookcovers ¤ 1961, 1965). 1961, 15 and 8 CEU eTD Collection employment ofour abilities) zbatimin eforcavetona” (TheSeventh Five-Year-PlanA new - Stage for the 18 1981). “8Nëntori”, Botuese Shtëpia (Tiranë: ( Shoqëria New Stage in the Implementation of our Abilities), (Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese: “8 Nëntori”, 1981). “8 Nëntori”, Botuese: Shtëpia (Tiranë: our Abilities), of the Implementation in New Stage 17 interestedwholeSociety is init) është e interesuar e gjithëShoqëria” (TheSocialist Property grows throughwork; the be regarded as afactor that created his cult inpeople’s vision. state partybut henever spares anopportunity topraise thepeople aswell, which can Certainly heattributes most oftheprogress of the country during industrializationto the leader, andthe role ofthepeople asthemain factorsindeveloping Albanian industry. their works tothepartyand its leader. Hoxha’s “Work I-66” praisedthe partyand the P. Geço, P. Pejo, V.Misja, A.Pano,V. B. Toçi, Bardhoshi, etc.All ofthem dedicated Hoxha andhis supporters, such asRamiz Alia,Adil Çarçani and also writers such as praises communism achievements and its is mainly represented bytheworks ofEnver written after thecollapse of communism 1991. after The firstset ofworks, which chronologically delineated. Thus theworks written duringthe regime andtheotherset regime Albaniaand in address only onthe negative effect of the regime. post-communist works, which aim at notaccepting theachievements ofthe communist post-holders during communism communismpraise achievements,and its unlikethe during the regime andtheother written after the collapse of communism. of Works the depicted. The existing literature canthus be divided into two groups,the one written Adil Çarçani, Adil Ramiz Alia, Ramiz The works ofR.Alia, “Prona Socialiste shtohet me Punë,përMbrojtjen esaj These two groups of writing theAlbanian history during communism are The Socialist Property increases with Work, the entire Society is interested in its Protection), its in interested is Society theentire Work, with increases Property Socialist The Prona Socialiste shtohet me punë, për Mbrojtjen e saj është e Interesuar e Gjithë eInteresuar është për Mbrojtjenesaj mepunë, shtohet Prona Socialiste Pesëvjeçari i Shtatë-etapë e re në Zbatimin e Forcave Tona eForcave erenë Zbatimin iShtatë-etapë Pesëvjeçari 18 hadasimilar goal adding the aspect of giving directives 17 andA.Çarçani, “PesëvjeçariShtatë-Etapë i erepër (The Seventh Five-Year- Seventh (The 9 CEU eTD Collection 8 Nëntori, 1980), 21. 1980), 8 Nëntori, Kosta Goga, 21 1972). tëTiranës, Universitetit të eBotimeve Drejtoria (Tiranë: Albania), 20 RPSH” (The Economy ofIndustry People’sin Republic ofAlbania) was oneofthe most backward countries ofEurope” decided tobuild inordertodevelop thecountry since “before theLiberation, Albania Socialist Albania) focus on the main constructions that Enver Hoxha’s government economists the book:“Ndërtimet in nëShqipërinëSocialiste” (Constructionsthe in economist whotookpart thein process of industrialization.Another group of the branches ofindustryduring communism. areliable sourceashe an Itis is 19 ofthe“Socialist main figures Work” werewritten from the engineers of theperiod, whowere regarded bythe leader as the authors holdoffices inthe communist government ofAlbania.Books about industry on theways toindustrial development. Allthiswas duetothefact that these two anonymous group of authors provides an overview on the functioning mode ofthe për Ekonominë Socialiste” (Knowledge on the Socialist Economy). In this bookthe Science and theUniversity of Tirana published abookonthestate enterprises “Njohuri the development of industry. The Institute of Economic StudiesoftheAcademy of construction for the socialist economy andheregardspolitics asthemain sourcefor the economic transformationwithpolitics. Thus hepraises theparty forthe (The ofPPSHWar for the Construction of the Economic BasisofSocialism) matches mentioned Pali Pejo “Lufta E PPSH përNdërtimin eBazës Ekonomike tëSocializmit” Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Riza AgimShehu, Guri, Naço,Dhori Stavri EgonGjadri, IrfanVeteriku, Konomi, Anthim of Republic People’s in ofIndustry (The Economy nëRPSH” eindustries al, “Ekonomia et V.Misja Ramiz Alia, Ramiz Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet Raporte e Fjalime 1986, (Reports and Speeches 1986), (Tiranë: 8 Nëntori, 1987), 38. 8 Nëntori, (Tiranë: and Speeches 1986), (Reports 19 . V. Misjain hisbook “Ekonomia eIndustrisë në (Constructions in the Socialist Albania), (Tiranë: Albania), the Socialist in (Constructions 21 . Unlikethe other previously 20 picturessome of 10 CEU eTD Collection the Affectivity inIndustry) Teknike dheEfektivitetiInvestimeve i nëIndustri” (TheMaterial-Technical Basis and technicaland material basis. Some aspects of thisare analyzed in “Baza Materialo- was thetechnical side. The Albanian government dedicatedspecial attention tothe 24 eRe,1983). Shtypshkronja )(Tiranë: Industry in Affectivity andthe Basis Industry), (Tiranë: Shtypshkronja Revista Dispenca, 1973). Dispenca, Revista Shtypshkronja (Tiranë: Industry), 25 1963). Naim Frashëri, RPSH),(Tiranë: in Industry Ndërrmarjeve Socialiste” (The Planning and Organization ofthe Socialist other economists, T.Joanidhi andhiscolleges in“Planifikimidhe Organizimi i distribution of industrial branches, specifying the reasons for thedistribution. Unlike the the Development ofIndustry inRPSH) relevant example his“Krijimi is dheZhvillimi iIndustrisë nëRPSH” (TheCreation and scholars during communism booksaboutindustry are agoodsource.A and his 23 Universittetit të Tiranës, 22 the state enterprises inthecourse ofindustrialization ofAlbania enterprises andthestructure oftheenterprises, where theyrevealthe importance of Organization ofIndustry) clearly visible in“Ekonomiadhe Organizimi Industrisë” i (The Economy andthe industry inseveral zonesof Albania in accordance tothe natural resources. This is some tosee how balances industry developed duringtheyears. of thebranchesindustry, thebasis for the development ofindustryandsupplies Vladimir Misja, Grup Autorësh Grup V. Misja, së Ekonomisë i Fakulteti RPSSHdhe të sëShkencave IAkademisë Ekonomike Studimeve i Instituti One of the mainOne ofthe issues and aims industrialization during communist in regimes Another important issue for theAlbanian government was thedistribution of Baza Materialo-Teknike dhe Efektiviteti I Investimeve nëIndsutri, IInvestimeve dheEfektiviteti Baza Materialo-Teknike , Ekonomia dhe Organizimi iIndustrisë dheOrganizimi Ekonomia , Krijimi dhe Zhvillimi i Industrisë nëRPSH i Industrisë dheZhvillimi Krijimi Njohuri për Ekonominë Socialiste Ekonominë Njohuri për 25 23 published byagroup ofauthors, who examine theregional . V.Misja canberegarded asone ofthe most important 24 . Inthis volume hegivesan account of some , (The Economy and the Organization of andthe Organization Economy (The , , (Tiranë: 8 Nëntori, 1981). 8 Nëntori, (Tiranë: , , (The Creation and the Development of and Development the Creation (The , 22 (The Material-Technical (The . 11 CEU eTD Collection 26 the religious toleration during communism counter-communism” ours, where theywere the most itisnot possiblewild, thatthere is nohistory of that “There isno doubtthat the history ofcommunist regimes evenincountries like the purges committed duringcommunism. In one of his articles in “Përpjekja” hestates communistcontinues regime andhestill towrite, especially aboutthepersecuted and him in “Përpjekja” (Endeavor) are biased. Lubonja hasalways written againstthe persecuted andlaterexecuted byEnver Hoxha.Consequently, thearticles written by its negative sides. This was attributableto thefact that Lubonja’s fatherwas aim was tounderestimate theachievements ofthecommunist regime byshowing only including some new politicians who entered politics after thecommunist collapse. Their industrialization. that thesebooksare still avaluable source ofrevealingthe constructions thein field of regarded as the tools ofthe regime. Frankly speaking, what needs to be recognized, is considerable position during the regime, after it theyare never mentioned butthey are doing andwhatwas happeningduring thecommunist Their rule. works occupied a had arichbackground ineconomics andtheywere competent aboutwhat theywere bring much ofatruth in it.Mainly the authors ofthebooks about Albanian economy they were influenced by thestate-party or bythe leader, but unfortunately hedoes not Enterprises) 28 2007. 19, January 27 1967). Duri,Tiranë (Mihal N.I.SH, Enterprises) Socialist ofthe Organization and the T. Joanidhi, P. Ballano, A. Baçka, A. Ballano, P. Joanidhi, T. Fatos Lubonja, “A Majfton Miti i ‘Tolerancës Fetare’” (Is it enough the ‘Myth of Religious Toleration’” in Toleration’” ofReligious ‘Myth enough the (Is it Fetare’” Mitii‘Tolerancës “A Majfton Lubonja, Fatos (Endeavor), inPërpjeka Communism) of Crimes (On the eKomunizmit” “Mbi Krimet Lubonja, Fatos The second historiographic trendwas ledby F.Lubonja, andR.Papa also 26 trytoshed light ontheway theenterprises functioned and how much 27 . Theotherarticle ofLubonja againstcommunism is basedon Planifikimi dhe Organizimi i Ndërrmarjeve Socialiste, iNdërrmarjeve dheOrganizimi Planifikimi 28 , and he stresses one more time, what is (ThePlanning 12 CEU eTD Collection 29 2007. March 31, Lobi, newspapers aiming atrevealing thecrimes ofcommunism. newspaper andarticle about communism,which reveals thecollaboration ofthese two of theAlbanian leadership. Thusthemain-editor ofDukagjini newspaper wrote forKlan collapse of communism, where theirstaff depicts the negative view ofcommunism and the regionalnewspapers “Klan”, “Dukagjini” and“Metropol” aswell published after the the communist oppression. regime andmoreover self-legitimizing themselves as the saviors of the country from the bustsand figures oftheirdearest people. families of the previous government’s members byshowing the onTV destruction of transition ofAlbania attack against the figure of Hoxha, and also toreflect thedifficulties of the first years of underestimating thefigure ofEnver Hoxha. Papawas one ofthefirst to commence its Papa” where heaimed atdisplaying all thenegative sides of communism aimingat era. mentions anythingabout the positive sides, as thereconstruction ofeconomy inthis Lubonja concentrates onpicking up thenegative sides ofcommunism and never commonly known thatreligion was abolished during communism. Inhisarticles Robert Papa, “Focus nga Robert Papa”, (Focus by Robert Papa), 1991-2007. Papa), byRobert (Focus Papa”, nga Robert Papa, “Focus Robert Other newspapers that would reveal just thenegative impact ofcommunism are Unlike the previous peoplethe new politicians aimed atconsolidating their Whereas R. Papa, startedconducting hisprogram “Focus from called Robert 29 , sometimes evenpanicking thepeople andoffending the 13 CEU eTD Collection 1992). 31 30 communist policy. of time asuperficial in way ashe does not get engaged in understanding theAlbanian Historia 1966-1968” (Albania-History 1966-1968) prejudiced testimony, suchasthe work ofEmilGinar, a French diplomat, “Shqipëria- historiography on Albania, most ofthepublished works are superficial andbased on general, andabout the periodof communism, particular. in Asfor the Western muchmore visible intheEuropean historiography about Albaniancommunism. enemy oftheparty, state and the people, and imprisoned. These attempts are under communism by beingpersecutedeither orbyhaving afamily person labeled as employ. This isattributed to the fact that they are written by people who havesuffered cannot be regarded as reliable due to the biased testimonies and the literature they and nobodycould raise thevoice tocontradict theregime. they didnotappearalike andmoreover becausetherewas thelackofhumanrights collectivization to led the negative impression of this regime Albania in butfor thetime consequences ofthe regime aswell. The purges and the other negative effects like compares communism to prohibition, asthey both function practice.in poses thequestion ifAlbanians would have had anybetter regime afterthewar, and In thearticle, “KomunizmiDrapëriParë” i (Communism Sickle)the First Emil Ginar, 3,2007. Klan, March in Sickle) First the (Communism Parë” Drapëri i “Komunizmi Milani, Prelë Besides this,European historiography owns anarrow literature aboutAlbania in There arenumerous attempts byscholars to explain thisprocess, butthey Surely there areaspects oftheregime thatcanbedisputed andthe Shqipëria-Historia 1966-1968 Shqipëria-Historia (Albania- History 1966-1968), (Tiranë: NaimFrashëri, (Tiranë: 1966-1968), History (Albania- 31 , who concentratesin a shortspan 30 PrelëMilani 14 CEU eTD Collection 33 focus. NikolasWhereas J. Costa “Albania: AEuropean Enigma” sees theAlbanian history a in literary way and unfortunately escapes the historicalreal 32 methods. terms ofjudgement oncommunism, the reveals necessity ofanalyzing them various in peoplewho were affectedbadly from communism. but theyareoftentoogeneral. Moreover, they basetheirbooks ontestimonies of Derek Hall andEdwin E.Jacques attempt tounderstand Albanian history from within, history. Therefore only asmall number of Western scholars like Christopher Cviic, the stories toldby his grandfather andjust onetestimony isneverenough to write Nikolas J Edith Durham, Edith Consequently having various kindsofsources, whose usecanbelimited in Edith Durham in “Histori eLetrarizuar Balkanike” (Literary Balkan History) . Costa, Histori e Letrarizuar Balkanike eLetrarizuar Histori Albania: A European Enigma A European Albania: (Literary Balkan History), (Tiranë: Naim Frashëri, 1995). NaimFrashëri, (Tiranë: History), Balkan (Literary , (Boulder: East European Monographs, East European (Boulder: 33 bases his book on ¤ 1995). 32 15 , CEU eTD Collection only throughonly thesubjective experienceofthe historian. subject, pointingoutthatobjective knowledge aboutan event the past ispossiblein truth apartfrom In accordance to objectivity. Stanford ahistoricalfact accords with a my thesis. sources. who emphasized theroleof intelligence and generalhistorical knowledge examiningin idea of“objective knowledge ofthepast” was revealedpreviously byRankein 1824 and Albanian andsimultaneously the newspaper articles from the communist era. archivalsources. Thesecondary sourcesImadewere useof theliterature inEnglish statistical data invarious enterprises or the in municipality ofElbasan andunpublished primary andsecondaryaswell. Theprimary sourcesIutilized were oralhistory, terms This ofindustry. theis reasonI concentrated onvarious kinds ofsources, from one countryto another focusing inthe achievements ofthetwo governments in thesis. industrialization inbothcountries areacademically interestingand are the focusofmy which degreethe role of the leader and of the state – party effected the process of have thesame outcome. Thusthe degree of success both in the two countriesand to implemented. Thetransportation of the models from SovietUnionto Albaniacould not My aim for this thesis is to understand how the models of industrialization were Standford emphasizes that objectivity canbeachieved making useoffactsand The challenge remains the examination in of each ofthe typesof sources. The I employed thecomparative methods toobservethe transportation ofmodels 34 Stanford agues that objective is about theobject andsubjective about the 1 1 . . 2 2 . . S S o o m m e e M M e e t t h h o o d d o o l l o o g g i i c c a a l l C C o o n n s s 35 i i d d This what writing This is Iam at in e e r r a a t t i i o o n n s s 16 CEU eTD Collection 37 36 35 Meaning in Oral History Meaning inOral 34 statements stateand not what they are about”. judgment aboutthepastinwhichhistorians agree.Hestates clearly “Facts are what the historians presence thein field, andbyhistorian’s presentation ofthe material.” created notonlyby what theinterviewees say, but alsobywhat aswe historians do- by organization ofthework. Portelliclaims: hasbecome “Oralhistory discourse adialogic and theMetallurgicalPlant directors shed light onthestructure and theadministrative copy theycommitted totheSovietModels.Thedirectorsofmain state-enterprises the pros and cons of the industrialization ofAlbania and the mistakes made due to the interview with Mr.Aliaandthe Minister of Industry. Mr. Alia went further inexplaining the end.Theindustrializationproject and the decision-making werepartofthe clarified various questions relatedto theAlbanian-Soviet beginnings ofcollaboration to enterprises orplants inElbasan. These interviews especiallythe one ofMr.Alia era, suchasMr. Ramiz Alia,Ministers ofIndustry andvarious directors ofthe main appointed tovarious industrial enterprises. I interviewed authorities ofthe communist taken asfar as legislation is concerned but simultaneously in terms oftheplans collected shed light on reality. The archivalsources were relevant termsin ofdecisions of primaryThus the sources. interviews, statistical dataandarchivalsources I agrees with my primary knowledge. Inreality this canbe achieved through the means something thatthescholarlydiscipline trueifmy aimsat. Itis secondaryknowledge regards truth asaproperty ofastatement secondly and heregardstruthasagoal, about truth. Forhim the conceptofhistorical truth related is totwo points. First –he Alessandro Portelli “Oral History as Genre”in History “Oral Portelli Alessandro Michael Stanford, Michael Ibid. Michael Stanford, Michael A Companion to the Study ofHistory Study to the A Companion A Companion to the Study ofHistory Study to the A Companion , (Albany: State University of New York Press), 1991, 3. The Death of Luigi Trastulli and other Stories-Form and Stories-Form andother Luigi Trastulli Death of The , (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 129. 1996), Blackwell, (Oxford: , , (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 122-130. 1996), Blackwell, (Oxford: , 36 Thenhecontinues with hisconcept 17 37 CEU eTD Collection sort out the methods thatAlbania copied, the way theywere implemented in Albania in archives aswell. the leader. Thedata supplied in these books conformed tothedataIdiscovered inthe source concerning thedataas well, especially thecongress volumes andtheworksof branches of industry thattheAlbanian leaders decidedtodevelop.They were agood Whereas in the books about the Albaniancase Ifocused on the constructions, the exploring themodels ofindustrialization andtheways theywere implemented. explore in primary sources. As far as books about Soviet Union, Iconcentrated on books Iwent throughserved as a guideon what tofurtheronconduct research or economic history termsin theconstructions ofrevealing during communism. Mainly the and journals thatsupplied information aboutthework done the fieldof already in study especially their interpretation. materials tobe examinedbut all together difficult asthe documents required intensive total transformation during communism was easyinterms ofthesmaller scale of (Pennsylvania: University Park, 1991), 95. 1991), Park, University (Pennsylvania: 38 study ofthe documentary material” the reduction of the scale of observation, on a microscopic analysis and an intensive Elbasan, writing thus microhistory. Giovanni Levistates that, “microhistory is based on use ofitaccording tohis/her aims. This is trueto some extent asthe historian has to interpret the interviews andto make Giovanni Levi, “On Microhistory”, inPeter Burke, After havingpictured thetwo casesIemployed comparative studyinorderto The secondary sources for me weremainly books and articles of newspapers Furthermore focused Ihave on local level aswell, with thecasestudy of 38 . Thus focusing in one city which underwent a New Perspective on Historical Writing on Historical New Perspective , 18 CEU eTD Collection which onwould later be transported Albania.in Consequently Icame upwith themodels ofindustrializationemployed inSoviet Union, moreover howmuch Albaniaprofited from these models ofindustrialization. comparison toSoviet Union, theextent to which theywere putintopractice but 19 CEU eTD Collection employed amerecent 4per ofthe labor force” cent ofnet national income. Thisincluded 15 per centfrom large-scale industry, which industrially developed of the great powers. Its industry was responsible only for “21 per Furthermore which were thefactors ofthe Soviet Union economic development. Sovietin Unionoraswe cancallit,the Soviet UnionModelof Industrialization. Iwillwell. explore which werethecharacteristics oftheeconomic implemented policies the principles ofthe regime.policies The applied included theeconomicsphere as ownits principlesandassuch particular policies were implemented inaccordanceto communist where block countries suchasAlbania joined. Thecommunist regime had communist regime,which lateronwas spreadintherespective zonecreating the accordance tothedominators’ one. Consequently SovietUnion instituted the the British-American domination zone.One specific regimewas established in superpowers. This divided theworld into two parts, the Soviet domination precinct and operating. that the time hadcome to abandon the system under which state-industry had been year in1922 there emerged anightmare ofadifferent kind. The leadership decided 1921 was anightmare yearfor people andthe government. Towards theend ofthe confirmscrisis causing that withthefuel theclosure ofmany state-operatedfactories The economic circumstancesstill remained theleast ofRussiain1913 ofThe end World IIestablished War intheworld thehegemony ofthe By thecourseofyearssituation wasworse, becoming assuch AlecNove 1 1 . . 3 3 . . S S o o v v i i e e t t M M o o d d e e l l s s o o f f I I n n d d u u s s t t r r i i a a 39 l l i i . z z a a t t i i o o n n i i n n S S o o v v i i e e t t U U n n i i o o n n 20 CEU eTD Collection 40 131. Press,1994), University 39 European heartland asRuhr andtheUnited States, wheremiracles the ofthemodern and theybothgrew witnesses of up being the industrialdevelopments of Western transformation ofSovietUnion. Lenin was born in1870andStalin was bornin1879 meaningthat the leader isone of thefactors that influenced in theeconomic regress without its leaders and Soviet Union awes itsprogress to Lenin and Stalin, common characteristic is theroleofleader. Acountrycan never progress or Soviet Union. need for the development ofthecountry. Moreover thein state of a greater country, one great firm of whichVSNKH was theboard ofdirectors necessary to divide itintoautonomousstead units, in oftreating asifitwere it part of currency was evident. As a result toenable industry tooperate inthis way itwas commercialaccounting, materials andfuelhadtobebought, theneed ofastable paid cash,in rationing abolished 1921,in state industry was operated on economic or more efficientoperation bymaking management payitsway. Consequently wages to rebuild state industry on a new commercial basisto shedsurplus staff and tocompel 1922 substantial progress hadbeen made inthatdirection-the opportunity was made efforts were made torestore rail transport and the fuel industries andby the end of close many enterprises because there wasand nofuel nomaterials. desperate While degree ofcentralization (glavkism),waste andinefficiency. Itwasfound necessaryto Alec Nove, Alec R.W. Davies, R.W. Consequently as a totalitarian regime theone instituted in SovietUnion, the The resultwas amonstrous growth ofbureaucratic tangle, an unworkable An The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union 1913-19945 Soviet ofthe EconomicTransformation The Economic History of the USSR 1917 - 1991, (London: Penguin Books, 1992), 82-91. 1992), Books, Penguin (London: 40 . Assuch thereisevident , (London: Cambridge (London: , 21 CEU eTD Collection 42 1989 of Revolutions considered asthe ageofautomobiles andpetrochemicals and itstartedin1910s until Whereas thefourth stage is dominated bythe American hegemonic economy is andit until IandtheAmerican andGermanWorld War economieswere thebestexamples. 1840s. dominatedby Britain again andit theis iron andrail age starting from 1830s until the Britainwith thecotton-textile age from 1780s until 1830s.Thesecond stage is USA. Aspreviously stated thefirst period characterizedis bythe domination of Great into fivestagesandeach ofthesestages was dominated byonewestern countryor replacing USA. Chirot considers the development oftechnology andscience asdivided with theageofelectronics dominated byWestern European countries andJapan startingwith the cotton-textile age dominated byGreat Britain in 1780 and ending up place ina EuropeanWestern country, leading tothedevelopment ofthosecountries considered to be theyears ofrevolutions science in and each of these revolutions took had occurred andwas continuum. in implement some policiesfor its development. Moreover when thescience revolution 41 technology were emerging such as theones from Buffalo toChicago. became the“viablemodels” were consideredtobeprogressive forthebackward SovietUnion,asaresult they these western countries andcivilizations were themost industrialized onesand they Ibid. Daniel Chirot, “What Happened in Eastern Europe in 1989?” in Vladimir Tism Vladimir in 1989?” Europe in Eastern Happenedin “What Chirot, Daniel The third stage was considered tobethe age ofsteel andorganic chemistry Thus according toDaniel Chirot, theyears from 1970 were1780 until . (London: Routledge, 1999), 22. Routledge, (London: . 42 forit. Consequently theRussian leader decided to ă neanu, ed., neanu, 41 Inthe1900 The 22 CEU eTD Collection Revolutions of 1989 of Revolutions wanted toimplement hadto be adapted for the Soviet society. Thus various factors observed in west andwanted toimplement. aside the chemicalindustry. These were someof themodels thatSoviet Union industry of steel and other metals, butat the same time theSoviet Union did not leave a qualifiedstafftowork withthe new technology. Especially paidspecialit attentionthe the development ofheavy industry, building as many factories as possible andhaving the in period of communist regime, was dedicating themajority acountry ofattention to 43 steel milland power generating plants create aneconomy thatwas equal totheUS economy andthatwas reachedbythe government revealed to the population that there was no use to spoil consumers butto industrialization or other ages ofscience revolution based inthethird ageof industrialization, asit couldnotaffordthefourth ageofworld the Soviet leaders isbeingreferred as theStalinist-Leninist Model was andit mainly and chemicals became thegoalofSoviet leaders. This model used ofindustry by Soviet leaders thusthe period oftheuse ofsteelmills, huge electric generatingplants, are replacing the UnitedStates ofAmerica this timein span. and continuing inthe next century when Japan andother EuropeanWestern countries 1970s. The fifth stage istheageofelectronics andbiotechnology starting from 1970s Daniel Chirot, “What Happened in Eastern Europe in 1989?” in Vladimir Tism Vladimir in 1989?” Europe in Eastern Happenedin “What Chirot, Daniel Each country has ownit peculiarities assuch themodels thatSoviet leaders Nevertheless the adaptability ofthe models was tobediscussed, the It is thethird stage that wasmore important tobe taken into account for the . (London: Routledge, 1999), 22. Routledge, (London: . 44 . Consequently what Soviet Unionturned tobe 43 . ă neanu, ed., neanu, The 23 CEU eTD Collection 49 48 47 46 45 131. Press,1994), University 44 controlled from Russian CongressVSNKH (All Commissars) ofPeople’s role ofthe leader, therole oftheparty and the economicpolicies. acted forthis reason. The agents were theregime initself, fromwhich generates it the control over industry by: constitution. Thus the according to a resolution of 29 July 1922 VSNKH operated its and theleader ofSoviet Unionhad specified thisprocess and reflected evenit the in and theothersto local their existence the trustswere subordinate to VSNKH local viaits organs ( peculiarity that not is very common other communist in regimes, thetrusts.Despite argues inhis book. Nationalization ofeconomywas but reality evident in therewas a the country, makingbe prior in it their resolution. It isclearlyvisible the attention thatthe government tothe dedicated industrialization of Ibid. 91. Alec Nove, Alec Ibid. Ibid. 92. Alec Nove, Alec R.W. Davies, R.W. The communist regimewas characterized from centralized economy and An An The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union 1913-19945 Soviet ofthe EconomicTransformation The Economic Economic 1. Methods of an economy character: the financing of . Methods of an administrative2. character: appointment and . Methods of production-planning3. character: the drafting of policy etc. policy industry, the organization of the industrial credit, price the industrial plan. enterprise to enterprise, and so forth, in conformity with resources from one branch industryof to another, from trading-and-industrial units, the transfer of material dismissal of responsible officials trustsof and other plan with the general plan. their execution ensuring the conformity of the industrial production and disposal plans, inspection and checking on History History sovnarkhozy 47 of of the the USSR USSR 48 (councils of national economy). 1917 1917 49 - - 1991, 1991, (London: Penguin Books), 1992, 93. 1992, Books), Penguin (London: (London: Penguin Books), 1992, 91. 1992, Books), Penguin (London: , (London: Cambridge (London: , 46 Thestateparty 45 Promburo asNove 24 ) CEU eTD Collection California Press, 1991), 1. 1991), Press, California 52 1. 1991), Press, California and become a market forthe western countries andthe second reason was because reason wasbecausehedid notwant thattheSovietindustrycould risk sovereigntyits introduced by Leninwas to be applied due to two reasons as he claimed. Thefirst Daniel Chirotclaims his in essay. Blackwellstated thatthe state-planned industry much steelaspossible andthus it becamecopy ofthe a United States ofAmerica as characteristic ofthe communist rule anddecision-making. of nearby resort complexes hundred thousand peopleeighty fivechildren’s institutions, severalhospitals, anumber Gorbachev era steel thatCanada and Czechoslovakia and quite equally toGreat Britainduring 51 50 following ones: industrialization process. The effects ofthe planfirst wereaccording toNovethe implemented in1929,revealing oneofthe means thatledtothecompletion ofthe proved tobe verysuccessful industry.in The firstfive- year plan was begantobe Stephen Kotkin, Stephen Stephen Kotkin, Stephen 189. Ibid. Soviet UnionSoviet in 1970had the best technology anditeven started toproduce as Whereas Stephen Kotkin argues thatMagnitogorsk worked andproduced more The result ofthe first attemptswas quick. Therefore the years 1928-1929 metallurgy and steel works. like Volga, Urals, Kuzbas became possible because of consumers’ welfare. Expansion and modernization of cities measurable output much greater than any real increase of decline. Rapid urbanization tended to increase the in developed. Handicrafts, small workshops were doomed to inflation.Machinery the on liable wereAggregates 51 Steeltown Steeltown . The metallurgical. The complex dominated thelifeofcity housing to USSR USSR 52 , , . Theconstruction ofthe industrial citywas the other Soviet Soviet Society Society 50 in in the the Gorbachev Gorbachev Era Era , (Los Angeles, University of University , (LosAngeles, , (Los Angeles, University of University , (LosAngeles, 25 CEU eTD Collection 27. 55 136. Union1913-1945, Soviet ofthe Transformation Economic enterprises would be ranked asthe chart supplies. professional services collective farmers andstate employees and private craftsmen, individualpeasants, the privatesector continued toexist and was it categorized asagriculturalholdings of 54 224. 1974, Viewpoints, 53 agricultural co-operative enterprises and collective farms (kolkhozy) ones. Alec Nove classifies theenterprises into three groups; state enterprises, non- ownership production andstate ownership was assumed tobethe most advancedform of social by theother developingcountries during communism. safeguard against any attempts atforeign encroachment” he believed that the if industry was themonopoly ofthestate thenitwould “providea unit fortheadministrationof stateproperty. Thus there is againtherulingof leader belongs tothe state. Asaresultessence in and in law the enterprise is aconvenient generates some consequences and responsibilities of thestate. Astate enterprise Alec Nove, Alec R. Davies,W. Mark Harrison, S.G. Wheatcroft William L. Blackwell, William Davies socialism was definedas the social ownership of the means of Regarding thedefinition about the state enterprise we canobserve that it Table 1: Gross Industrial output by forms of ownership (Per cent of total) 54 The . As such themost common of enterprises form were thestate owned Soviet Russian Economic Development from Peter the Great to Stalin Greatto the Peter from Development Economic Russian private enterprises co-operative enterprises state Economy 56 . Butinreality asfar the industrial output is concerned the , An Introduction, 1928 17.6 69.4 13 “Industry under central planning 1929-1941” in 1929-1941” planning under central “Industry (Washington: Frederick A.Praeger, Frederick (Washington: 1937 91.8 (London: Cambridge University Press,1994), University Cambridge (London: 8.2 0 1950 92 0 8 53 areasonthatwas claimed 1958 94 0 6 55 . Simultaneously , New York: New ¤ 1961, 1965), 1961, 57 The 26 CEU eTD Collection 60 30-31. 59 58 57 27. 56 such thedevelopment was ofindustry partofthe strategy of constructing socialism a in commanded economy output). In theseterms ofthe therole leader is prettystrongly expressed in (tons, square meters) orwhere cannot it be done termsin (roubles ofvalue ofgross output plan ofindustrial enterprises was frequently expressed in physical measure some oftype, details design, assortment, andetcwhere thisis relevant. The aggregate specified the quantity ofthe product requiredthe in given month, quarteroryear with resources placed athisdisposalwithdue regard to economy. Theoutput plan the director isto fulfilland if possible tooverfill theoutput plans and toutilize the manage thestate’s assets for purposes determined bythe state who actedashis deputyand thechief accountant are appointed by the state organs to Hence the structure consisted of the director andhis senior also the chief engineer constitutes a chapter ofthe book named allStalin as... as economist, aspoliticians and variousin otherpositions, eachofthese positions responsibilities andsimultaneouslythe decision-making as well. Stalinbook inher We as theconclusion thatcomes outofDavies book, where Stalin hadallthe Ibid. Alec Nove, Alec Sarah Davies & James Harris, Ibid. Alec Nove, Alec The role ofthe leader was evident in the commended structure ofthe enterprises. The ideology was always present in the entire process of industrialization. As The The Soviet Soviet Economy Economy 60 . Stalin ANew History , , An An Introduction, ( Introduction, Introduction, (Washington: Frederick A.Praeger, Frederick (Washington: Washington: Frederick A.Praeger, Frederick Washington: , (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005). University Cambridge (UK:, 58 59 . Theprimary taskof ¤ ¤ 1961, 1965), 1961, 1961, 1965), 1961, 27 CEU eTD Collection 62 136 Union1913-1945, Soviet ofthe Transformation Economic 61 them under 5main heads: generalin agreement more ontheir specific industrial objectives. Davies summarized protagonists of industrialization in thePolitburo, and in theparty at large, were by1928 or thePolitburo members. the Within framework of“socialization” or statization, the The plans were theother aspect to be asserted publicin from the leader of the country ConsequentlyStalin declared that: leaders thein world was theexposing of the achievements oftheirgovernment. hypnotizing part of the communist leaders. The other characteristic ofthe communist single country, which was surrounded by a hostile capitalist world Ibid. R. Davies,W. Mark Harrison, S. G. Wheatcroft . Location policy would be based5. on long-term needs rather The consumer goods 4. industry (together with agriculture) The output of capital goods3. would increase more rapidly Soviet industry must overtake2. the west technically as well The Soviet Union must1. overtake the advanced capitalist capitalist countries economically as well. proletariat… in order to catch up and overtake the advanced a political aspect. Now we must use the dictatorship ofthe …we have caught upand overtaken the capitalist countries in production. Iron and steel and the major engineering be located away from the old centers of industrial than on short-term costs. A major part industryof would living of the population would rise substantially would nevertheless expand rapidly so that the standard of and industrial equipment. ofproduction” on the industries producing machine tools resources on “means of production for producing means than that ofconsumer goods, with the concentration of skilled labor in the Soviet Union intensive, even though there was and abundance of advanced enterprises, and these would be capital as economically. This required the construction ofnew product not depend on the capitalist world anyfor major type of sufficient assoon as possible, in the sense that it should rapidly as possible. The soviet industry must become self- countries in industrial output per head of population as “Industry under central planning 1929-1941” in 1929-1941” planning under central “Industry (London: Cambridge University Press,1994), University Cambridge (London: 62 61 . This is the The 28 CEU eTD Collection Developed Economies”, in Soviet Studies Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3, January 1970, 336. 1970, 3, January No. Vol.21, Journal, Studies Soviet in Economies”, Developed 64 136. Union1913-1945, Soviet ofthe Transformation Economic sphere andthe meanswhich through industrialization was achieved suchas controlled from the leaderofcountry, the industrialization urge, the ideological first stimuli thatmade the leaders to react for the transformation of its economy. Soviet Union from USA. Theeconomic circumstances of Soviet Union became the were offeredsomemore helpfrom Sovietthe state, compared tothehelpsupplied to leaders followed theSoviet example butwith theslight difference that the Albanians That is the case ofAlbaniawhich realityin attemptingto industrialize the country, the Dodge states: modelsof industrialization, due to the ambitions of its leaders. It prettyis true what transformation was acountry thatmainly attempted tomake useof somewestern Soviet Union, thecountry who becameexample the ofAlbaniaasfareconomic Conclusions: 1937, and 1938-1942. economic plans.Most prominent werethe three five-year plans: 1928-1933, 1933- These principles were embodied in the long-term annual or quarterly national- 63 Norton Dodge & Charles K. Wilber “The Relevance of Soviet Industrial Experience for Less for Experience Industrial ofSoviet Relevance “The Charles K.Wilber & Dodge Norton R. Davies,W. Mark Harrison, S. G. Wheatcroft The general example ofSovietModelsbased oncontrolled economy mainly centrally planned and directed economic development. The USSR produced theworld’s first example ofrapid, underdeveloped areas in order to pull up their economy must beestablished inCentral Asia and other Urals and Siberia for defense reasons; modern industry industries must be developed far from the frontier in the “Industry under central planning 1929-1941” in 1929-1941” planning under central “Industry (London: Cambridge University Press,1994), University Cambridge (London: 64 63 . The 29 CEU eTD Collection government inapretty short period oftime. Thesemodels willbetransported aswell. collectivization, statization and the five-year plans toled the achievement ofthe 30 CEU eTD Collection and thatnoplace for sabotage ormisinterpretation was left. part compose sub-chapter,stressing thefifth thefactthateveryaspectwas controlled related to thework. Thepolitical reflection of the industrializationproject andthelegal governmenttaken precautions had aboutevery aspectoflife,especially theone stages of industrialization and the mainworks inthis field. Asatotalitarian regime, the country duringcommunism, followed fromthefourthsub-chapter which includes the Thewell. third sub-chapter is concernedwith themeans usedtoindustrialize the plans, theideologicalline andtheroleof the leader indecision-making its focusas is which dealswith thetransformation ofAlbania during thecommunist regime. The wouldsupply food for comparison and also the beginningfor thenext sub-chapter, related to the interwar periodofAlbania focusing on industry. A picture of this period a complete picture of the communist regime outcome. Thusthe first sub-chapter is industrialization levelof Albania. Ihave divided into five it sub-chapters aimingat giving terms ofeconomic development. Thusinthischapter Ihavedealt with the done inthetwo sub-chapters first contrasting thetwo ofAlbanian periods history in outcome ofthecommunist regime intermsof industrialization. That is what Ihave takeover would serveforacomparison ofthetwo cases,inordertosortoutthe Considering theeconomic circumstances ofAlbaniabeforethecommunist C C h h a a p p t t e e r r 2 2 : : I I n n d d u u s s t t r r i i a a l l i i z z a a t t i i o o n n o o f f A A l l b b a a n n i i a a d d u u r r i i n n g g C C o o m m m m u u n n i i s s m m 31 CEU eTD Collection Elbasan. The caseofShkodra isnottheonly where beggarsattempted toliveunder maincities of Albania,which is regarded as the cradleof nationalculture together with moments ofabeggar’s living, who represents the others as well in Shkodra, one of the stratum was incomparably larger to the wealthy ones. This passage is one of the many Albanian society was socially stratified and the number thatconstituted the poor Kingdom of Albania, butwhich continued during the belligerent period aswell. The dëgjojë. Aie din mirfillise c'do me thanë "Zoti të dhashtë". s'don ta s'e duron; lypsi dhashtë" të Por "Zoti at tjetër. ndojditë me ardhë këtëderë, mend diku i thotë e zoja e shtëpisë: "s'kambesa" -dhe lypsi atëherë ashtbutë, i shkon tue ndojsend, mbajtdiku ia falin derë, dera në që nga troket Elypsit, tjetër. rrugë ndoj Nesër asht tij. të eshpëtimit ashtsot fusha sotpër rrugë Kjo rruge. e asaj dyert gjitha të rradhë, kështu me Lypsi doemos i duhet me marrë vesht. E len atë derë, msyn të dytën, të tretën, të katërtën, e - Hajt more! Zotitë dhashtë!A merr vesht? i rreptë: zani ma asht tash permrenda E bie derës. i tepër fuqi ma me Prandej kurr. ngran mos paskurr, me Mos me dhashtë": "Zotitë e diseç’domethanë Por lypësi -Hajt! Zotitë dhashtë! shëndet… dhashtëZoti Më ndojsend, të fal Migjeni: Albania.) in living people simple of circumstances economic the with was concerned 65 2 2 . Migjeni “Zoti të Dhashtë” (May God Give You”, 1938. (Migjeni is regarded as the poet of poverty ashe poverty of regardedasthepoet is (Migjeni 1938. God You”, Give të Dhashtë” (May “Zoti Migjeni . 1 1 . . T T h h The upper abstractreveals theconditions of inAlbanialife duringtheintewar e e E E c c o o n n o o m m i i c c C C i i r r c c u u m m s s t t a a n n c c e e s s o o f f A A God Give You”means…” Give God wellwhat“May He knows pretty listen. wantto does not endure, he cannot You” Give God “May But someday. return to home that remembering leaves gentle, is time beggarthis the today”-and nothing have I “I vow says: homethe of lady somewhere the something, him give somewhere they oneach door, beggar knocks The one. be another will it Tomorrow today. for salvation his is street This street. that doors the of all on of so and the forth third, the second, the approaches door, that He leaves comprehend. to forced beggar is The comprehend? Do you You! Give May God on! Come isharsher: within from voice time the This strength. more with door onthe knocks Thushe toeat. never anything, have to never means You”:It give what God beggarknows “May the But You! on,MayGod Give Come health… you give God may something, me give “Please l l b b a a n n i i a a b b e e f f o o r r e e t t h h e e C C 65 o o m m m m u u n n i i s s t t T T a a k k e e o o v v e e r r 32 CEU eTD Collection obstacles toleadtheAlbanian industrialization andthefirst problem wasthe lackof By reasonoftheinheritancethepoorest of Balkans,facehad countryinthe Zog to agricultural products were 300small only factories inAlbania in1938andtheywere mainly dependent on of KingZogandhis government, factory therewasdelay in a building, as a result there feudalism was falling andthe bourgeoisie class was growing. Attributable tothe focus of thecastles wereowned bythem as well, but with theprogressionof the time group of landowners, whereas 72percentof the farmerswere landless. Themajority industrial development ofAlbania. Themajority ofthe wasland owned byasmall reign. They lingered the villagesin and they weremaincause of the stopping the of Albania andtheDepression years. the importance paid toItaly, ashehadtorely on thehelp ofMussolini fortheprogress Albanian industrialization, were theprotection of thebeys ashewas partofthis class, dedicationto industry somehow developed. it The weakpoints, which influenced inthe Albania was anagriculturalbut country andindustry wasthankstohis level, atlow when considering thecaseofAlbania during thereign ofKing Zogisthefact that for the improvement oftheeconomiccircumstances ofAlbania. needs What emphasis the period ofKingdom of Albania, 1928-1939, the kingdecided totakevarious actions regime. any actual in the mercy ofthewealthy. Literary critics admit that thepoemsMigjeniwill of always be The remainings of feudalism were very obvious during the beginning of his Albania experienced all theexisting regimes, including absolutism. Thusduring 66 . 33 CEU eTD Collection francs fora7.5percentannual interest Albania- Society fortheDevelopment ofAlbania) asItaly granted70million golden in Albania; therefore they created SVEA (Società Per Sviluppolo Economico dell’ development ofAlbanian national industry. the profile of industry, it made theAlbanian industry one-sided and impeded the forward totheprogress of industry, butat the same time evenaffectingthedirectionof and thecontrolof Albanian industry by the Italian government. Itservedasapush Albania didnot have only anegative impact thatwas thedominanceof Italian assets spend more fundsonroads,and bridges, which werenotbuilt in linewithAlbanian the the wasloan spentand createdit a strategy of how maketo useofthe loan. 66 of Albanian National Economy” per centhadbourgeoisie’s capital. Forthis reason theItalian capital became theowner 1938 inAlbania, which hadItalian capital and22percentofmixed capitalbutjust 1.8 influence inAlbania Italy but became thebestsource of funds, which ledtothe widespread Italian some As a result capital. King Zogfollowed theopendoor policy towards USA and funds toafford theprogress ofAlbania. Consequently thefirst solution was loaning 68 Ndërrmarja e Librit, 1981), 180. 1981), e Librit, Ndërrmarja 67 4. 1974), 8 Nëntori, (Tiranë: Socialism), of Basis ofEconomic Construction the for LabourParty Albanian ofthe Struggle (The 69 6. 1974), 8 Nëntori, (Tiranë: Socialism), of Basis ofEconomic Construction the for LabourParty Albanian ofthe Struggle (The Pali Pejo, Pali Pejo, Miranda Vickers, The Vickers, Miranda Stefanaq Pollo, Arben Puto, Pollo, Stefanaq The Italian government decidedtocontrol indetails the exploitation of its funds According toSVEA, traveling wasvery important and assuch decidedit to Lufta e Partisë së Punës të Shqipërisë për Ndërtimin e Bazës Ekonomike të Socializmit të Ekonomike eBazës Ndërtimin për Shqipërisë të Punës së ePartisë Lufta Lufta e Partisë së Punës të Shqipërisë për Ndërtimin e Bazës Ekonomike të Socializmit të Ekonomike eBazës Ndërtimin për Shqipërisë të Punës së ePartisë Lufta Albanians, A History Modern Albanians, 67 . Therewere “75percent of theexisting industrial enterprises in The History of Albania from its Origins to the Present Day 68 . Theoutcome foreign ofhaving investment in 69 . SVEAbe command requiredto in oftheway , (London: I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1995), 25-45. & 1995), B.Co Ltd, Tauris I. (London: , , (Tiranë: 34 CEU eTD Collection 72 49. 71 153. 1984), Press, University 70 table needs. Adetailed planofexploiting thefunds formulated bySVEAisreflectedinthis shaped, smallfactories fortheprocessing ofagricultural products, “in 1938-accounted Albanian fragile industry. Exports andrevenues fell sharply. Industry was equally badly overcome even theperiod ofDepression1929-1935. This wouldaffect negatively the issues for hemade Albania go intodeep debt and, as if thiswas notenough, ithadto essential most the of one was regime Zog’s Developmentunder Industrial The Albanian economy Durrës” Albanian industrial plants such asthe oneof oil,thebrewery inKorça,cigarettes in the Italiangovernment. Theresult of this was that“Italianstookconcessions in been really difficult for them to pay the debts and thus they continued to get loans from there were neverdata onwhathappened to the otherpart of theloan. As seen from this tablethe totalsum does not correspond to the entire sum of loan but Nicolas J. Costa, Eugene K. Keefe, et al, Keefe, EugeneK. Bernd Jürgen Fischer, Jürgen Bernd 70 : The Albanian governmentnot did take into account the fact that it would have 71 . Asa result, within two years Italy succeeded gainingin control onthe Albania: A European Enigma A European Albania: 72 Totals Surveys Posts andtelegraphs reclamation and land Agriculture buildings Public workHarbor 2300000 Railroads (Durrës-Tiranë) Bridges Road building . King Zog and the Struggle for Stability inAlbania Stability for Struggle King Zogandthe Albania, a Country Study, (Washington Study, a Country Albania, Table 2: Investments of SVEA in Albania , (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 120. Press, 1995), University Columbia (New York: , expenditure Estimated 50000000 535000 485000 5000000 6735000 8880000 11265000 14800000 DC: Library of Congress, 1994), 24- Congress,1994), of Library DC: expenditure Actual 47188100 ²³ 954683 ------1613737 9613737 7935727 8771857 15272604 3025755 , (New York: Columbia 35 CEU eTD Collection 73 government addedsomemoremiles of new roads Albanians. As aresult,ZogasPresident put roads atthetopofAlbania’s needs.His the President ofAlbania anditfurther extended during hisreign astheKing of majority ofthefunds were usedfor this purpose. This process started when Zogwas Roadbuilding became thetarget ofthe Zogist government andat the same time the policies. He gaveimportance to roadbuilding, industry and asideleft agriculture. the firstrulerwho startedtodevelop Albania throughthe implementation ofarange Italian loans Europe” 9.8only percentofhydroelectric power. Thepercapita product was thelowest in 74 perspectives ofgoverningAlbania. He stopped prioritizing the“northern clans” and he not thecase in postwar policies. Anachievement ofZogwas thechangingof his francs. The negativeside of thisproject was prevention the ofurbanization butthiswas began tobeissued thoughthe nationalaccounts continuedto bereckoned goldin 1924 and thedevelopment continued until 1925 and 1928”. Nationalcurrency, lek, praised. By “1922 there were 85 industrial units, foreign trade doubled between 1922- Consequently Zogstarted acampaignof industrializationand theresults weretobe government. Zogist of objective main the be to out turned Industrialization Mussolini. due totheItalian economic and thento aid the impossibility ofpaying thedebts to during hiskingdom, because theItalian government hadtakenall thepower from him was theonetogivefinal wordondecision-making. This was not thecaseanymore Ramadan Marmullaku, Ramadan Tom Winnifrith Tom 73 . After 1935 economic showed indices substantial improvement, dueto 74 . Infactthetwo regime sidesofthis are tobeconsidered.ThusZog was Perspectives Albania and the Albanians Albania andthe on Albania , (London:Macmillan 1992), 115-137. 1992), (London:Macmillan , , (London: C. Hurst & Company, 1975), 35-40. 1975), Company, Hurst & C. (London: , 75 . While duringhis. presidencyWhile he 36 CEU eTD Collection effort wasmade forthe industrial development ofAlbania andmaking useof it. The and naturalgas.Theslightestdifference was thatit discovered, butnoconcentrated is slight difference, withcity insouthern Fieri, a Albania, whichabundant had supply ofoil copper ore, low grade iron ore,asbestos and asphalt. Thesame happened, butwith a though the Albanian soil wasrich ofsoft coal andbauxite,salt, limestone, high grade never developed andthere was noeffort in exploring andexploiting someminerals, The mistake of the Zogist government wasthe non- development ofmines. Mining built in1936 Vithkuq onin theoutskirts of Korça withthe capacity of500 kW-hours. stations, which grew to bethe other goal of Zogist government, and the first one was tested forthefirst timeevening one in1934” the city ofElbasan as the electric street lights were turned on and off while being claims thattheywould“never forget the screams ofdelightrising andfalling all over Edwin E.Jacques argues hisin book that one ofthe testimonies ofthis last event electric plants variouscitiesin including Elbasan, which waselectrified in1934. fully moderna beerfactory inKorça, acement factoryinShkodër in 1929andnumerous accordance tothenatural resources existing inseveral cities ofAlbania. Thus he built heresult evaluated the natural resources and hestarted factory building policy in industrialization andZog chose to develop quiteall thebranches of industry. As a 76 75 huge achievement madethem,the otherAlbanian paytaxes as all citizens, which was regardedasa 77 McFarm, 1995), 220-250. McFarm, Tom Winnifrith Nicolas J. Costa, Edwin E. Jacques, E. Edwin Perspectives on Albania Perspectives Albania: A European Enigma A European Albania: The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present the to Times Prehistoric from History Ethnic An Albanians: The 76 . Thetaxes hegathered were tobeputunderthedisposition of , (London: Macmillan, 1992), 115-137. 1992), Macmillan, (London: , , (New York: Columbia University Press), 1995, 120. Press),1995, University Columbia (New York: , 77 . Allthiswas duetothe hydropower , (London: 37 CEU eTD Collection 78 Albanian) tobuild inRubik aplantfor theproduction ofblister, apower of plant ahigh SAMIA (Società Anonima Mineraria Italo-Albanese- Anonymous Mineral Society Italo- the breakdown of the fascist state” Albania before thecommunisttakeover were ataverypitiable level. the impactcommunist ofthe regime Albania. Thus in the economic circumstances of economic circumstances ofAlbaniabefore thecommunist takeover, order tosortout in new regime, thecommunist regime. Itisofacademic relevance toconsult the Europe Albaniansoil was sorichthat it became thelargestdeposit ofchrome Eastern orein the restcome from primitive agriculture equally still providedsome incomes, ofincomes so4.5percent came from primitive industry tractors thein entire country, and itbecame impossible tokeep up Albania. Furthermore, it remainedat a very primitive level, in1938 there were only 32 spent by the royal court and nothing was used tohelp inthe agricultural prosperity of income” economy, “themainspring ofeconomy, which gave90percentof the total national agriculture. At the beginning ofhis regime agriculturewasmost the profitable branchof 79 1995), 220-250. McFarm, 81 80 82 1995), 220-250. McFarm, Edwin E. Jacques, E. Edwin Ramadan Marmullaku, Ramadan Edwin E. Jacques, E. Edwin Ibid. Arshi Pipa, Arshi As earlyas1939theItalian army invadedAlbania andkepthersubjugated until Although IIwouldpursuedWorld War be inAlbania from the establishment ofa Due tothe intention paidto industrialization Zogdenied theimportance of 78 79 . , but it declined. All thetaxes gathered by the farms andthe mines were Albanian Stalinism The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present the to Times Prehistoric from History Ethnic An Albanians: The The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present the to Times Prehistoric from History Ethnic An Albanians: The Albania and the Albanians Albania andthe , (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 14-15 Press,1990), University Columbia (New York: , 82 . Thus the Italian government decided through , (London: C. Hurst & Company, 1975), 35-40. 1975), Company, Hurst & C. (London: , 81 . 80 . Nevertheless, it . Nevertheless, , (London: , (London: 38 CEU eTD Collection Economic History, vol. 34, n 1, Spring 2005, 30. 34, n1,Spring 2005, vol. History, Economic ofEuropean Journal ofPlanning), Attempt First and the Hegemony Italian ofthe Stabilization The 1950: 1912- Albania of Economy the of (History Pianificazione” di Tentativo Primo eil Italiana dell’Egemonia 83 hard effect on the Albanian economy. Thepresence ofthe foreign troopswas relevant. Italian scholars likeCaselli Thoma, and themselvesadmithad avery II War thatWorld Fascist Italian forces and then the Naziforces, which ledtocompletedestruction. natural resources andexporting ittoItalyat a low price. energetic and petrolextraction sectors, although theywere makinguse of theAlbanian As itcanbeseen from table 2 theItalian government very paid much attentiontothe Albanian Oil Company), SASA (Società AnonimaSaccarifera Albanese) in Elbasan. Albanian Anonymous Society for Textile Industry), COA (Compagniadi OliAlbanesi- oil andalcohol, SAITAA (Società Anonima Industrie TessiliAutarchiche Albanesi- Italian enterprises that operated in Albaniawere SCAIA concerned withthe industry of not succeed due tothe strong reaction ofthe Albaniancapitalthis in sector. Other increased its power andattempted tocreate a trustcalled ELECTRALBA, buttheydid and Radokal. SESA that owned concessions for the production of electricity, and Enterprise was concernedwith theproduction ofcarboninPriskë, Memaliaj, Drenovë of chrome,whereas FERRALBA on ACIiron, (Azienda Carboni Italiani-Italian Carbon power potential. AMMI andMontecatini concentrated their attention on the production Gian Paolo Caselli, Grid Thoma, “La Storia Economica Albanese 1912-1950: Lo Stabilirsi 1912-1950: Albanese Economica “LaStoria Thoma, Grid Caselli, Paolo Gian Albania wasmore deeplyinvolved in II World War due to invasions from the Chrome Bitumen Carbon Petrol Table 3: Sector of Extracting Minerals (intons) Minerals Extracting of 3: Sector Table 10000 10800 7000 3686 1938 151250 11300 15500 6900 1939 147300 10300 7000 1940 9500 145000 12000 63500 1941 6000 155000 36000 13100 14500 1942 83 100000 120000 6000 4000 1943 39 CEU eTD Collection factories had ceased working completely werejust 7,500employed people andafter the liberation ofthecountry many ofthese industry, was produced bysome electrical plants inthemaincities ofAlbania. There engaged with agricultural production. The electric energy, which was essential for There were just 300factories and primitive establishments, which were mainly homeless incontrast Albanian official statistics claim somewhat losses” higher dead, 200 destroyed villages, 18,000 destroyed houses, and about 100,000 people left Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported “about 30,000 Albanian war Unfortunately noreliable statistics onAlbania's wartime exist, buttheUnited losses and others needed tobe built. That is thecommon decisionthegovernment undertook consequences of the war. Thefactories that were wrecked needed to be reconstructed the new task for the government was toreconstruct Albaniaand to eradicate the Kosta Goga, 87 86 85 30. 34, n1,Spring2005, vol. History, Economic ofEuropean Journal ofPlanning), Attempt First andthe Hegemony Italian ofthe Stabilization The 1950: 1912- Albania of Economy the of (History Pianificazione” di Tentativo Primo eil Italiana dell’Egemonia 84 very impressive goods belonging tocivilpeople and the state. Thedata for thewar destructionwere The troops especially during the last moments of the occupation destroyed all the Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naco, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Riza AgimShehu, Guri, Naco,Dhori Stavri EgonGjadri, IrfanVeteriku, Konomi, Anthim reserved. rights All Corporation. © 1993-2001Microsoft 2002. Encyclopedia Encarta® Microsoft® Ibid. Lo Stabilirsi 1912-1950: Albanese Economica “LaStoria Thoma, Grid Caselli, Paolo Gian When When the country was liberated noneofthese primitive factories functioned and Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet and most necessary articles were imported. just ¼compared to the industrial output of 1938. The simplest petrol wells were all damaged and the industrial output was completely destroyed. The roads, ports, bridges, and the reduced in the buildings were destroyed, the zoo-technical richness was “7.3 per cent of the Albanian people was killed, 21 percent of 84 . ѿ , and the communication system was quite 87 , (Construction in the Socialist Albania), (Tiranë: Albania), Socialist the in (Construction , . 85 86 40 . CEU eTD Collection 89 decision. announced every who leader the of speeches theywere Generally bythegovernment. given time stipulated the in fulfill hadto each enterprise that plans and the budget the contained They enterprises. of directors the and people to bedisplayed to order (Congress)in Kongres called books in werepublished they Council Ministers’ the by voted being After country. the of thetransformation for voted passed and government the that andthe plans speeches ofthe collection a is mainly 4. This 1976), 8 Nëntori, (Tiranë: 88 21-22. 1980), 8 Nëntori, damages ofthewar were asfollows: material-technical basis ofour industry was muchmore devastated.Thematerial communist takeover the tremendous number ofunemployed characterized theAlbanian industry before the for thecadres. The number ofcadresactually wasjust 380people.The low wages and the building of factories, therewas anextreme needto have technical training aswell country” to change the image ofthe country but moreover to make people “enjoy living I the 90 20. eRe 1983), Shtypshkronja Industry),(Tiranë: in ofInvestments andtheAffectivity Basis Technical circumstances ofAlbania before thecommunist takeover. conditions inwhich Albaniacame outofthewar, demonstrating theeconomic countries. The materialdamage was andtheyreveal considerable clearly the The aftermath of the war was very difficult for Albania especially compared tothe other Vladimir Misja, Vladimir Hoxha, Enver Ibid. 21. 88 as it was preached in thespeeches of the leader ofthecountry. Apart from Raport në Kongresin e VII PPSH eVII të në Kongresin Raport Baza Materialo-Teknike dhe Efektiviteti i Investimeve nëIndustri i Investimeve dheEfektiviteti Baza Materialo-Teknike Table 4: World War II Damages per Country per per capita Country Damages per War II 4: World Table 89 . As a result oftheItalo-German conquestthepoor economic Country Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Italy Germany Yugoslavia Union Soviet Greece Albania Damage Value Damage (Report in the Seventh Congress of PPSH), Congress of Seventh the in (Report $1,920 $286 $232 $721 $705 $824 $838 $67 90 , (The Material- (The , 41 CEU eTD Collection decide upon Albaniaafter the takeover andthe creation of the government? consecutive occupations Albania underwent. But whatwillthe communist leaders circumstances ofAlbaniawere pretty insignificant after World II,dueWar tothe As seenfromthisshort description, needlessit is tostate thattheeconomic 42 CEU eTD Collection process is concerned.process is Notjust buttheseinterviews this also the facilitated ideology and also on the understanding of that time asfarthe industrialization somedirectors ofthestate-enterprises shedlighton theroleof the leader, the roleof communist regime. ThusMr. Ramiz Alia,and oneof the Ministers of Industry, and industrialization, asitin reality happened, I interviewed various authorities during country, controlled every aspect of life, including theeconomicone. until now wasit takenforgranted thatMr. Enver Hoxha, beingthe leader of the consider the roleofthe leader intheentire process of industrializationAlbania in as the leaderofAlbania embarked onanassiduous campaign todevelopAlbania. Iwill poorest countries Europe,in not to say the most impoverished ofEuropean countries, announcing theplans hehad forthe reconstruction ofAlbania. Inheriting oneof the liberationof thecountry and the creation ofthe government simultaneously armatosur se për t’i kryer këto detyra, për t’i dhënë popullit një jetë të lumtur e më të begatshme, duhet tëbegatshme, emë tëlumtur jetë një dhënë popullit për t’i detyra, këto kryer t’i se për armatosur e në luftën ekuptuam siç ashtu edhekëtu, kuptojmë të Duhet tij… të epolitik ekonomik shoqëror, nivelit e për ngritjen tonë, popullit të dhearsimit ekulturës për ngritjen e ekonomisë, për ngritjen Shqipërisë, e përrindërtimin ështëlufta dhekjo okupatorit, kundër tonë sa dheluftën lavdishme, po aqtë bëjmë ta tonë dorën qëështënë faqe sonë,një historisë e tjetër faqe një po hapet “Sot Hoxha: Enver Government) Democratic ofthe to Tirana coming and the 91 Council of Ministers, File P016, Archives of PPSH (Speech in the meeting for the Liberation of Albania of theLiberation for meeting the PPSH (Speech in of P016,Archives File ofMinisters, Council 2 2 . . 2 2 . . Consequently orderin thatI could be aware oftheentire process of These arethewords theleader ofthecountry, Mr. EnverHoxha, announcedthe T T h h e e C C o o m m m m u u n n i i s s t t T T a a E k E k n e n e v v o o e e v v r r e e H H E E r r , , o o c c t x t x o o h h h h n n e e a a : o be the factor of this great deed. of great this be the factor needsto population theentire life, happy andprosperous to a people togive war armed that the in we understood as well, as here understand to need We level… political and economic its social, of raising the for our people, of andeducation culture of construction the for economy, of construction the for Albania, of reconstruction the war isthe for andthis invaders, the war against as our itasglorious hands tomake our is in page that : o L L Another page of our history is being opened today, a opened today, isbeing our history of page Another m m e e i a i a c c d d P P e e r o r o ’ ’ s l s l i i , c , c I i I i d e d e s e s e o o l l o o g g y y a a n n d d t t 91 h h e e P P a a r r t t y y ’ ’ s s R R o o l l e e i i n n 43 CEU eTD Collection by pleading guilty tothedecree oftheend ofthewar declaring: right hand ofEnver Hoxha andlater President ofAlbania clarified this inhis interview every kind ofstudy about the Albanian communist regime. InfactMr. Ramiz Alia, the leaders tooccupy thesame asStalin. position Thishasbeentaken forgranted in directionof Albania towards SovietUnion only becauseofthe desire of theAlbanian Hoxhawould betocontrol thesocial andeconomic aspectsofAlbania. Hepointed the have goodrelations with theSovietUnion.” of the one-party state in Albania displayed the determination ofthe new leaders to Elez Biberaj, chiefoftheAlbania Service of Voice ofAmerica arguesthat “thecreation 93 ekonominë”. dhe mbi dhe siitillë vendoste e parimet veta, ka regjim çdo equanim ne, siç popullore ose demokracia eproletariatit diktatura quhej imëparshëm ” …regjimi 92 në Tiranë). Demokratike Qeverisë së ardhjes dhetë ePavarësisë rastin (me madhe” të kësaj vepre i faktori jetë të tërë i që populli confirmed: field of life. The regime established was calledthe by leaders ofthetime asMr.Alia Albania towards theSoviet Union. common known paradigms, especially on the roleof the leader and on theshift of understanding oftheeconomic circumstances of Albania andbrokesome ofthe Elez Biberaj, Elez Tiranë. recording, tape 27, 2007, April author, by the ofinterview Albania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz As such asIdiscovered from my researchMr.Hoxha onwas every notdeciding Shqipëria nëTranzicion Shqipëria were given tothe Soviet Union and the western toAnglo- the World into two parts in Yalta. The entire eastern countries Americans, thus the Soviet and Anglo-American Sirs divided IIWar was a deal between the Soviet Union and Anglo- it was aresult of the end of World II.War Theend of World The relation with Soviet Union was not just a choice for us but including economy“ and assuch it decided onthe policies to be followed, own principles. These principles allowed free hand to the state all the other regimes, asMr. Ramiz Alia confessed, it had its Dictatorship of the Proletariat or People’s Democracy and as , (Albania in Transition), (Tiranë, Ora, 1998), 44-45. 1998), Ora, (Tiranë, in Transition), (Albania , 92 . 93 As such he alludes that the role of Mr. 44 CEU eTD Collection udhëhequr nga ideologjia miratonte çdo plan propozuar”. të çdo plan miratonte nga ideologjia udhëhequr pori në detaje planet shihte i nuk Aiasnjëherë asnjëvendim. nuk nadiktonte Hoxha, Enver “Jo, 95 eÇurcillit.” Rusveldit Stalinit, midis ndarë bota se ishte ndryshe, të bënte njeri nuk lejonte në fyt, litarin vënë e kishin ia e linin, se nuk ndryshe, bënte nuk mund Shqipëria Amerikën…. me ishin Perëndimore vendet Sovjetik, Bashkimin ma ishin lindjes e nëdysh.Tëra vendet e ndanëbotën nëJaltë Amerikanë eAnglo- Sovjetikë dhe Zotërinjtë kështu… dheAnglo-Amerikane, Sovjetik eBashkimit marrëveshje një ishte Botërore II Lufta Botërore. së Dytë Luftës të i përfundimit rrjedhim një ishte por zgjedhje një vetëm ishte nuk Sovjetik Bashkimin me “Lidhja 94 period: talking about the economic aspect, thus according tothe Minister of Industry of that leaders of thecommunist block,Enver Hoxha, was notanauthoritarian leader when word foranydecision-making thanks to the centralization ofeconomy. Unlike theother that theAlbanian economy prosperedduring communism. economycountry ofthe and indeed succeededit indoing it. There a need is to accept switch the Soviet into side.Thenewly borngovernment decidedtorevolutionize the treaty. Consequently thenew government, copingwith theeconomic difficulties hadto life ofAlbania.These interactions were thusmandatorythe dueto IIpeaceWorld War the Albanian authorities aimed atincontrolling theentire socio-economic andpolitical Thus the relationwith theSoviet Union didnot haveas basis theroleof the leader that of EnverHoxha. According to Mr.Alia: Mr. Aliaexplained theprocess of decision-making andfrom there hesorts out the role J.B. ex-Minister of Industry, interview by the author, April 20, 2007, transcript, Tiranë 2007, transcript, 20, April by theauthor, interview ofIndustry, ex-Minister J.B. Tiranë. recording, tape 2007, 27, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz The leader ofthecountry was considered tobetheleading figureandthefinal proposed. into details, but led byideology, he voted for any plan Enver Hoxha did not dictate any decision to us. He never went divided among Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt. would allow it, as it had no better options as the world was Americans... Albania could not do otherwise because no one governmental organisms, from the center, which assigned to every aspect. The plans of production were formulated bythe centralized and assuch the state had the full control over The economy implemented by the Albanian Government was 95 94 45 CEU eTD Collection far asthe degree ofcentralization is concerned there is a gap. Thus there is a needto the work. Itistruethatcentralized economy inAlbania acted during communism but as commissionacted atthenationalto analyze level everyaspect of theentireprocess of Thus theleaderwas notthe only one to consider the question ofeconomy.A sometimes tocompensate thelossin thecoming month. engineer about the problems andaboutthe ways torepairwhat happened in reality, or fulfilling oftheplan thecommission askedfor areportfrom the director andofthe another output. The realizationof the plan was primary thecaseof thenon- andin fulfill itsprimary task and after this, incase they had raw materialthey could give although they were notofhuge dimensions. The factory orstate-enterprise hadto that thein huge framework ofcontrolled economy therewere initiatives aswell, controller interms oftheideologytobefollowed. Academically interesting isthe fact kuptim ekonomia e centralizuar.” ishte ekonomia kuptim Dhe në këtë sistemi. sepsenuk e linte ndyshontedrejtim, të ose ndërrmarja që inxhinjeri nuk lejonte Demokratik Centralizuar i Sistemi nuk mundej. pasi këto” prodhoj “nuk thoshte, të mundësi nuk kishte ose inxhinjeri ndërrmarjes i dhe drejtori planifikuar e Ishte ecaktuar. sasinë për qëpërcaktoheshin rroga ato dhe me caktohej që i cilësi atë me punëtorë, ato me sasi atë prodhonte të duhej Dhe ndërrmarja planifikoheshin. gjitha të produktesh, caktuar sasitë një prodhonte qëduhejtë icaktonte metalurgjisë psh caktruar, të ndërrmarje një caktonte i e cila nga qendra qeveritare, ngaorganizmat formuloheshin e prodhimit Planet çdo gjë. mbi kontrollin kishte dhe shteti ecentralizuar ishte “…ekonomia 96 Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë. recording, tape 27,2007, April by the author, interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz Actually the roleoftheparty isalso very much relevanttotheeconomic policies. Through this description, the leader ofthecountry just heldthe position ofthe well. and inthis sense it was called the centralized economy as the engineer or the entire enterprise to switch its direction, had no say. The Centralized Democratic System did not allow Consequently the director ofthe enterprise or the engineer the quality that the organism had prescribed to it. with the number of employers it possessed but moreover with director had to comply with and produce the quantity assigned a specific amount ofa certain product. The enterprise’s an enterprise for instance to the Metallurgical Plant toproduce 96 97 46 CEU eTD Collection 98 97 type ofeconomic policy neededto befollowed. Hencewe would follow the politics of but thegeneral ideologicalline andbythegeneral line Mr. meant Alia specifyingwhat Alia andthe Minister of Industry declared was notthe control ofthe plans concretely for granted,thatofhaving thefinal wordineverything. Theroleof EnverHoxha, asMr. engineers and specialists participated.” details, astheCouncil ofPlans Commission was engagedwith where this, technicians, 20%, 25% or 30%chromewas produced.Iwas notinterested aswellto go into by thattime, butneverofwhat percentage for instanceI did notknow how much of about every plan. ThusIcould know that we producedchrome say1,000,000 lets tons confessed that neither Enver Hoxha, norMehmet himselfShehu orAlia knew in detail approved the in Politburo whereas well Enver Hoxha participated. Mr. Ramiz Alia Shehu was thePrimeMinister atthattime. Further ontheplan ofthestate was propositions of this commission were approved inthegovernment, where Mehmet enterprise. “The plans were formulated from the State Planning Commission, but their breaking the paradigm that itwas Enver Hoxha who assignedthe plans for each from the State Commission ofPlans andnot from Enver Hoxha, confirms asMr.Alia above, eachfactory orstateenterprise wasassigned anessential from task above, were well-known engineers,technicians, economists andpoliticians aswell. specify that the commission calledtheCouncil ofPlans Commission and membersits Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë. recording, 2007, tape 27, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz Enver Hoxha, Enver The roleofthe leader planningin theeconomywas neverthe one thatistaken But whatwas theleader’srole inratifying an economic Asmentioned plan? Vëllimi 8, Vëllimi (Volume 8), (Volume (Tiranë : 98 Naim Frashëri, 1971), 258. 1971), NaimFrashëri, 47 CEU eTD Collection Shqipëria do të zhvillohej …” zhvillohej dotë Shqipëria që bindje se kisha votuar Unë ekam ne. bërime por i vetëm këto Enveri bëri i se nuk madje, duart dyja të me kam votuar, edhe unëe eShqipërise, industrializimin gjithë të e kemivotuar kohë atë “Në 101 104 1999), Continuum, York: 100 Tiranë. 2007, transcript, 20, April by theauthor, interview ofIndustry, ex-Minister J.B. 99 capitalism. Thusinoneofhis speeches he stated: system and comparing itto capitalism highlightingalways the negative sides of obey toall thedecisions. The leader ofAlbania was always preachingthe idols ofthe Soviet Union ledinfactto theisolation ofthecountry andthe ideology made everyone emphasized every industrial this in work that they finishedbuilding. Therelation with Thus theleading ideology wasthe Marxistthe oneand leaders ofAlbania always the industrializationof Albania as they were led bytheideology. Tocite him: the means toreachthetotal industrialization of thecountry industrializing thecountry, andofcollectivization, although collectivization was oneof communism the practice” approaches are linked so well that “it might besaid that Marxism is theideology and one. Femiaconnects communism to the ideology and hemaintains that these two the ideology. And the leading ideology ofcommunism was regardedtobe the Marxist Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë. & Tiranë. recording, tape 2007, 27, April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë. recording, 27, 2007,tape April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz Joseph V. Femia, “Marxism and Communism” in andCommunism” “Marxism Femia, JosephV. The other factor that influenced the economicin transformation ofAlbania was the idea that it is ‘their democracy’ of people’s vote that elects their ‘democracy’, which naturally attempts tocreate inthem for the poor. Thelatter have to besubjected to the laws of rules there. There is democracy just for the wealthy and not because inreality the wild boot of capitalism, the law ofjungle the capitalist countries has just foreign labels ‘democratic’ the directionthe of state, economy, culture, and of thearmy in industrial work. Enver did everything with us. I voted the first about every because I had myconviction that Albania would progress, industrializationthe for timethatI voted …at Albania of 100 . Mr. himself Alia admits thattheyvotedeverydecision on 101 Contemporary Political Ideologies Political Contemporary 99 . , (London, New (London, , 48 CEU eTD Collection changing the image ofAlbania. It theis MarxistLeninist – ideology that the Albanian the economy ofAlbania. Thusthe ideology andits components weremeans a of emphasized his interview in thattheleader made useoftheideology torevolutionize dedicated more attentionto the ideology however oneoftheMinisters ofIndustry the fearor due tothe ideology. Manyscholars Morozzolike claim that thedictator repressive acts of theregime. Butactually these people never acted against itdue to was anenthusiasm the mostto build prosperous Albania, themost fairdespite the In contrast the anti-Communist peoplestill remember theperiod ofthe ‘50s when there communist era,claim that: little attribute Enver Hoxhamerits. with Generally thepeople, who during lived the from communism and theotherswho oneswho did.The neversufferedor a communism nowadays canbedivided into two groups,theoneswho notsuffer did people, butat the same time would this be dubious aspeopletalking about The ideology andthe leader’s speeches played anessential rolehypnotizing in the 103 në botë”. epërsosur më “demokracia” është në SHBA senatorët shembull për që zgjedh “popullore” e votës tyre e “demokracia” se përshtypjen ndërta krijojë të përpiqet natyrisht ecila “demokracie” lloj kësaj të ligjeve nënshtrohen t’u Këta uduhet varfërit. për të e jo pasurit për të vetëm kademokraci Atje xhunglës. i tij i ligji e kapitalizimit, egër e sundonthundra atje fakt në pasi “demokratike” e jashtme etiketat kavetëm kapitaliste nëvendet ushtrisë dhei i kulturës ekonomisë, i shtetit, i “drejtimi Hoxha: Enver 10. 1972), Politik, eLibrit Botuese Shtëpia (Tiranë: Vendit së Jetës gjithë dhetë Partisë 102 Shtëpia e Librit, 2000), 28. 2000), eLibrit, Shtëpia Roberto Morozzo della Rocca, della Morozzo Roberto Enver Hoxha, Enver Raporte e Fjalime (shtator 1970- dhjetor 1971), Mbi Revolucionisimin e Mëtejshëm të eMëtejshëm Mbi Revolucionisimin 1971), dhjetor 1970- (shtator eFjalime Raporte criminality and finally there was equality. land commenced to be used well, there was alack of health center in every village not mentioning the cities, the they learned how to read and write, there waselectricity and democracy in the world. the senators instancefor in USA and that is the finest L’ Albania, le Radici della Crisi della Radici le L’ Albania, , Instituti i Studimeve Marksiste-Leniniste Pranë KQ të PPSH , PPSH të KQ Pranë Marksiste-Leniniste Studimeve i Instituti , 102 103 (Albania, the Roots of Crisis), (Tiranë: Crisis), Roots of the (Albania, 49 CEU eTD Collection Shtëpia Botuese “8 Nëntori”, 1976), 89. 1976), Botuese “8Nëntori”, Shtëpia 104 thecase in of Hoxha’s speechintheSeventh Congress: leader neverceased preaching andsometimes evenappreciating every in speech, like achieve the total industrialization process? Soviet ones. But which were thesemeans utilized from the Albaniangovernment to means. observing Actually these means wecanrealize thatthey were similar to the the SovietUnion where industrybecame primary. of Albaniawas given, then Albania had to comply withitand to follow the ideology of encouraging fortheAlbanians atthat time. Asthedecisionfor theeconomic direction Surely he never left without appreciating the people and the party, which wasvery Enver Hoxha. Enver Industrialization asaprocess had tobeachieved bytheemployment ofvarious Raport në Kongresin VII PPSH VII të në Kongresin Raport Faithful Leaders. PPSH and to OurHeroic Working People and to the Wise and Long Life to Marxism- Leninism, Long Life to the Victorious 104 , (Report in the Seventh Congress of PPSH), (Tiranë: PPSH), of Congress Seventh the in (Report , 50 CEU eTD Collection industrialization ofAlbania enlarged and strengthened the socialist property overthe necessities ofthe civil existing ones, and increase therole ofthe industrial production inorder tofulfillthe transform the structureofsocial production, wouldcreate new branches apart from the development ofthetechnical basis ofsocialism. Industrialization would radically development oftheproductionforces, butat the same time theconstruction andthe believed thatthrough the politics ofindustrialization theywould increase the socialist industrialization’s main win overcapitalism. aim wasto Thusthegovernment a binomialthat would continue toexist until theend.After this hestressed the factthat By followingthe Soviet examplehe related industrializationwith socialism creatingthus party and in public,party and declared:in copied from the SovietComrade Union. EnverHoxha, ashewas called within the government hadtorely uponSoviet aid. Thus the economicpolicies weremostly industrial capacity, while Albania waseconomicin poor conditions,the new accumulatedmilitary power andpolitical influence and made progress termsin ofits outcome ofthesubordinated political relations to theSovietUnion. As the Soviet Union economic ones.The economic policy that the new government wouldfollow was an 106 nësocializëm” tonë përshkuarjen sonë është bazaeshëndoshë të gjerë industrisë të nëshkallë në zhvilllimin sonë, partisë i i drejtë itillë “Një orientim Hoxha: Enver Shtëpia Botuese “8 Nëntori”, 1974), 70-71. 1974), Botuese “8Nëntori”, Shtëpia (Tiranë: Basis), Economic Socialist the of Construction the for LaborParty Albanian the of War (The 105 Pali Pejo, Pali Enver Hoxha, Enver The Albaniangovernment decidedtoimplement variouspolicies,including 2 2 Lufta e Partisë së Punës së Shqipërisë për Ndërtimin e Bazë së Ekonomisë Socialiste sëEkonomisë eBazë përNdërtimin së Shqipërisë së Punës Lufta ePartisë . . 3 3 Vepra 5 Vepra for our progress towards socialism. development of a wide range of ourindustry, is the solid basis Suchstraight a Marxist-Leninist orientation of our Party, in the T T h h e e I I n n , (Work 5), (Tiranë: Libri Politik, 1965), 336. 1965), Politik, Libri 5),(Tiranë: , (Work d d u u 106 s s t t r r . What the. governmentWhat was declared thatthe socialist i i a a l l i i z z a a t t i i o o n n P P r r o o j j e e c c t t a a 105 n n d d t t h h e e M M e e a a n n s s t t o o A A c c h h i i e e v v e e i i t t 51 , CEU eTD Collection 109 41. 1976), Botuese “8Nëntori”, Shtëpia 108 Soviet Union, starting with collectivization and then the other stages. industrialization. Theprocedure ofimplementingindustrialization the isthesamein as the development ofheavy industry. These planscoincide with theSoviet models of Albania werecollectivization, stateproperty, state enterprises, thefive-year plansand The means thattheAlbanian government toachievetheentire used industrializationof 107 Albanian economy was progressing. including people.This isoneofthe examples oftheproclamationof the leader that the was reflectedinthecollectionof thecongress andtheprogress was notified toall claimed tobeinallthe fields, such asmining, communication, building andetc. This Every progress in industrywas attributed to the party program and theprogress was capitalist elements production means andbecame animportantfactor thein disappearance ofthe the leader heralded: country accordancein tothe Sovietexample. Therefore adirect announcement from Ibid Hoxha. Enver Këshilli IMinistrave, Këshilli The planofdeveloping Albaniawas closelyrelated tothe industrialization ofthe Raport në Kongresin VII PPSH VII të në Kongresin Raport mechanical one reached 14.4 times more. chemical industry that was 24.8 times more and the industry reached 7.1 times more. The boom was clearer in the had anincrease of21 times more, whereas the electric production ofoil industry and chrome one. Copper industry compared to 1960 from which 3.1 times increaseof in the ...an increase of 3.9 times in industrial production in 1975 empowering and its modernization. importance to the increase and widen industry, its followed astraight Marxist-Leninist line giving theprimary socialist economy since at the beginning and always has The party in its program for development and empowering the 107 Industria . (Industry), 1975, in I106 in Albanian Labor Party’s Archive Party’s Labor I106 in Albanian 1975, in (Industry), , (Report in the Seventh Congress of PPSH), (Tiranë: PPSH), of Congress Seventh the in (Report , 108 109 52 CEU eTD Collection 110 collectivization with DerekHall thefirst stage of industrialization is marked exactly by the process of development ofagriculture The otherstream is from of ideas twoeconomists Albanian that this would serve the peoplethat this wouldservethe industrialization ofAlbania collectivization. Sjöberg thevoluntary emphasizes collectivization bythebeliefof led nuk bën asgjë, bashkë është më ndryshe. Si ide kolektivizimi, bashkimi i tokave, bashkimi i njerëzve, i bashkimi tokave, i bashkimi kolektivizimi, ide ndryshe. Si më është bashkë nuk bënasgjë, ivetëm njeri një eharro, mos këtë bën fuqinë, sepse bashkimi e re, racionale, ishte si ide Kolektivizimi 114 113 112 86. 111 unless the owners were deemed toemploy “advanced methods” ofcultivation. The farmers. Thusaccording to the regime “allholding above 20 hectares were confiscated Albania. According to him the first stage was related tothe expropriation ofthe Derek Hall distinguishes three stages of what henames post-war collectivization in Collectivization always is regarded asthefirst steptowards industrialization, whereas peopleand properties. He stated what collectivization meant forthatera: positive characteristic oftheperiodto lead to industrializationand totheunification of called the entireproject ofcollectivization was byaspecific controlled organism of thestate policy implemented, anditwas intheconstitutionalso reflected of Albania, furthermore Derek Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë. recording, 2007, tape 27, April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz 2004, 340-341. Dita, Tiranë: 1944-1960, sëShqipërisë e Ekonomisë Historia Mihal Ziu, Fishta, Iljaz Tiranë. transcript, 20, 2007, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ofIndustry ex-Minister J.B. Sjöberg, Örjan Collectivization was steptowards thefirst industrialization. Thusinaccordance Kadastër Hall, Albania and the Albanians Albaniaandthe 110 possessed just by 6-7 feudals, and the farmers were raja. it was owned by a small number of feudals, thus Myzeqe was individuals especially in our village, which was poor as before As anidea collectivization was the unification ofthe lands, Rural Change and Development in Albania, in Development Rural Changeand (cadastre) asoneof theMinisters ofindustry ascribesnowadays . Thereare various streamsof ideas as far as the function of 113 . Mr. Alia in hisinterview regardedcollectivization asa , (London: Printer Publisher LTD, 1994), 19. LTD, Publisher Printer (London: (San Francisco: Westview 1991), Press, Westview Francisco: (San 111 . Inreality, that a was 114 112 53 . CEU eTD Collection Congress Press, 1994), 105 Congress 1994), Press, served this function Zickel arguesthatthe stateowned alltheeconomymoreoverand thestate-enterprises full control of the property, calling it as state property and prohibiting private property. property. Thus the state instigated centralized economy andassuchthe state had the the Albanian economy was controlled economy, meaning bythat the nationalization of 115 raja. ishin fshatarët kurse 6-7 feudalë, e kishin Myzeqenë tërë dorë feudalët, në parëekishin më tonë por fshatin i varfër, fshat që ish tonë, në fshatin sidomos As aresult Mr.Alia who determined tosupport thefarmers. of Mr. rule, Alia’s who attempted tocorrectthemistakes donebytheprevious regime. other twoconsequences of collectivization” specialization andlandreclamationand irrigation formore cultivated landwere the elimination offormermonocultural aspect ofAlbanian agriculture. Regional the landsand its consequences were thedevelopment oflargerunits ofproduction, the the landless peasantry”. Thethird stage is exemplifiedfrom the “totalcollectivization of Machiavellian pragmatism. Thecharacteristic of this periodwas land redistribution to second stage is concerned with the “combination of Marxist rhetoric andthe plans were also split intoone year plans and these plans were delivered to the state andthen theywere sentfor approval tothestateapparatus. Actually the five year of industrialization. These five-year plans were formulated bythecommission ofthe 117 vetëm që të plotësonin nevojat e tyre.” dynym por një 3dynym, jo plotë, të jo etokës, parcelën atë ktheja t’u që fshatarëve ishte im “korrigjimi 116 Derek Hall, Derek Raymond Zickel, Raymond Tiranë recording, 27, 2007,tape April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz The other means thattheAlbanian government utilized forthetransformation of Albania and the Albanians Albania andthe their necessities. entirely, not three acres but just one, so that they could fulfill …my correction wasto return the farmers the land parcel, not Albania, a Country Study: Area Handbook Series Handbook Area Study: a Country Albania, 117 . Thefive-year plans were partofthe realization ofthe process 116 , (London: Printer Publisher LTD, 1994), 35. LTD, Publisher Printer (London: , 115 . Butactually heforgotabout themoment , (Washington DC: Library of DC:Library (Washington , 54 CEU eTD Collection cities. The desire tomake useoftheirnatural resources, the belief inthe future demonstrated it.These heavy industrial enterprises orplants were situated in various functioning atthattime heavy ofvarious industrial deedsindifferent cities ofAlbania developing bythat time industry, military black industry andmines aswell. The creationand thedevelopment of heavy industry. The Albanian government was them as Albaniabecame one ofthe exporters of various minerals. The mines becameas well profitable andassuch theAlbanian government prioritized to export was theconstructionof the power plants quitein all themost important cities. branch ofessential importance forAlbaniaas would it lead totheeconomicgrowth due the heavy industry, light industry and alimentary industry aswell. Theother industrial branches of industry, focusingon theconstruction ofthefactories thatwoulddealwith The industrializationperiod was related tothe development ofthemost important Enver Hoxha -“ Me kënaqësi konstatojmë tani se industrializimi me ritme të shpejta po e afron për ditë e përditë poeafron të shpejta ritme me seindustrializimi tani konstatojmë Hoxha -“Mekënaqësi Enver (Tiranë: 8 Nëntori, 1976), 4 119 118 Hoxha himselfannounced onein oftheParty’s Congresses: the leader ofthe country undertook the actionchanging of itinto industrial.Enver plan directors of theenterprises withthe expectation thatthey wouldfulfill and overpass the Enver Hoxha, Enver Ramadan Marmullaku, Ramadan 118 . The other characteristic oftheplans todevelop Albania was concernedwith the The previous direction ofthe Albanian economywas agricultural onebut then Raport në Kongresin e VII PPSH eVII të Raport nëKongresin one. agricultural-industrial country into an industrial-agricultural from the Party, the transformation ofAlbania from an steps ofthe country is bringing closer the assigned objective I am glad to observe now that the industrialization with quick 119 Albania and the Albanians, ( Albanians, Albania andthe (Report in the Seventh Congress of PPSH), London: C. Hurst, 1975), 25-27. 1975), Hurst, C. London: 55 CEU eTD Collection nevojshme, veçanërisht kur armiqtë të na sulmonin” të armiqtë kur veçanërisht nevojshme, e të ishte kur tonë vendin të mbronim që ezhvilluam ushtarake industrinë Kurse ditë. çdo pëparonte të që Shqipëria fortë, sa të më një ekonomi kishim që të tona mineralet shfrytëzonim që të donim Ne e tjera. nga shtetet pavarur e tëishte që Shqipëria sepse donim rëndë e industrinë zhvilluam “E 121 mineralet” ikishim sepse tona neve ne mineralet shfrytëzonim ne,të që punonim të një metalurgji kishim të ëëëë, bindje Pse? Sekisha tëdyja. biles të madhe, dorën me ngrit kam dhe unëe votuar, kemi “E 120 industrialo-bujqësor” vend një në bujqësoro-industrial një vend nga eShqipërisë shndërrimin ngaPartia, ecaktuar objektivin shumë më started with theSoviet aidwere interrupted and this was considered andreflected in occurred, Albania ceasedto follow Soviet Union anymore. Asaresult various works follow the Sovietmodels of industrial butwhen theswitch during the Khrushchev rule started partially since the 1960s when Albania broke with Soviet Union. Albania did the Albanian communist regime. Swainfocuses only after the 1970s but this process and theprotection ofAlbania. Minister ofIndustry ofthat time confirms arerelatedtothe independence of Albania This was nottheonlyreason ofdevelopingmetallurgy. The other reasons asthe Alia himself affirms: Albanian government undertake operations thatwould industrialize Albania. Thus Mr. prosperity ofAlbaniaand the yearn forfollowingthe Soviet examplemade the continued withthe same onesandfellin isolation despite thechanges in theeconomic policies intheother countries in1970s,Albania J.B. ex-Minister of Industry of Albania, interview by the author, April 20, 2007, transcript, Tiranë. transcript, 20, 2007, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ofIndustry ex-Minister J.B. Tiranë. recording, tape 27, 2007, April author, by the ofinterview Albania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz A new direction was evident in Albanian economy in the‘70s. especially if the enemies would attack us. order that we could protect our country when necessary prosper everyday. Whereas we developed military industry in our minerals and have a steady economy in Albania to be independent from the other countries. wantedWe to use We developed heavy industry because wewanted Albania to exploit our minerals, as we had the minerals because I had the conviction tohave metallurgy to work and votedWe heavy industry; me myselfvoted itmore. This is 122 . Thatisoneofthepeculiarities of 121 120 . Swain assumesthat 56 CEU eTD Collection Nëntori, 1980), 28 1980), Nëntori, Kosta Goga, 123 176 2003), granted in other studies, influenced inthis aspect ledtothe Albanian industrialization. mainly copied from Union.Soviet A range of factors not just one, the leader, taken for takeover led to the creation of a state that implemented various economic policies, the turnof othercommunist countries that tothe led isolation ofAlbania. 122 the Albanianmedia as the “Khrushchevitebetrayal” Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Riza AgimShehu, Guri, Naço,Dhori Stavri EgonGjadri, IrfanVeteriku, Konomi, Anthim Geoffrey Swain & Nigel Swain, &Nigel Swain Geoffrey As aconclusionIcanfully claim ofthesourcesthatcommunist on basis Ndërtimet në Socialiste Shqipërinë Ndërtimet Eastern Europe since 1945, ( 1945, since Europe Eastern , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 123 . ThenafterSovietUnion, was it United States: Palgrave Macmillan, Palgrave States: United 57 CEU eTD Collection idea idea of collectivization: enlarged due to thedecision ofthe government. Even atpresent Mr. Alia protects the interference of collectivization theycreated the cooperatives, which lateronwere collectivization was ameans of reaching to the industrialization. Hence through the collectivization asthe first step. Mr. Alia himselfconfessed that they did this, as processThe of industrialization was composed ofvarious stages, which instigated with StagesThe ofIndustrialization communist regime. argue that the Albanian economy underwent acomplete development under the the positive sides aswell, which are mainly related to the economic prosperity. Iwill negative sidesoftheregimemuch very discussedabout,there is aneedtoconsider embarked invariouscampaigns totransform the Albanian economy, anddespitethe Taking into account the economic circumstances ofAlbania, the government parë në vend dhe me qëllim që të ulet në mënyrë të dukshme importimi i këtyre artikujve nga jashtë.” artikujve i këtyre importimi të dukshme në mënyrë që ulet të qëllim dhe me në parë vend së lëndës të të madh më shfrytëzimit të nëbazë gjërë të konsumit të emallrave prodhimin të lartë më shumë nivel në një ngrejë të e aftë të jetë e cila një industri krijohet të pesëvjeçarit “Gjatë Hoxha: Enver 124 Enver Hoxha, Enver Vëllimi 8 2 2 . . 4 4 . . I I n n (Volume 8), (Tiranë, 1971), 321 8), (Tiranë, (Volume d d u u s s t t r r i i a a l l i i z z a a t t i i o o n n o o f f articles. aiming at a lower import of these good use of national raw material of wide consumption on basis of making to raise inahigher level the production E E A A n n l l v v b b e e a a r r n n H H i i o o a a x x d d h h a u a u - - r r During the Five-Year Plan we Plan needto the Five-Year During create an industry, which would be able which would an create industry, i i n n g g C C o o 124 m m m m u u n n i i s s m m 58 CEU eTD Collection merr, Kolektivizimi ishte ide e mirë dhe e frytshme, por pati gabime gjatë implementimit.” gjatë gabime porpati dhe e frytshme, e mirë ide ishte Kolektivizimi merr, e në daç mos në daçmerre tim,ti përmendimin negative, anët ka patur Edhe kolektivizimi zgjeruan. u eato e vogla kooperativat krijuam anënekolektivizimit me bujqësinë, zhvilluam anën ekolektivizimi me ndërhyrje e kupton,me rrugë, ishte kolektivizimi pasi kolektivizimit, nëpërmjet industrisë të “zhvillimit 125 the sugar factory Maliq, azone in in Korça.Additionally a power plantwas settled there Rrogozhina and Fier aswell. Theother industrialworks startedto be constructed, like powerplant adding aliving center next toit as well. Theplants for cotton-spinning in thanks to this helpthe construction ofthe textile plant named “Stalin” together with the with theTwo –YearPlanof1949-1950, with theinternationalaidof Stalin. Thus specific stage of industrialization. The first phase ofAlbanian industrialization started and eachofthese planscomposes one the implementation ofthe Five-Year Plans, order toprogressthe in industrial fieldwas which thegovernment decidedtouse in heavy industry. One ofthemeans through industry, but paying specialattention to process ofindustrialization focusing on the communist government setoffthe After the implementation ofcollectivization Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë. recording, 2007, tape 27, April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz implementation. were mistakes during its good idea and fruitful, but there different. Collectivization was a do anything alone, together, it is because one individual cannot system, meaning regime, makes power, this is in every a rational one, because unity Collectivization, as an idea, was 125 Figure 1: Map of Albania 59 CEU eTD Collection asserted “The FirstFive-Year Plan canbecalled thefive-year ofthecreation ofthe appreciated from of thecountrythe leader who congress oftheparty inthethird and 11.5times more compared to1938” production after the first five-year planthus in 1955 was “3timesmore thanin 1950 documents consultedthe in archives ofPPSH (Albanian Labor Party) the industrial Kosta Goga, 126 whowould operate for the further development ofAlbania Albaniafor the first time. This periodmarks thecreation ofthe first group ofcadres, had itsorigins. The engineers learned how to workwith atechnology, which entered works wereoutput of the this five-year plan andthe construction ofsocialism as well heavylight industry and industry, including clothes industry. andfood Various industrial electricity intheentire Albania. Thebranches of industrythat started togenerate were This period marks thebeginning oftheother main powerplantsthat would provide led tothedisplaying ofthesocialist industrial basis asagroupofengineers maintain. construction of the economicbasis ofsocialism. Thebeginning ofthis Five-Year Plan main economic aim plan consistedthe of this in continuation with afasterrhythm of the Five-Year Planstarted in 1951 ratified from the SecondCongress ofthe Party. The phase of industrialization ofAlbania. as wellto supplythesugar factory with electricity 128 127 22-24 1980), Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Shehu, Agim Guri, Dhori Naço,Stavri Egon Gjadri, Veteriku, Irfan Konomi, Anthim Council of Ministers, File I0615, Archives ofPPSH Ibid. 25 The second stage I indicated bythe beginning ofthe Five-Year Plans. The first Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Nëntori, Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 128 . This five-year. This plan wasmuch very 126 . This planmarked thusthefirst 127 . According tothe 60 CEU eTD Collection Kosta Goga, 130 së popullit”. mirëqënies të vazhdueshëm të përmirësimit dhee tonë atdheut të bazambrojtëse eaftësisë popullore, tëekonomisë është bazëezhvillimit cila e dhe moderne, sëre të industrisë krijimit i pesëvjeçari quhet të mund iParë “Pesëvjeçari Hoxha: Enver 129 newspapers itwas announced that this slow wasdown duetothebetrayal ofthe industrial works, due tothe breakdown with Soviet Union, and in the Albanian decreased of16percent comparedthe first to five-year plan, the yield increased 44per cent, the cost built during thisperiod. Theconstruction plansfor this periodgrew 16 percent decided to give special credit to heavy industry. Most of the heavy industry plants were heavy industry. By considering thecase of Soviet Union, theAlbanian government directors. over-passing the plans dictated to the enterprises and to the factories or plant’s second plan andthis affectedthe in fulfilling oftheplans a shorterin time andthenin more thanin1938. Abetter amelioration ofthe work in construction was obvious in the built duringthe first and secondfive-year plans the industrial productwas 26times according tothe documents oftheMinisters’ Council. Asaresult ofthe industrial works there were 150 important buildings and in thesecond onethere were 250ones, surely launchingthe efforts for other endeavors. Compared tothefirst five-year plan plan. Itpersisted with thecontinuation ofthe projects ofthefirst five-year planbut and ofthe continuous amelioration ofthe people’s prosperity”. new modern and people’s industry, the basis oftheprotective abilities ofour fatherland 1980), 27. 1980), Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Shehu, Riza Agim Dhori Guri, Stavri Naço, EgonGjadri, Veteriku, Irfan Konomi, Anthim Council of Ministers, File I 0615, Archives of PPSH. The third five-yearThe third planindicated thefourth stage andthatisthebeginningof The third phasebegins withthesecond five-year plan, that is aresult ofthefirst Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet 130 . Therewas aslow down oftheconstruction ofthe , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Nëntori, Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 129 61 CEU eTD Collection machinery. Theleader himself stressedthe importance ofthe mines. Heasserted that: necessary machinery as until now the minesmaintained were with imported duringthis time asnow by thattime had succeeded Albania producingin the lek rationalizations from 1966-1967 and only 4000were realized withjust 10.5million the workers burst out exactly by this time. Therewere 6000proposals for from thetechnical-scientificthis, revolution took place. Therevolutionary initiatives of industrial plan.Thisculmination ofindustrialization ischaracteristic ofthis period.Apart periodas well ammonium Fier, theplasticplant in factory Durrësin were partofthework ofthis wood inLaç,cement plant factories inFushë-Krujë andElbasan, thenitrogen- branches. Shoes’ factories in Shkodër, Gjirokastë and Korçë, brick kilns inTirana, demonstratingwell thusthe intention ofthegovernmentthe todevelop allindustrial few unitsof its worked directly. The textile plant inBeratwas built within this periodas plant was builtinElbasan, theMetallurgical Plant.In thisphase itwas builtandvery Albania aswell. Itisworthmentioning thatthis theperiod is when mostthe important buildings, like theplant wireplant inShkodra andpower plantsin various cities of Kosta Goga, 131 “Khrushchevite Soviet Union” 133 132 28. 1980), Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Riza AgimShehu, Guri, Naço,Dhori Stavri EgonGjadri, IrfanVeteriku, Konomi, Anthim Ibid. 37. Ibid.33-36. 133 . TheMinistry of Mines becamemore active and most ofthemines were opened The fifthstage ofindustrialization marked is with thebeginning ofthefourth Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet 132 all aware about the stealth of the Yugoslav Trockists We are all aware about their conditions from the war. areWe its good use creates a good source of incomes for the people. …The mines occupy an important place in our economy and . 131 . Still there was aconsiderable number of industrial , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Nëntori, Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 62 CEU eTD Collection year. The years 1982-1983 wouldmark, as Mr. Aliaconfessed, the final shot of the economy commenced todecline by 1978. The situation was becomingworse every factories,Elbasan, in Fierand Vlorë. five-year plan’s constructions itcommenced otherimportantones like thecement great perspectives thein construction aspect. Except theconcluding of the previous work was higher as well the yield ofthe work was 28per cent higher; the degree of the mechanization ofthe period. Asa result ofthe hard work of the workers theresults wereto be praised. Thus Additionally the refineries of petrol inBallsh, Fier commenced functioning during this the plantfor theprocessing ofpetrolother in cities were clear examplesthis of period. The case of the Metallurgical Plant Elbasanin andthe power plant called Vau Dejës,i industry, asmost oftheheavyindustry woks startedtowork withtheirfullcapacity. the expansesbecause itwas losing quiteallthe allies. Surely it isneededto emphasize thattheAlbanian government had tobecarefulwith dëmtonin kantjeret dhe të sabotonin shfrytëzimin qe do të bëhej në të ardhmen.” qedo bëhejnëtë të shfrytëzimin sabotonin dhe të kantjeret dëmtonin të dhenjëkohësisht kapitaliste e antishkencore metoda e sajme dhenënproduktet naftën shpejt më sa e tepër samë thithin të u përpoqën e naftës, në industrinë veçanërisht cilët të jugosllavë, trockistët sector nëkëtë që nashkaktuan e dhegrabitjet mëdha dëmet dihen këto miniera, nga lufta trashëguam i të mjerueshme se nëçgjendje Dihet . popullin për ardhurash të të mirë burim një krijon tyre I shumë sa më dheshfrytëzimi tonë në eknominë rëndësishëm të vend zënë një “Minierat Hoxha: Enver 134 Enver Hoxha, Enver The next phasewas denoted by the sixth five –year plan, which wouldopen The five-year plans for Albanian industry continued to progress but the Albanian Various scholars claim that thefifthfive-year delineatesplan the culmination of Vëllimi 8, (Volume 8), (Volume 8, Vëllimi to sabotage its use in the future. methods, simultaneously damaging the construction yard and track petrol and its derivatives with anti-scientific and capitalist especially in the industry of petrol, when they attempted to 135 . (Tiranë : Naim Frashëri, 197), 318. 197), Naim Frashëri, 134 63 CEU eTD Collection acknowledgedthat the fieldin ofindustry henothing did because hehad nobudget in specific areaof landtothe farmers, some but livestock, unfortunately he alterations intheeconomic asin the political field one, suchasthe redistribution ofa but heattempted tomake some Thushesettled corrections. ontomake some Mr.his Alia in interview proclaimed thathiseconomic policies didnotfluctuateradically follow an economic to policy keep on with Albanian economy. Alia tooktheposition ofthepresident ofPeople’s Republic ofAlbania. Hesurely hadto revealed ithow was reality.Only afterit in Mr. Enver Hoxha’saway passing Mr.Ramiz The situationcontinued tobe the same until1985butthe leader ofthe country never Kosta Goga, 135 couldit notrelyon the helporexport in thesecountries. Mr. Alia admitted: Albanian economy.Albania was completely isolated from assuch block the communist dobësua…” pas 1983u pastaj e evet, dhjamin me jonë ekonomia në 1982-‘83 mbaheshe deri por keqësohej, të filloi nga‘78 ndërpeundihmën, Kina kur dhenëatëkohën Kinaneve, qëna jepte dobësoindihmën Kinën me e sepsemarrëdhënieve prishja ne, ne ehëngrëm, u zemëruam endoqi, pse ajo ne uzemëruam eveta, përinteresat politikën ajo ndoqi tëndiqte, Kinësç’politikë diktojmë ne deshëmt’I zevzekë, çikë një ne ubëmë bërë neve, qëkemi tjetër një gabim Kinën, me prishja nga qëerdhi rënie “Sepse kishte 136 43-44 1980), Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Shehu, Riza Agim Dhori Guri, Stavri Naço, EgonGjadri, Veteriku, Irfan Konomi, Anthim Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë recording, 27, 2007,tape April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz How much didtheeconomic policies of Mr. Alia differfrom the existing ones? Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet 1983 it deteriorated more… economy could keep up with its fat until 1982-1983. Then by circumstances Albaniaof began todeteriorate, but our granted tous and bythat time 1978 the economic the breakdown with China interrupted the aid that China interests, we raged, and we suffered the consequences, as follow, it followed the policy that was in accordance to its wanted to dictate to China what kind ofeconomic policy to have done. becameWe somehow quarrelsome and we came from the breakdown with China, that is a mistake we There was a decline ofthe economy, industry included, which 136 , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Nëntori, Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 64 CEU eTD Collection can beproducedfrom the Albanianrivers is 20milliards kWh are shorter than the entire industrial works. that itbrought to Albania. Thedevelopmentstages of hydroelectric power ofAlbania The hydroelectric power ofAlbaniawas verymuch important interms oftheincomes of communism. continued to be stagnationin and sometimeseven becomingworse until the collapse consistent with some contractstheyhad.Hence theeconomic conditionsofAlbania of theenergy tofulfillthe necessities ofthe country,and theyexported very little, in At thattime, accordingtoMr. Alia,President oftheRepublic ofAlbania, theyused part from electricity aswe hadwater reserves but it deprived Albaniafrom exporting. development Albania in passedthough some important stages. especially in1987” was drought,thehardestone everand“I passed through thesecircumstances, same was view industry forlight as well. Nature didnothelp us as well. Theyear 1987 circumstances. There was needforrawmaterialand itcould only be imported, the part of industry could notsupport itself anymore duetothe deterioration of the asserted himself duringthe interview.constructions The remainedstagnation in and Industry in RPSH), (Tiranë: N. Frashëri, 1963), 321 1963), N. Frashëri, RPSH),(Tiranë: in Industry 140 mbrapshta” pak të ishin vite “Ato 139 këto” në kurriz kam hequrvetë “Unë i 138 fuqi” se s’kishim veçantë të objektiv asnjë “S’kishim 137 his disposal. They had “no particular objective asthey hadno power” Vladimir Misja, Vladimir Tiranë recording, 27, 2007,tape April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz Tiranë recording, 27, 2007,tape April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz Tiranë recording, 27, 2007,tape April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz Albaniahas got important hydroelectric reserves andthepossibleenergy that Those years were a little sinister—Mr. Ramiz Alia Krijimi dhe Zhvillimi i Industrisë në RPSH në i Industrisë dheZhvillimi Krijimi 138 , Mr. Alia , Mr.imparted, Alia butthis droughtdidnot deprive theAlbanians (The Creation and the Development of Development andthe Creation (The 139 140 . Thehydroelectric 137 as Mr. Alia 65 CEU eTD Collection vendin” gjithë nëtë eindustrisë shpërndarja dhe pastaj plus eqytetit, evendndodhja punëtore Por edhefuqia erëndë. industria primare, që ideologjik dhe spektri por ishte burimeve, i shfrytëzimi kjo ishte Kryesisht 142 51 1980), Nëntori, Kosta Goga, 141 principles according to Mr. Aliawere the subsequent ones: relied on some principles when building up a new industrialenterprise orplant. These meaningthat the government decidedto industrialize theentire country. As such they leaders. Albania and a low in cost compared towhat hadbeendictated tothem by theSoviet 1963-1965 would mark thefullfunctioning ofthemost important hydroelectric plants in and oneofthe mainworks was thehydroelectric plant “KarlMarx” in1957. The years construction ofthehydroelectricplant “Lenin”.third The phase started in1955-1960 enlargement andempowering of thehydroelectric sources. Itwas crowned with the 1950 grew 21.4 million kWh from million 4.4 kWh that was in1945 the destroyed power plants duringthe war. Consequently theelectric production in sources. This periodwas from 1949-1950 andcharacteristic its is thereconstructionof of theindustrial production oftheproductive main fundsandofthe working force The distribution ofindustry allin thecities meant “aterritorial distribution ofthe volume Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë recording, 27, 2007,tape April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Shehu, Riza Agim Dhori Guri, Stavri Naço, EgonGjadri, Veteriku, Irfan Konomi, Anthim What What was distinctive ofAlbanian industrialization was its distributive character, The second stagestarted in 1951-1955 and wasit characterized from further The first stage was theoneofreconstruction ofthe existing hydroelectric Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet industry in the entire country. city were effective, not mentioning even the distribution of industry. Additionally the working force andthe situation ofthe also the ideological spectrum that was primary, heavy Mainly thereasons were, the exploitation of resources, but , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 142 141 . 66 CEU eTD Collection reflected in theAlbanian Constitution and in the media aswell. had tocontrol theprocessthrough various regulations. Theseregulations were even 145 city. main the onessurrounding small other and various territory of terms in andbigger developed was more that city a main of was composed A district districts. in division wasthe there town, from Apart Albania. of division administrative the indicate to district term use the I Duri), 169. Mihal 1963,N.I.Sh, (Tiranë ofAlbania), Republic People’s in Industry 144 449. 1973), Dispenca, Revista Shtypshkronja (Tiranë: 143 government was thedevelopment ofevery each district implement todistribute industry arationalin way, astheprimary taskofthesocialist engaged withthe industrial activity inamong thecities” and Korçëin1950 when 1960the in industrial outputofthese cities overfillthe industrial outputofVlora were atalow level ofeconomy, worthmentioning Pukë, Mat, Peshkopi, Sarandë, settled inthese cities.Obviously progressmore was inthecities which before visible improved terms in ofeconomic development asdiverse branchesofindustrywere various cities like Shkodër, Durrës, Tiranë, Korçë, Elbasan, Vlorë, Fierand Brerat of industry required technicaltraining and supply aswell. Asaresult ofthis distribution Ibid. 178-179. Ibid. of Economy nëRPSH,(The A.Pano,EkonomiaeIndustrisë Misja, V. H.Papajorgji, Xhuvani, P. Industry) of and Organization Economy (The Industrisë, i dhe Organizimi Ekonomia Autorësh, Grup Regarding thatthecommunist regime tothetotalwasleading transformation, it 145 . 144 . The territorial distribution 143 . Thestate decided to 67 CEU eTD Collection The definition for arationalization according to the Act 330to cite it: given thepatentfor it tothecreator,andthen theentireprocedure ofgivinglifeto it. process focusing thusfrom the creation ofarationalization, totheprocess ofbeing process of industrialization hadtogo inaccordance totheacts of theconstitution. and therole ofthestaff,including thedirector andtheengineers. Thus theentire Albania specified the rationalization cases,the number oftheworkers in anenterprise normal judgingorofsabotage. The codesof the constitution ofPeople’s Republic of code ofwork intheconstitution ofAlbania, as such there were noways ofescaping the processes andtheprocedures abouttheenterprises’ functioning was the in specified Marxist-Leninist ideology was regardedbythat time. thepeople, roleoftheleaderalso buttherole ofideology, theleading one,asthe by theleader ofthecountry and thespeech of the leader emphasized theroleof the the political propaganda aswell. Hence each industrial work finished was inaugurated was verymuch reflectedinall theexisting media andatthesame time was it partof 2 The Albanian economic development especially theprocess of industrialization For instanceinthecaseof rationalizations the acts specific settledthe work all Actually as a dictatorial regime theone of Albania from 1944—1991, all the 2 . . 5 5 . . L L e e g g It isnot called rationalization the solution of the specified tasks economy that has leads to high profits of the economy as well. the organization ofthe work and the administration of production. Rationalization is called the solution that improves gives new output, and increases the yield and the cost of production, increases the volume ofproduction, its variety, Rationalization is any solution that improves the technique of a a l l a a n n d d P P o o l l i i t t i i c c a a l l A A s s p p e e C C c c o o t t s s m m o o m m f f u u I I n n n n d d i i s s u u m m s s t t r r i i a a l l i i z z a a t t i i o o n n o o f f A A l l b b a a n n i i a a d d u u r r i i n n g g 68 CEU eTD Collection 148 racionalizimi. dëshmime racionalizime dhe për autori dëshmi me përshpikje pajisen racionalizimeve dhetë e shpikjeve Autorët 331: Neni 147 organizata ose , institucioni dhënangandërrmarja të oseporosive të miratuara planeve bazë të në caktuara të edetyrave zgjidhja racionalizim quhet Nuk ekonomike. madhe dobitë ka sjellë kur ekonomisë, e epunësdheadministrimin organizimin qëpërmirëson zgjidhja gjithashtu, quhet Racionalizim e prodhimit. koston eul rendimentin rrit reja, prodhime të nxjerr tëllojshmërisë, eprodhimit, vëllimin që shton eprodhimit, eteknologjinë teknikën qëpërmirëson zgjidhja quhet Racionalizim 330: Neni 1982). Mihal Duri, (Tiranë: Albania), of Republic People’s the Socialist (Codes of 146 country. Accordingly theAct 333 specifies the conditions of selling the rationalization toanother The same abilityofthe state is noticed in theprocess ofselling the invention. rationalization: the Article 331,which reads as follows, the inventor gets the patent of his rationalizations orfrom the opportunity of putting them into life. Thus in accordance to government deprived theauthors of the rationalization from the recognition ofthese and controlled thesituation perfectly well. At leastthisdid notmean thatthe As seen from the actgovernment adefinition hadspecified aboutrationalization states: constitution, thestate hadtheright ofexploiting therationalization. Thearticle 332 The roleofthestate asacontroller ofevery phenomenon thenasindicated bythe Ibid. Ibid. Shqipërisë, të Socialiste Popullore e Republikës Kodet të Ministrave, pranë Këshillit Politike Byroja enterprise, institution or organization. on basis ofthe indorsed plans or orders given from the with apatent rationalization.of supplied with a patent ofauthorship and thefor rationalization The authors of the invention and of the rationalizations are activity. inventions and rationalizations that have to do with their agricultural cooperatives have the right to exploit the belongs to the state. In similar cases tothe state, the The right of exploiting the invention or the rationalization 148 147 146 69 CEU eTD Collection Shqipërisë 1945-1979 Shqipërisë 152 eshoqërisë. nevojat me dhenëpajtim personale eprirjeve aftësisë profesionit, sipas bëhet nëpunë Merrja në punë. merret 15 vjeç moshën që kambushur Shtetasi 22: Neni 151 dhe nëpunësit. përpunëtorët të jetesës mjeteve të sigurimit kryesor i dhe ështëburim socialist shoqëror erendit në themelin 7: Punaqëndron Neni 150 përkatëse. shtetërore organeve e lejen me behen vetëm tëShqipërisë, Popullore eRepublikës nëterritorin qëështëbërë racionalizimi, ose enjë e një shpikjeve shtetit jashtë nga autori dhe eracionalizimit eshpikjes Dhënia 333: Neni 1982) Mihal Duri, (Tiranë: Albania), of Republic People’s the Socialist (Codes of 149 etyre. veprimtarinë më bëjnë që kanë të dheracionalizimet shpikjet shfrytëzojnë të drejtë të kanë bujqësore kooperativat shtetin, me njëjta e Nëkushtet shtetit. takon I tëracionalizimit ose shpikjes të shfrytëzimit e drejta 332: E Neni nothavedid theexact number tothem. appointed ThusaccordingtotheArticle 4. people employed thegovernment allowed theenterprises tobeopened thoughthey The number oftheemployers was generally specified but orderin tohave many enterprises orfactories. Consequently according toArticle 22,which readsas follows: Furthermore, thelegislation specified the age of thecitizen allowed towork in thestate LegislationWork stipulated that: articles onthe number oftheworkers in anenterprise. Article 7 thein Principles of the organization ofenterprises.Asfarasthis is concerned theconstitution hadexclusive The other specified aspect of industrialization inAlbania during communism was the Ibid. Ibid. Shqipërisë, të Socialiste Popullore e Republikës Kodet të Ministrave, pranë Këshillit Politike Byroja Përmbledhëse e Përgjithshme e Legjislacionit në Fuqi te Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Socialiste Popullore Republikës te Fuqi në eLegjislacionit ePërgjithshme Përmbledhëse assigned inthe plan. accept and keep asemployees until the average number The enterprises, institutions and army units are allowed to the society. personal inclinations to be on conformity to the necessities of employment is done according to the profession, abilities and The citizen who is 15 years old can be employed. His/her the workers and clerks. and itis themain source ofsecuring the means livingof for Work stands on the foundation of the social socialist stratum corresponding organisms. ofAlbania, is done only with the permission ofthe rationalization completed inthe territory ofPeople’s Republic The giving abroad from the author theinvention or , (Collection of the on Power General Legislation of Socialist People’s ofSocialist Legislation onPowerGeneral ofthe (Collection , 151 152 150 149 70 CEU eTD Collection drejtimin e ekonomisë e në qeverisjen e vendit. qeverisjen enë eekonomisë drejtimin në etyre pjesëmarrjen me dhe nëpërputhje si tekniko-shkencor, revolucionit të pandërprerë të thellimit në bazë të shoqëror eprodhimit rritja qështron kërkesat me në përputhje tyrekryhet të kualifikimit e e vazhdueshme dhe rritja nëpunësve epunëtorëveoseë Përgatitja nëpunësve. dhetë punëtorëve të e teknik kulturor arsimor, ideopolitik, nivelit të e vazhdueshme për ngritjen kujdeset Shteti 62: Neni Duri). 1979Mihal (Tiranë II, 1945-1979),Volume Albania of Republic People’s ofSocialist Legislation onPowerGeneral ofthe (Collection 1945-1979, Shqipërisë 154 ndërrmarja. (selinë) vendndodhjen ka ku përkatës, lokal pushtetit të organeve të vendim me krijohen lokale ndërrmarjet kurse qëndror, tjetër institucionit të ose drejtuesit të ministrit urdhër me krijohen kombëtare Ndërrmarjet lokale. dhe nëkombëtare klasifikohen shtetërore Ndërrmarjet Act 2: enterprise, thestate for Law 7582 No. 1992). December Council in the Application of the Economic Reform), Economic the of Application the in Council 153 plan. në u ështëcaktuar që nënumrin mesatar gjer vetëm punë punëtorë në mbajnë dhetë pranojnë të drejtë të kanë ushtarake dhe repartet institucionet Ndërmarrjet, 4: Neni Duri). 1979Mihal I,(Tiranë 1945-1979),Volume ofAlbania Republic of thelaw numberfor thestate 7582 enterprises inPeople’s Republic ofAlbania: enterprise and simultaneously actsthat regulated their functioning. According to Act 2, the development ofthecountry remainedstable. There was adefinition of the state the communist constitutions itwas theactsabout theenterprises, industrialization and Moreover there were actsestablished thein constitutionof Albania, nomatter which of workers various terms. in Act62 Accordingly stated: functioning oftheenterprises the statewould after look thecontinuous elevation ofthe Furthermore, thepartyand thestate hadestablished thatasfirst provision for thewell Përmbledhëse e Përgjithshme e Legjislacionit në Fuqi të Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Socialiste Popullore Republikës të në Fuqi eLegjislacionit ePërgjithshme Përmbledhëse Vendime të Këshillit të Ministrave në Zbatim të Reformës Ekonomike tëReformës në Zbatim të Ministrave Këshillit të Vendime settled. the corresponding local power, where the enterprise is whereas the local enterprises are created with the verdict of Minister or of the director of the other central institution, The national enterprises are created with the order theof State enterprises were classified the national and local ones. and the governing of thecountry. accordance with their participation in the direction ofeconomy continuous depth of the technical-scientific revolution, and in necessities that growth of production requires on basis of continuous elevation is done in accordance with the workers and clerks. The workers’ or clerks’ training and their educational, cultural and technical level elevation ofthe The state looks after the continuous ideo-political, 153 ( 154 Tiranë : Botim i Aparatit të Këshillit të Ministrave, të Këshillit të i Aparatit Botim ,(Decisions of the the Ministers’ of ,(Decisions 71 CEU eTD Collection dhe radiofonike. telegrafonike dhe vendosjet vijat mbi kalojnë të duhet elektrike (instalimet) dhe vendosjet Vijat 24: Neni 158 avaritë. shmangen qëtë në mënyrë e transportit mjetet pë dukshme bë ato të bëjnë që t’i duhet hekurudhore vija që kanënënadministrim Ndërrmarjet 2: Neni Duri). 1979Mihal II,(Tiranë 1945-1979),Volume Albania of Republic People’s Socialist of Legislation onPowerGeneral the of (Collection 1945-1979, Shqipërisë 157 avaritë. shmangin të qëllim qëkanësi eminierave për mirëmbajtjen vullnetare grupe krijohen 7: Të Neni Duri). 1979 Mihal II,(Tiranë 1945-1979),Volume ofAlbania Republic People’s ofSocialist Legislation onPowerGeneral ofthe (Collection 1945-1979, Shqipërisë 156 së përparuar. e teknikës bazën mbi evendit pavarësia forcohet etë tonë e popullit nevojat që plotësojë të qëllim me popullore jonë industria tek përqëndruar të unik plan me eshoqërore ekonomike jetën tërë të ezhvillon drejton organizon, Shteti 25: Neni leaders.) and party its the from was claimed always as them, it for taken andthedecisions laws ofthe changes the with current bein could population Albanian entire the that wasorder in This Party. People’s Albanian the of was as anorgan it Popullit i Zëri called Newspaper the in parts in was published Council 155 Constitutionof 1976: the oneof1976 in particular for theindustrial aspect.In accordance to Article 25ofthe state and ones,local there were laws andactsspecified intheconstitution, especially Apart from the lawsregulating thewell-functioning ofthe enterprises especially the communication. Thus the Ministers’ Council decided to: Various other decisions taken onspecific were inthefield ofmines, railways and Ibid. të Socialiste Popullore Republikës në të Fuqi eLegjislacionit e Përgjithshme Përmbledhëse të Socialiste Popullore Republikës në te Fuqi eLegjislacionit e Përgjithshme Përmbledhëse Ministers’ bythe was that ratified constitution 1976–(The 21 January Newspaper, iPopullit Zëri radiophone lines as well The electric lines should pass on the telegraphic lines and the that there is no breakdown have tomake them visible thefor means oftransport inorder The enterprises that have in administration the railway lines improved technique. strengthens the independence ofthe country on basis of an people’s industry in order that it fulfills our people’s needs and and social life with aunique plan concentrated on our The state organizes, directs and develops the entire economic composed ofqualified workers and engineers breakdown and to avoid it before hand. The group has to be Create volunteer groups that would help in sorting out any 155 158 . 157 . 156 . 72 CEU eTD Collection 160 në funksionim. vihet të duhet tekstileve i “Stalin” Kombinati tekstile. industrisë kushtohet t’i duhet iveçantë Kujdes Hoxha: Enver tasks deliberately were concerned with therelation Albania had with Soviet Union until 159 “our people’s economy be achieved therewas aneed for the organization ofthe workall in thebranches of leader’s directives in order thatthe completion ofthe Five-Year Plan of industry could factors that influenced in thecompletion ofthisprocess. Thus in accordance to the Apart from plans of industrialization, theworks ofHoxha were arelevantsource of the people. Thushestated: plan. Inhis 8theleaderWork stated thecoming objective ofthegovernment andofthe means andthefactorsthat influenced thein successfulaccomplishment ofaparticular of the leader ofthe country. Inall theworks the leader displayed the achievements the industry, there is onespecial place that depicts them one byone.Theyare theworks articles and then to themediameans aswell. and thenMr. after Ramiz 1985,butalso Alia duringHoxha’s rule,tothenewspaper various ways, starting from worksthe oftheleader ofthecountry, Mr. Enver Hoxha The entire process of industrialization was made known tothepopulation through reflected intheconstitution leavingno space of misunderstanding. centralized economy, which depended on the legislation andthat every decision was As perceived from the upperacts of laws theresult isthat the state had a pretty Ibid. Enver Hoxha, Enver Searching forthe plans ofthegovernment andtheachievements inthefield of wasWhat the industrial development reflected inthepolitical arena of Albania? Vëllimi 8, Vëllimi country. The plant named “Stalin” must start functioning. A special care needs to be dedicated the textile industry in our ” 160 (Work 8), (Work andtheother need was thesolution ofvarious tasks. The ( Tiranë : Naim Frashëri, 1971), 321 1971), Naim Frashëri, 159 73 CEU eTD Collection Rroftë dhe u forcoftë Republika jonë Popullore! jonë Republika u dhe forcoftë Rroftë tonë! popullit të fitoreve etëgjitha dheorganizartorja frymëzuesja ePunës, e Lavdishme Partia Rroftë ynë heroik! Populli Rroftë Hoxha: Enver 15 1972), Politik, eLibrit Botuese Shtëpia (Tiranë: Country’s Life), Entire andthe Party ofthe Revolution Further së Vendit Jetës gjithë dhetë Partisë 163 fortë dhe të besnik tëmadh, më e tij mikun Sovjetik shteti pa tre ynë Populli Hoxha: Enver 162 161 plan but at a low cost possible strict discipline was preachedinterms oftheexpanses. Theworkers hadtofulfill the of ourprospered workers with theirrationalizations invarious branches ofindustry. A built, and thiscould bedonethroughthe implementation oftheSovietexperience and the breakdown. Asa result a high technical level of the people’s economy was tobe economy. Thustheleader informed thecollection in ofreports that: economy despitethe totalitarian regime existing Albaniain and the centralized achievements weremade publicand the people had access in the development of wasWhat academically interesting aboutthe communist erawasthe factthatall the acknowledges in frontofthe people inaspeech that: preached thingintheworks ofEnver Hoxha,but also theSoviet State.Thus he enforcing thecult offatherland, never disrupting history: Hoxha endedwith eulogizing thesame lines thepeople and the country, always Albanian leader.The peoplewere thefirst to beglorified. Allthe speechesofEnver The internalfactors were verymuch appreciated bytheAlbanianState and the Enver Hoxha, Enver Ibid. 350 Ibid. 320 Raporte e Fjalime (shtator 1970- dhjetor 1971), Mbi Revolucionisimin e mëtejshëm të emëtejshëm Mbi Revolucionisimin 1971), dhjetor 1970- (shtator eFjalime Raporte and strong friend. TheAlbanian people saw in the Soviet State his great, faithful Long life and Strength to our People’s Republic! organization of all our people’s victories! Long life to the glorified People’s Party, the inspiration and Long life to our heroic people! , (Reports and Speeches (September 1970-December 1971) on 1971)the 1970-December andSpeeches(September , (Reports 162 161 . The experience of Soviet Union was notthe only 163 74 CEU eTD Collection 165 164 the successof 1963 published in edition number 6was thefollowing: “Zëri iPopullit” being the organ of PPSH aimed atrevealing thesuccess aswell. Thus Albania with its actsand laws was basisofjudgment. averyclear specific schemata onhowvariouswhen events.Theto act facing constitution of Furthermore theprocess of industrialization and the people who had a position had a madewere knownin order tothepeople thatthey can be currentin withthem. stagesand its were verymuch reflectedinthepolitical lifeaswell andmoreover they Emphasis needto be puton the fact that the process of industrialization, its progress Councill of Ministers, FileP019, Archives of PPSH 17-18. Ibid. on Mati River. have built the power plant “Lenin” and anew one is being built entire of our industry functions by means of electricity, we as well, which before used the pine illumination.for Quite the big and small cities today use electricity including the villages haveWe progressed very much inthe field of electricity. The year plan. use and other are expected to be discovered during this five- socialist development and as such they are being made good underground resources were discovered due tothe technical all this constitutes the chemical industry is improving and becoming modern and development of the entire economy. New mines were built, mechanical industry is in the right track as it facilitates the previous legislature and 2.4 times compared to 1965. The theproduction energyincreased of twicecompared tothe Table 5: Balance of Industrial Production of 1963 of Production Industrial of 5: Balance Table Industry Alimentary Clothes Copper Chrome Coal Electricity 164 165 ѿ of the entire industrial production. New Percentage 101.90% 101.80% 100.80% 101.70% 100% 100% 166 75 CEU eTD Collection 169 energji kilovatorë 1 milion namerrte neve Elbasanit i Metalurgjik dheKombinati kworënëditë 13 milion Ne prodhonim 168 85 1994), Press, Congress 167 166 the entire industry, family consumption andimportwell energyas mostly exported energyduetothehigh water potential andasaresult itcouldsupply becamepotential powerful oimport forvarious countries. Zickel arguesthat Albania supportcould necessitiesits andexport industrial productstoother countries. Albania difficult economic circumstances ofafter-war andmade develop it tosuchextent that it Albanian economy underwent atotaltransformation thathelpedAlbania overcome the communism? Itneedstobe stressed the fact thatduring thecommunist regime the But which was the outcome oftheAlbanian industrial development during Dimensions and Conclusions electricity hardships due to the drought and this limitedthe abilities ofAlbania to export significant for the country and consequently inthe crisis of 1987 Albania faced MetallurgicalPlantElbasan in industry, which was noteasyas1million kWh perdaywas consumed from the produced 13million kWh electric energy in adayand this was sufficient to keep gives figures of the production ofenergyAlbania. in He maintains that Albania labor andother costswere properlycalculated. Since thelate1970sAlbania hasbeen the producing ofchrome, copper, nickel, and oilisuneconomic bymarket criteria if Albaniaboasts ofproducing23 minerals commercially, but realityin everything except Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë recording, 2007, tape 27, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz Tiranë. recording, 27, 2007,tape April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz Raymond Zickel, Raymond 8, 1963,2. No.6, January Popullit, i Zëri Minerals and related products haveaccounted three quartersof total its exports. 169 . Albania, a Country Study: Area Area Handbook Series Study: a Country Albania, 168 . Theincomes from the import ofelectricity were very , (Washington DC: Library of DC:Library (Washington , 167 . Mr. Alia himself 76 CEU eTD Collection 170 and cablefactory was built inShkodër inthe North ofAlbania This allowed arapidincrease the productionin ofchrome andcopper.Acopper wire previously purchased bySoviet Unionandfinanced thebuilding ofnew power stations. China stepped not least because in neededit analternative sourceofchrome of power from the hydroelectric stations. After thebreak with Soviet Union in1961 chrome,cobalt asby-products and cheap nickel, relatively thanksto theample supply border have supplied about10% of thetotal world output.Ithasbeen ableto produce the world’s third largest producer ofchrome. Its14mines clustered along the Yugoslav as safetyisconcerned” their children could attendschool withoutpaying, furthermore theyarenostalgic asfar did notsuffer from the socialist regime, because theyhad ajob, theyhad food and a rangeofpeopleacknowledge thepositive side ofeconomy. Many declare“people in terms ofeconomy theregime ledtothe development ofthe country. Still nowadays the development ofthecountry andthis was verymuch admired from the people.But the communist rule.That is thenegative aspect. Thesechanges were allattributed to acceptablethere is onemoreof the side regimethat counterbalances theanalysis of industrialization acted. controlled theprocess of industrialization and theway therelatedpeople to everythingwas calculated andverywellorganized intermsor actsthat oflaws regime transformed thecountryandits economy, butasatotalitarian regime Christopher Cviic, Remaking Cviic, Christopher Obviously despite the negative sides of communism importantit is to admit that Despite the positive sideof the industrialization ofthecountry, which is 171 the the Balkans . As far astheeconomyof thecountry,established , (London: Pinter Publishers, c1991), 138. c1991), Pinter Publishers, (London: , 170 . 77 CEU eTD Collection Education in Albania). (Tiranë: 8 Nëntori, 1987), 180. 1987), 8 Nëntori, (Tiranë: Albania). in Education 174 173 172 Transcript. 2007, Tiranë, 25, April author, 171 beginnings ofthepurges for thegulags andthestriping offofprivate property collectivization. This periodwas characterized from the nationalization ofproperty, 1945-1961, although itisverymuch stressedthevolunteer character of property. Taking them would sort all out the negative effect ofthe regime. repression, one party state, lack ofcivil rights andliberties, confiscation ofprivate agriculture, termsin ofeconomic aspectand in terms ofpoliticalprice paid, political all thisprocesswas characterized from the destruction ofthepeasantry, ruin of reaching 34.6percent. 1970 wasit loweredto34.2per centandin 1985 itincreased asmallpercentage lower. Thus agriculture in 1960 gave 37.6 per cent ofthe national incomes, whereas in to industry and thefact that the national incomes comingform agriculture were always urge tofulfill theplan and the warden ofthecooperatives soldeverything to thecity preached thattheywould get it from the cooperatives. Infact theproblem stood inthe mistaken this in asthis leftthe peasants in poor conditions, despitethe fact that wasit impoverishing them. in Alia his interview admits point, saying this thatwe were especially the livestock andpasturelands form would alsothe peasants result in imprisonment tothepersecutionof the entire family. Thestripping offtheproperty resistance was punished with various forms practiced from the regime, starting with BardhylGolemi, Vladimir Misja. recording tape 2007, Tiranë, 27, April author, by the Interview ofAlbania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz Marmullaku, Ramadan by the Elbasan.Interview in Plant Metallurgical ofthe andDirector Party the of Secretary Ç. H. The destructionof peasantry was obviousduringthe collectivization stage, The ruining ofagriculture was verymuch visibleinterms ofdedicating attention Albania and the Albanians Albania andthe 174 . Zhvillimi I Arsimit te lartë nëShqipëri lartë te IArsimit Zhvillimi . (London: C. Hurst & Company, 1975), 125-130. 1975), Company, Hurst & C. (London: . (The Development ofHigh Development (The 172 . The 173 78 . CEU eTD Collection Press, 1999), 197. Press,1999), simultaneously wasthe way it processed ledto thenegative aspect ofcommunism. Consequently noone woulddare contradict the regime fearingthe purges. 175 enabledHoxha to liquidate any realor imagined opposition tohim or toPPSH that Enver hoxha knew his endsandthemeans toachieve them. Assuch thepurges leader through other people was controlling thesituation. O’ Donnell statesinhisbook pluralism, repression political andthe lack ofhuman were rights suffocatingas the James James O’Donnell, To sum up theindustrialization process was profitable forAlbania but When consideringWhen thepoliticalaspect it isvisible thefactthat lack of political A Coming of Age: Albania under Enver Hoxha Enver Age:Albania under A Coming of , (New York, Columbia University 175 79 . CEU eTD Collection possible atalow cost. Durrës from where it imported chemicals and assuchthetransportation was made Elbasan was linkedthroughrailway toPogradec fromwhere it imported pyrites, thento raw materials needed intheMetallurgical Plant. For instance, asMr. explained, Alia strategically linkedtoall theother cities ofAlbania from where it imported some ofthe Cërrik various natural resources, andespecially coal, chrome inElbasan andiron location, population andnatural resources. there. Elbasan was chosenby authorities as a pilotproject ofmodernization duetoits contribution tothis was surelyheavy industry that theformer decided leaders to settle transformation duringcommunism, thereby becomingthe most industrialized city. A comes intothelimelight. This duetothe fact that Elbasan underwent atotal national this level, chapterfocuses onthelocal level. Thus isherethatElbasanit tren e nuk shpenzonim shumë. shpenzonim enuk tren me silleshin Elbasan në ngaDurrësi kimikate, lëndë dhepërnjë nevojë kishte por ngaPishkashi, piritin afër e kishte eparë lëndën pasi nevojë që kishte Elbasani ishte strategjike pikëpamja dhe nga puntore, dhefuqinë vendin pra kishte punëtore, fuqi dhe sepsekishte Elbasanin E zgjodhëm Alia: Ramiz 178 177 176 Ramiz Alia, ex-President of Albania, interview by the author, April 27, 2007, tape recording, Tiranë. recording, 2007, tape 27, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz Miranda Vickers, Marmullaku. Ramadan 177 First, the soil ofElbasan and the other small towns pertainingto it wasrich with As Ireferred tothe industrialization process in Albania during communism a in , water potentials inBanjë, etc.Second, the its geographical position was C C h h a a p p much from Durrës to Elbasan by train and we did not spend pyrites from Pishkash, Pogradec, the chemicals were sent material, or the rawmaterial was near, so for instance we sent was the one which needed construction, as it had the raw resources, but also due to the strategic perspective. Elbasan choseWe Elbasan because theof working force, the natural t t e e The Albanians The r r 3 3 178 : : T T Albania and the Albanians Albania andthe . h h e e T T r r a a , (London: Printer Publishers, 1995), 195. 1995), Publishers, Printer (London: , n n s s f f o o r r m m a a t t i i o o n n o o , (London: C. Hurst, 1975), 130. Hurst, C. (London: , f f E E l l b b a a s s a a n n d d u u r r i i n n g g C C o o m m m m u u n n i i s s m m 176 , oil in 80 CEU eTD Collection population only of Elbasan was 29.800 and in 1970it increased to41.700, this onlyapplies the urban considerably. Thus Derek Hall points out that in 1960 the population number ofthecity talking about urban population in Elbasan city we canrealize that wasit increasing Elbasan was chosen for the settlement of heavy industry. with theother cities through various means oftransportation was theother reason and factories. Consequently thegeographical position of Elbasan strategically linked the product was lowandthe profit was guaranteed for many industrialstate enterprises transportation was easyduetothestateenterprises, which covered it. Thusthecostof Elbasan approachable from many cities, where there was the raw material andthe 180 130 1990), York, 179 due tothe working force and the other reasons mentioned previously. example ofthe impact ofcommunist the plans, most industrial settlement ofAlbania to an increase ofthecityled population. Consequently Elbasan became aclear mostly situated from nextthe village seenfrom toit.As the figures,industrialization Elbasan did notwork in the industrial building, asthecement factoryworkers were numbers donotexclude the fact that people living in the villages in the outskirts of within theyellow line, that demarcates thecity boundaryfrom the village. But these fragment connecting ofrailroad the capital with ofElbasan. thecity stresses that public roadshad beenadded totheexisting network alongwith a Derek Hall, Derek Arshi Pipa, Arshi Third, Elbasan disposed apotentialof work forcefor industrialization. Just By 1962,asMr. Alia asserts, they hadbuilt all therailways. PipaWhereas Albania and the Albanians Albania andthe Albanian Stalinism: Ideo-Political Aspects Ideo-Political Albanian Stalinism: 180 . This whatthemunicipalityis in . This Elbasan isrecognized of asbeing , (London: Printer Publisher LTD, 1994), 143 LTD, Publisher Printer (London: , , (New York: Columbia University Press, New 179 This made 81 CEU eTD Collection reached during thecommunist period. collapse ofcommunism aiming athighlighting the economic improvement Elbasan Concluding I have sorted outthe destiny of the state-enterprises orplants after the to thewaysthese transformations all were topolitics and linked reflected inthemedia. communist economic policies implemented inElbasan.The last sub-chapter related is for thissub-chapter. Additionally, Ihave concentrated ontheoutcome ofthe industrial enterprises andplants Elbasanin duringcommunism areapartofthefocus is concerned with thecommunist periodand the transformation ofthecity. Themain stratification ofthe society and theeconomic circumstances. Thesecondsub-chapter Elbasan before thecommunist takeover,where thecity, Ihaveintroduced revealed the economic transformation ofElbasan. have divided this chapter into threesub-chapters aiming atdemonstrating the heavy industry andthe settlement ofalltheheavyindustrial branches of industry. I Elbasan underwent atotal transformationthanks to the dedication ofattention on Consequently thefirst sub-chapter deals with theeconomic circumstances of On thebasis ofthematerials gathered I have argued thisin chapterthat 82 CEU eTD Collection consider theeconomic circumstances ofElbasan duringtheinterwar period. What Enver Hoxha 1942-1945, when Elbasanbecame thecenterofresistance dueto theforces by led Buttheas well. relevant periodfor my researchistheAnti-Fascist Liberation War, throne ofAlbania,andthe during War World to position Prince Wilhelm onthezu Wied startingwell, from 1914 against thedecision became thecenterofpolitical resistance as settle theAlbanian language were held.It when severalcongresses attempting to educational aspect since earlier times, Elbasan, but in wasit always knownthe for Slavs. Various historical eventstookplace invasions of Bulgarians, Ostrogoths and course time, overcame thecity different fortresses built by the Romans. Onthe was known oneofthe first asScampini, Albania, and datesbackto antiquity, when it 1971), 12 1971), 181 3 3 Petro Kito, . . 1 1 . . T T As Iwilldealwith theeconomicaspect of life, it of relevantis importance to Elbasan situatedis in thecenter of h h e e E E Elbasani në Luftën përÇlirim nëLuftën Elbasani c c 181 o o n n . o o m m i i c c C C i i r r c c u u m m s s t t a a n n c c e e , (Elbasan in the War for Liberation), (Tiranë: Mihal Duri, Mihal (Tiranë: Liberation), for the (Elbasan in War , s s o o f f E E l l b b a a s s a a n n b b Figure 2:Source:Figure MapinDocuments the in the e e f f o o r r e e t t h h e e Municipality of Elbasan C C o o m m m m u u n n i i s s t t T T a a k k e e o o v v e e r r 83 CEU eTD Collection 185 184 183 15. 1971), 182 wasWar, characterized from important feudal debris economic, socialandpolitical circumstances onthe vergeoftheNational Liberation cultural development sincetheancient times, thedistrict ofElbasan, asfarits the naturally prosperous land anda hardworking population, factors that explained its desperate. Despite thefactthat its objective conditions were veryfavorable, suchas circumstances ofElbasan asinthecaseofentire Albaniabefore liberationwere wereknownwell fortrading during theinterwar period.Anyway the economic needs to be stressed about the economic specteris the fact that the Elbasanipeople stratum or from mid-bourgeoisie as well. as servantswell. Theemployed inthese establishments came the poor from employing people theirin own private establishments apprentices, like employees, or profound advanced otherin Albanian regions faster thanElbasan in where thedebris were more predominated thesociety andsocial lifeinElbasan Middle bourgeoisie mainly engagedcraftsmanship, in tailoring and shoemaking bourgeoisie, composed ofthe traders who actually had their smallestablishments. the population ofElbasan before the establishment ofcommunism was therich to resist atthetime, astheywould resurrect theduring invasion. Theother stratum of beylers. Thebeylers would behitgravelyfrom regime, Zogist buttheywerestrong still accordance totheirwealth. Thustheruling class was theestateowners andthe Ibid. Ibid.12-23. Ibid. 12. Petro Kito, During the interwar period,the populationwas divided stratainto in Elbasan in 183 . Elbasani në Luftën përÇlirim nëLuftën Elbasani (Elbasan in the War for Liberation), (Tiranë: Mihal Duri, Mihal (Tiranë: Liberation), for the War in (Elbasan 185 184 . They played animportant. They role in 182 . The decay ofthe. The latterhad 84 CEU eTD Collection of heavyindustry asitwasmedia claimed from inthe the leaderswas asSchnytzer specializing thecitymainly in heavy industrial aspect. The reasonfor the development the construction ofheavy industry and the decision takenforElbasan aimed at characterized from character.the distributive These policies were mostly focused in Albania’s ones, the communist government implemented various economicpolicies, menial. and consequently most ofthefactories stopped working andtheindustrial outputwas It wouldbe ofrelevant importance toemphasize thefact thatElbasan was awar field of this lasteventclaims thattheywould: energy aswell. ThusEdwinE. Jacques argues inhisbook thatone of thetestimonies Before thecommunist takeoverElbasan had progressed tosome extent inhydro- Elbasani beylers giving thefirstsigns ofindustrialization andcontrolled economy countries. From 1914-1924 theprocess of partition ofthe land properties ofthe crop production of the zone and industrialized goodswere mainly imported from other of industrialization forElbasan duetothe fact thatin1913-1914 cornwas themain 188 187 55. 1971), 186 were builtand went on in the communist period. development beganintheZogistperiod whentobacco andalcohol beveragefactories Edwin E. Jacques, E. Edwin Ibid. 14. Petro Kito, Taking into account the economic circumstances ofElbasan as the entire But whatwere thebeginnings ofindustrialization inElbasan? The industrial Elbasani në Luftën përÇlirim nëLuftën Elbasani 1934 and offwhile being tested for the first time one evening in the city of Elbasan asthe electric street lights were turned on never forgetthescreams ofdelight rising and falling all over The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present the to Times Prehistoric from History Ethnic An Albanians: The 188 . , (Elbasan in the War for Liberation), (Tiranë: Mihal Duri, Mihal (Tiranë: Liberation), for the (Elbasan in War , 186 Theperiod of Zog wasthe first step , 187 85 . CEU eTD Collection University Press, 1982), 89. Press,1982), University administratively and beingclassified asconstituents ofElbasan. conglomerate ofsmall cities, depending upon Elbasan economically and would tothetransformation lead ofthecity andtheentire district aswell, meaning a Elbasan wasattributable tothisreason. members always claimedwhen discussing industrialization. Thedevelopment of Albanian minerals andthehopeinprogress ofAlbania. Thatiswhat theparty 189 220-250. 1995), McFarm, (London: independence ofthecountry argues that realityin theurgeof heavy industry was relatedto theeconomic AdiSchnytzer, After theestablishment ofthecommunist regime Albania in its political direction Stalinist Economic Strategy in Practice, The Case of Albania Caseof The inPractice, Strategy Economic Stalinist 189 . Addingtothis thedesires ofthe leaders toexploit the , (London: Oxford (London: , 86 CEU eTD Collection ceased acting assuchafter 1991, asaresult of thecollapse ofcommunism. enterprises. They were vital asthey supplied the entire Albania with goods, but they the state sponsored the establishment anddevelopment ofstate plants, factories and to democracy and it isstill undergoing the same decline. This wasdue to the fact that the development ofheavy industry and adeclining economy underthe transition period flourishing economy under communism thanks totheparticular attention dedicated to city, encompassingtypes ofindustry. almost Elbasan all aclearexampleis ofa transformation andfrom an agricultural city it becamemost the industrialized Albanian industrialization ofElbasan. Inthe following, I argue that Elbasan underwent a total Albanian Labor Party)Enver Hoxha launched acomprehensive planforthe tregun botëror. tregun dhenë madhe të shumë që kanëvlerë e kobalt, edhe nikel larta, të cilësive të eçeliqeve gizës përvec atdheut, japë do t’i tonë, mineralin shkrirë cili duke i Elbasanit, i metalurgjik kombinati nga prodhimi gjerë të nëshkallë Do të fillojë shumë. fuqizohet dotë jonë industria pesëvjeçar Në këtë Hoxha: Enver 49. 1976), Botuese “8Nëntori”, Shtëpia 190 Enver Hoxha. Enver In the report to the seventh congress of PPSH (Partia ePunës së Shqipërisë- 3 3 Raport në Kongresin VII PPSH VII të në Kongresin Raport . . 2 2 . . T T h h e e C C a a s s e e o o f f E E l l b b a a s s a a n n a a f f , (Report in the Seventh Congress of PPSH), (Tiranë: PPSH), of Congress Seventh the in (Report , t t e e r r t t E E h h n n e e v v e e C C r r o o H H m m o o x m x m h h u u a a : : n n well. as market world’s the in value agreat which have and cobalt, nickel quality, high of steel and cast-iron from apart fatherland the to give will minerals, our which bymelting production, a start in widerangethe will Elbasan of Plant Metallurgical The be empowered more. will i In this Five- Year our industry our Year Five- this In i s s t t 190 T T a a k k e e o o v v e e r r 87 CEU eTD Collection 191 Elbasan. Consequently thedecisions taken were for all theconstituents ofElbasan. and therespective villages were regarded by the socialist government aspartof the othercities including theirvillages. Hence all thesmalltowns surrounding Elbasan towns itwas themunicipality. TheMunicipality of Elbasan was thecoordinator for all its outskirts. The governing unitof the villages was thecommune the caseofthe andin Librazhdit).Rrethi i Buteachofthe cities consisted ofthemain town in andthevillages and Librazhd respectively maned asRethiPeqinit, i RrethiCërrikut, i RrethiGramshit, i (Rrethi iElbasanit)and the othersmalltowns likePeqin, Cërrik,Gramsh District ofElbasan (Qarku Elbasanit)i and includedit thecity ofElbasan below. Thus, accordancein tothe division ofthattime, was it named Municipality Documents, Elbasan. Documents, Municipality The administrativedivision ofAlbania reflectedis in thechart Administrative Division of Elbasan Municipality Commune District City 191 88 CEU eTD Collection Figure 3: Administrative Composition of Elbasan Source: Map inthe Municipality ofElbasan 89 CEU eTD Collection The specialcredentials giventoheavyindustryto theconstruction led oftheheavy MetallurgicalPlant. Thethird five-year plandenotes the beginning ofheavy industry. February 25,1950,1-3 February 193 së saj.” jetës gjithë shënuaragjatë të më ngangjarjet një ka qenë Elbasanase fshatrave të të fshatarësisë kolektivizimit nërrugëne Futja përparimtare. resë së e futjen për hap rrugën “Kolektivizimi Këxhaliu: Azen 192 Elbasan the leaders announced: meanwhile the entire district, including thevillages. Thus referringto two villages of of PPSH. Butinreality the progress of Elbasan did not imply just its development, regions. Thedesire ofthe leadingforces was proclaimed national in newspaper, organ regimemajority toconcentratethe ofindustrialbranches andinitssurroundingin it Elbasan whose climate andmineral resources facilitated the plans ofthe communist attemptingto copy the samemodels of economic development ofSoviet Union. By the term development, hemeant industrialization as theAlbanian government was Party forElbasan, Mr. AzenKërxhaliu, asserted: the industrialization process started with collectivization. Inareportthesecretary ofthe But Zëri i Popullit, “Ndryshime që nuk do t’i bënin as Shekujt” (Changes that neither Centuries could do), could Centuries neither that (Changes bënin asShekujt” qënukdot’i “Ndryshime Popullit, i Zëri 2. 4,1967, July inShkumbini, Years) course the of (Elbasan in në Vite” “Elbasani Këxhaliu, Azen when the did process of industrialization begin forElbasan? Whenever discussing industry in Elbasan, the common associationiswiththe The outcome oftheregime’s planswas thecreationofan industrialized town, As allthe other cities ofAlbania, Elbasan was anagriculturalcity aswell. Thus people’s horizon is growing. the bars will not be about wheat, but about iron, petrol and be the center ofindustry…The subject ofthe talk ofpeople in Balëza and Bradashesh will be well-known and Elbasan will life entire of Elbasan has been one of the most marked events in their development. The beginnings of collectivization in the villages Collectivization opens the way to the entrance of the new and 192 193 90 CEU eTD Collection Nëntori), 67 Nëntori), of construction thein Congressfurther as it onfollows: one named asthe“Steel Party” of reflected onthemetallurgical plants andthe one ofElbasan isthe most well-known great friendship ofthe two peoples and our parties.” the responsibilities of the work with the Albanian workers. This was a testimony ofthe hand handin with theAlbanians for theconstructionof the metallurgical plant, sharing aid from China consisted in technical help and expertise: “theChinese specialists were possible byAlbania’s new privileged economic andpolitical relations with China. The due tothepolitical with split theSoviet Union. Therealization ofthisplant was made not function fullpotentialin its by 1962, did Actually it endup 1962 butitcouldin supposed that itwould1962. endup in commenced bythistime anditwas construction ofthe Metallurgical Plant 196 p. 2-3 1966, 9, June Popullit, i Zëri March), 195 27 1980), Nëntori, Kosta Goga, 194 decreased of16per cent the yield increased 44per cent,the cost cent compared five-year tothefirst plan, industry plants during this period. Theconstruction plans forthis period grew 16 per Enver Hoxha, Enver Socialist big the new in (The Elbasan Socialist”, e në madh RiMarshimin i “Elbasani Hysi, Aleko Minarolli, Riza AgimShehu, Guri, Naço,Dhori Stavri EgonGjadri, Irfan Veteriku, Konomi, Anthim Ndërtimet në Socialiste Shqipërinë Ndërtimet Raport në Kongresin e VI tëPPSH eVI në Kongresin Raport gigantic work that will strengthen the independence and The Metallurgical Plant that will be built in Elbasan is a 194 196 . The . Thusthe leader of the country declared the plan , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , , (Report inthe Sixth Congress PPSH),of (Tiranë: 8 Source: Municipality of Elbasan Documents Elbasan of Municipality Source: Figure 4: Metallurgical Plant Plant in Elbasan 4: Metallurgical Figure 195 Heavy industrywas verymuch (incomplete) 91 CEU eTD Collection kombinati i madh metalurgjik i Elbasanit filloi të derdhë çelikun e parë në historinë eShqipërisë. historinë në e parë çelikun derdhë të filloi iElbasanit madh metalurgjik i kombinati punëtorëve, të emprehtë emendjen këmbëngulës me vullnetin e arta, Me duart Hoxha: Enver 4 1976), Botuese “8Nëntori”, Shtëpia 199 198 tëndërtimeve. materiale bazën shumë forcojë dotë makinave, të prodhimit të nëatë ardhmen nëtë dhepërkalimin mekanike eindustrisë përzhvillimin domosdoshme të eparë lëndën nëvend sigurojë dotë sonë e ekonomisë e vetveprimin pavarësinë fuqizojë dotë e cila gjigante, një vepër është në Elbasan ngrihet qëdotë Metalurgjik Kombinati Hoxha: Enver 197 the entire country’s profits. The outcome plant ofthis forElbasan would beitseconomic growthapart aswell from outcome: Subsequently Mr.Enver Hoxha declared deed,”attributed to “people’s work.” Elbasan was regarded asthe “grandiose reliance” industrialization anddogmatic notionsofself- accordingwas to built the“Stalinist heavy Albanian government andChina.Theplant the cooperationof the with was finished it and Actually the construction ofthe Metallurgical plant was interrupted due to lack of funds Enver Hoxha. Enver Derek Hall, Derek Ibid. 198 . The Metallurgical Plant in Albania and the Albanians. Albania andthe Raport në Kongresin VII PPSH VII të në Kongresin Raport Albania. Elbasan started to give the first steel in the history of cleverness of our workers, the biggest metallurgical plant of Thanks to the golden hands, to the decisive will and will enforce very much the material basis of the construction the ofbasis thematerial much very enforce will the machinery, of production the towards future the in progress the and for industry ofmechanic development the for material the 199 self-action of our economy, will provide the necessaryraw the provide will our economy, of self-action (London: Printer Publisher LTD, 1994), 405. LTD, Publisher Printer (London: , (Report in the Seventh Congress of PPSH), (Tiranë: PPSH), of Congress Seventh the in (Report , in ordertopraise inthisway theworkers’ Source: Documents in the Metallurgical Plant the Metallurgical in Documents Source: Figure 5: Metallurgical Plant (completed) 197 . 92 CEU eTD Collection 203 202 following yards had therespective number ofworkers: 201 200 accounts asfar asthepopulation number concerned. is periodthe populationof the city grew 38.3 percent. Elbasan, especially inthevillages next totheMetallurgical Plant. Thusduring this who settledaswell inElbasan, without forgetting the ones who lived thein outskirts of development ofthecity.TheMetallurgical Plant started toattract most of the people, and engineers other cities and theywere engaged assimpleworker, mechanics, plumber, solders, regimework to intheMetallurgical Plant and just in1974 there were 859workers from depended onitcompletely. People from other citieswere deportedtoElbasan from the Documents in the Metallurgical Plant in the Municipality of Elbasan, 1966-1967 Elbasan, of in the Municipality Plant intheMetallurgical Documents 1974 Plant, Metallurgical ofElbasanabout intheMunicipality Documents Derek Hall, Derek Marmullaku. Ramadan The population ofElbasan continued to increase accordance in to the economic Furthermore employed it a greatnumber ofpeopleandthe majority ofthe plants Albania and the Albanians. Albania andthe 202 Table 7:Number ofWorkers in the Metallurgical Plant in 1966-1967 . Theentire plant was composed ofvarious yards. In1966-1967 the Albania and the Albanians Albania andthe Yard osrcinYr o 1,113 Construction Yard No. 1 lc ealryYr 723 Black Metallurgy Yard External Yard Factory Cement 3,202 Construction Yard No. 2 Table 6: Population of Elbasan (London: Printer Publisher LTD, 1994), 405. LTD, Publisher Printer (London: Year 1990 1979 1970 1960 1945 1938 , (London: C. Hurst, 1975), 130 Hurst, C. (London: , Number of Workers of Number 701 1,617 Population 83.300 61.100 41.700 29.800 34.300 12.700 201 200 DerekHall givesfurther 203 93 CEU eTD Collection 208 2-3 June 9,1966), (Tiranë: Popullit, i Zëri March), 207 43-44 1980), Nëntori, Kosta Goga, 206 2-3 June 9,1966), (Tiranë: Popullit, i Zëri March), 205 204 were 12,000peopleworking thisin plant Whereas according toMr. Biba,who worked theMetallurgical in Plantfrom 1970, there As seen from the tablethisplant employed abigpartofthe population ofElbasan. discontinue the importing ofthese elements future ofthe industry of black metallurgy of metallurgy andhis friends inuniforms could everybody think thattheywere the develop theirprofessional skills, in order thatwhen everyonewhowouldworker seea workers. Various professional schools wereopened for the young generation to the workers. as the othercases Consequently in thepartywould project the training of moreover theenlargement oftheproduction, theworkers andthe engineers got of the rationalizations. As the mainaim was theimprovement ofthework and round rods,previously imported rolling inthin strandsplanning imported toaddsomemore steelproducts,suchas This yardwas composed oftwo assembly lines,which would also get engaged in steel Due tothisspecialization oftheworkers the yard of the steelforging was completed. the specialization degree ofall inahigh theworkers production thisin plant wasrelated to the embezzlement ofthe processes of work Ibid. Socialist big the new in (The Elbasan Socialist”, e në madh RiMarshimin i “Elbasani Hysi, Aleko Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Shehu, Riza Agim Dhori Guri, Stavri Naço, EgonGjadri, Veteriku, Irfan Konomi, Anthim Socialist big the in (The new Elbasan Socialist”, emadh në Marshimin Ri I “Elbasani Hysi, Aleko 2005 May 19, BBC, of correspondent the for Plant, Metallurgical ofthe Director Biba, Kozma Mr. As always therewas evident onemain problem, thatofthe technical trainingof A special role inthedevelopment oftheMetallurgical Plant played theinventors Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet 208 . Thusthe productions ofthis plant would 204 , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 205 . 209 . The 1970would mark thecompletion of . 206 . Thesecondphaseofthis 207 94 . CEU eTD Collection mainprovider for may otherfactories andmany peoplewere employed inthis plant machinery andindustrialequipment including factories and plants By 1980s Albaniawas processingmost ofits minerals andproducing its own plan plan the rewere 1632proposals from which just 1632were valuable for effectuation nation sealsaving tothe people5 million leks rationalizations from them tens ofspareparts, which werepreviously imported, hadthe It isworthmentioning that thein third year planthere were 8,869 proposals for engineers attempted toimprove theprocesses ofwork throughvarious rationalizations. 213 212 2-3 June 9,1966), (Tiranë: Popullit, i Zëri March), 211 organizata ose , institucioni dhënangandërrmarja të oseporosive të miratuara planeve bazë të në caktuara të edetyrave zgjidhja racionalizim quhet Nuk ekonomike. madhe dobitë ka sjellë kur ekonomisë, e epunësdheadministrimin organizimin qëpërmirëson zgjidhja gjithashtu, quhet Racionalizim e prodhimit. koston eul rendimentin rrit reja, prodhime të nxjerr tëllojshmërisë, eprodhimit, vëllimin që shton eprodhimit, eteknologjinë teknikën qëpërmirëson zgjidhja quhet Racionalizim 330: Neni 1982) Mihal Duri, (Tiranë: Albania), of Republic People’s the Socialist (Codes of 210 209 Constitution: engaged in inventing rationalizations. Inaccordance to the Act 330ofAlbanian Elez Biberaj, Elez Ibid. Socialist big the new in (The Elbasan Socialist”, e në madh RiMarshimin i “Elbasani Hysi, Aleko Shqipërisë, të Socialiste Popullore e Republikës Kodet të Ministrave, pranë Këshillit Politike Byroja Ibid. This plantprovidedsteel and nickel for theentire Albaniaand thus it wasthe In orderthattheincomes oftheMetallurgical Plantincreased its workers and Albania,A Socialist Maverick enterprise, institution or organization basis of the approved plans or theof tasks given from the called rationalization the fulfilling ofthe appointed tasks on economy,of when itled toagreat economic outcome. It isnot improves the organization of the work and the administration cost theof product. Rationalization is also the solution that produces new output, increases the yield and decreases the production, increases the volume ofproduction, its variety, Rationalization is the solution that improves the technique of , San Francisco: Westview Press, 1990, p.135 1990, Press, San Francisco:Westview , 211 210 . duringWhereas thefourth five year . 213 . 212 95 . CEU eTD Collection Council ofMinisters of work. Thesewere the other administrative organism according tothe Depending onthis,there were otherorganisms thatcontrolled eachoftheprocesses Thus the administrative structure was thefollowing: plans plans in order thatthe incomes oftheplant could increase. All these actors cooperated together for oneaim, thefulfilling andoverfilling of the 6. Secretary Administrative 5. Branch Cadres 4. Branch Financial 3. Branch Planning and Organizational 2. Branch Technical Branch1. Plant, Iinterviewed asserted: structure approved from the government. One ofthe directors of theMetallurgical 216 Tiranë. transcript, 215 200-220 1994), Press, Congress 214 in the1980” controlling thedomesticproduction. “Annual outputofnickel outraged 7200-9000 tons Council of Ministers, File I01965, Archives of PPSH 15, 2007, April author, by the interview Elbasan, in Plant Metallurgical ofthe ex-Director F.H. Raymond Zickel, Raymond As allthestate owned,metallurgical the planthaditsown administrative 214 . target be evaluated when overfilling the plan and that was our we were sent from the State Planning Commission. wouldWe methods, the expenditure ofthe plant, and to fulfill the plans appointed from up well and we had to look after the plan, the …the structure was approved from up, the personnel was Albania, a Country Study: Area HandbookStudy: Series Area a Country Albania, 216 215 : . Administrative Structure of Metalurgical Plant Metalurgical of Structure Administrative . (Washington DC.: Library of Library DC.: (Washington . Main Engineer Vice-Director Director 96 CEU eTD Collection well to the pollution controltechnology tothe majority of the people and to the workers as pollutionthe air degree prettyis high, as wasit deniedaccess to theoriginal plans and Elbasanin and inthe areas next toit.Especially in thesurrounding Bradashesh valley The othernegative side ofthe metallurgical plant is related to the extent of airpollution regime. Metallurgic Plant and also thedevelopment ofheavy industry as amistake ofthe 219 drejtë” i ishte Shqipërisë i erëndë seindustrializimi industria vetën ishte ne? jonë Gabimi ç’prodhonim dhenepo prodhojmë i po hëse jo, traktorë makina, sprodhonim se ne i vogël vend një neishim ne ajo duhej pocan rëndë, trë industri një kishim të mani si ishte atëherë po ajo erëndë, industria neve duhej ç’na atëherë, e ne skishim se snaduhej e vogël, industrinë shumë më zhvilluar kishim të mund duhej, e rëndë senesna te industria bërë gabimin atye kemi në industri, bërë gabime kemi të thuash, si “pra 218 metalurgjik” kombinati e navetëm 1 merrte milion ne prodhonim që milion pra nga13 e tonaështë vogël, në hidroçentralet sasiqë neprodhojmë se ajo edhe sot, prodhonim, ne që në ditë këorë milion nga 13 elektrike energji kilovatorë milion 1 merrte na neve kombinat “ai 217 expenditure” metallurgical plant ofElbasan exhausted 1 million kWh per day, that was ahuge electricity used from the “13million kWh that Albania produced per daythe the functioning of the Metallurgical Plant the most important one was relatedto the functioning andthe atmospheric pollution. As far asstateexpenditure isconcerned for Elbasan; on the other hand hadit some side effects in terms ofexpenditure tokeep it of especially and Albania of development the to led plant this hand one On Derek Hall. Derek Tiranë. recording, 27, 2007,tape April author, by the interview Albania, of ex-President Alia, Ramiz Tiranë. recording, 2007, tape 27, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz 219 . Albania and the Albanians. Albaniaandthe 217 industrialization of Albania was right we hoped wecould. Our mistake was heavy industry, as the were asmall country, we did not produce cars or tractors, but have heavy industry. Why did we need heavy industry, we need heavy industry, but noatthat time it was a mania to couldWe have developed more light industry, as we did not mistake is theheavy industry as it was not essential for us. Thus as I can say, we have made mistakes in industry, the , asMr. Alia confirms. Nowadays Alia regardsthe construction ofthe (London: Printer Publisher LTD, 1994), 410 LTD, Publisher Printer (London: 218 . 97 CEU eTD Collection Nëntori, 1980), 47 1980), Nëntori, five-year plan.In 1979 thecement factory Elbasanin started functioning fullin became a sourcefortheother cities. The Cement factorywas theproduct of the fourth Elbasan,in which producedthe highestamount ofcement intheentireAlbaniaand it Kosta Goga, 221 220 completedin afew days and the deed was successfully put exploitation had itsown building. The first examinations oftheovens in theFerrochrome plantwere Chinese. First it commenced asayardoftheMetallurgicalPlant but oneyear later it metallurgical ones, asduetothepractice thatthe Albanian personnel gainedfrom the production. The beginnings of this plant’s functioning dateone year after the considerable number ofAlbanians and theworkforce controlled thedomestic the Metallurgical plant and succeededit duringcommunism. Itemployed a gave rise totheFerrochrome Plant,which struggled towalk onthesame footprintsof communism whatand was theirpotential? Elbasan’s soil was richofchromites andthis and quiteall thebranches of industry hadtheir basisElbasan in as well. industry, which by1985was generatingmore than40percent ofnational income” industrialization policyhad led tothecreation of therelatively modernmulti-branched industry, hydro-energy, refineries, brickkilns andcement “The factory. regime’s rapid MetallurgicalPlant butalso thankstoother branches ofindustry,suchas heavy Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Shehu, Riza Agim Dhori Guri, Stavri Naço, EgonGjadri, Veteriku, Irfan Konomi, Anthim Biberaj, Elez The other exampleof prosperity in thefield of industry was theCement Factory Which wereWhich the mainfactories and enterprises inElbasan functioning during Elbasan did notbecome oneofthe most industrialized cities only duetothe Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet Albania,A Socialist Maverick , (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1990), 180 1990), Press, Westview (San Francisco: , , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 221 . 220 98 CEU eTD Collection 227 226 1963),55 N. Frashëri, ofAlbania),(Tiranë: Republic People’s in 225 224 223 45 1980), Nëntori, Kosta Goga, 222 just1966 there were in 1617workers capacity . The Metallic Production 3. Branch Mechanic 2. branch The Branch of Wood 1. Delivery Wood Plant was thefollowing: communism. Itemployed awide range ofpeople, most oneKESH industrialized was supposed toprovideelectricity forthe developing meant economicgrowth andincreasing importance in Albania,as the city wasthe (KESH-Korporata Elektro-energjetike Shqiptare). ForElbasan, thecommunist period Additionally alltheprocesses of work were automatic slates was added 1976,in which was supplied with modern technologyforthe time. “Nako Spiru” inElbasan built inthe third five-year plan. To this, anew factory of fiber industry reality thedevelopment ofindustry reveled the necessity ofdeveloping construction cities, asthere were veryfew brick kilnfactories Albaniain during communism. In J.B. ex-Minister of Industry of Albania, interview by the author, April 20, 2007, transcript, Tiranë. transcript, 20, 2007, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ofIndustry ex-Minister J.B. 25, 1976 April Bashkimi, ofindustry andDevelopment Creation (The nëRPSH i Industrisë dhe Zhvillimi Krijimi Misja, Vladimir ibid. 1966 ofWorkers, Register Essential Factory, theCement in Documents Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Shehu, Riza Agim Dhori Guri, Stavri Naço, EgonGjadri, Veteriku, Irfan Konomi, Anthim Elbasan became thecenterof industry and as such theAlbanian ElectricEnterprise The Brick Kiln Factory was animportant budget-raising unit intheperiod of The othercontributive planttothe constructive industry was thewood factory 225 222 . Thusthe necessary was supplied from the factories within Albania. . Astheotherfactories ofthe time its number ofworkers was growingand Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet 227 223 . . , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 224 226 andsupplied various plants and . The appointed. The structure ofthe 99 CEU eTD Collection about theimportance ofthisequipment beforebooking it booking a probe, where the leader ofthe country did askfrom the specialists tothink used topraise theworkers and thistimein Mr.Hoxha aswell. always showed respect some byitself to use the refinery,in thusthe expenses were high,until Albaniastarted producing year plan. Inthe first years the country mainly imported orused to buy the equipment Cërrik. Assome industrial works the refinery as well was anoutcome ofthefourth five- helped inmaking gooduseoftheseresources. Themainoil refinery was situated in Factory. It was oneofthe most important potential naturalresources of Albaniaand it Basis and the Affectivity of Investments in Industry), (Tiranë: Shtypshkronja e re, 1983), 22 ere,1983), Shtypshkronja (Tiranë: in Industry), ofInvestments andtheAffectivity Basis 232 45. 1980), Nëntori, production and division ofcontrolling engineer and the other branches asjuridical, economic,division ofdelivery, division of Elbasan KESH foranynecessities from Banjë,plant in the powersurroundings in of communism. Itsimportance wasmuch interms visible working oftheelectricians in Kosta Goga, 231 230 229 228 Albania all to developed thanks tothewater potential, high-tension transmission lines from Elbasan transportation oftelectricity from other cities. Hydro energybecame important and industry Elbasan,in andthe regime notwant did tohavelosses during the V. Misja, Baza Materialo-Teknike dhe Efektiviteti i Investimeve në Indsutri (The Material-Technical (The në Indsutri Investimeve i Efektiviteti dhe Materialo-Teknike Baza Misja, V. Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Shehu, Riza Agim Dhori Guri, Stavri Naço, EgonGjadri, Veteriku, Irfan Konomi, Anthim 1966. KESH, Council of Ministers, File E0581, Archives of PPSH. Documents in KESH Another progressive branch of industry during communism was theOilRefinery 229 . The administrative structure was composed ofthe director, the main Ndërtimet në Shqipërinë Socialiste nëShqipërinë Ndërtimet 228 231 . Itwas builtin1950and it remained important fortheperiod of . TheAlbaniangovernment didnothidethis fact, especially when 230 . , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , 232 . Surprisingly, he always 100 CEU eTD Collection factory was essential duringcommunism.As seen itwas equippedwith modern Nëntori, 1980), 27. 1980), Nëntori, Kosta Goga, 235 7. 1977), Botuese “8Nëntori”, Shtëpia (Tiranë: Country), ofthe Life Entire Vendit së Jetës Gjithë 234 233 the military unit ofMjekës andtheother ones in republic level a villagethein outskirts ofElbasan. Itfunctioned fullin capacity supplying with arms One ofthe most important was settledin Mjekës, from variousthe enemies, armament factory. part of which was the protection of the country itsterritory.in Inaccordance with the ideology could notescape without one beingconstructed focused onthearmament industryandElbasan terms ofthedevelopment of industry was also he sendshis congratulations and best regards to theworkers ofthe refinery towards workers,carefully ina orchestrated propaganda. Inthis meeting heldin1970, other cities, especially Pogradec from where theimport ofpyrites wouldbedone mostly through built volunteer work inordertomake theconnection ofElbasan tothe degree oftheother mines ofthecountry. The railways ofElbasan-Përrenjas were railways. Thus mines developed tosome extent buttheywere never at the same Anthim Konomi, Irfan Veteriku, Egon Gjadri, Stavri Naço, Dhori Guri, Agim Shehu, Riza Minarolli, Riza AgimShehu, Guri, Naço,Dhori Stavri EgonGjadri, IrfanVeteriku, Konomi, Anthim Enver Hoxha, Enver Hoxha, Enver The other direction of the Albanian State in Përrenjas, situated inthesurroundings of Elbasan wasmines thecenter of and Ndërtimet në Socialiste Shqipërinë Ndërtimet Vepra 66 Vepra Raporte e Fjalime 1974-1975, Mbi Revolucionarizmin e Mëtejshëm të Partisë dhetë Partisë të eMëtejshëm Mbi Revolucionarizmin e Raporte 1974-1975, Fjalime (Report and Speeches 1974-1975, on the Further Revolution of the Party andthe Party the of Revolution Further on the 1974-1975, and Speeches (Report (Work 66), (Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese “8 Nëntori”, 19780, 78. 19780, Botuese “8Nëntori”, Shtëpia 66), (Tiranë: (Work , (Construction in Socialist Albania),(Tiranë: 8 Albania),(Tiranë: Socialist in (Construction , Source: Documents in the Municipality of Figure 7: Armament Factory in Mjekës. 235 . The existence. The of this Elbasan 233 . 234 . 101 CEU eTD Collection 236 other areas that were economically related. workers machinery andthe work was divided in accordance to the specialization ofthe Ibid. In line with the industrialization plan for the city, Elbasan was well connected to the 236 . 102 CEU eTD Collection of Albania:” metallurgical plantwould becontextualized inthe framework ofthe“political revolution wasit preached bythe leaders. Consequently thedevelopment ofElbasan andthe metallurgical plant could notbeseparatedfrom the political development ofAlbania as production range andthe new plans for the metallurgical plant. Surely eventhe economic development ofElbasanwas alwayspresentinthemedia even including the industry.” The caseofthemetallurgical plant was specially heralded asthe“neverheard The claim that: mobilizerthe ofthepeople andsimultaneously therole oftheeducator ofthepeople. Simultaneously the roleof the party is overestimated. Thusthepartyplayed theroleof Party Committee thecity of assertedthat: helped in theconstruction and the beginning ofthese plants. The First Secretary of the in allthe other enterprises or plants. Apart from this, thededication ofthe peoplewho notified as “a big socialist march” or “the bright perspectives.” communist media.The beginnings ofthe industrializationproject forElbasan would be March), (Tiranë: Zëri i Popullit, June 9, 1966), 2-3 1966), 9, June Popullit, i Zëri (Tiranë: March), 240 239 238 2-3. 1966), 9, June Popullit, i Zëri (Tiranë: March), 237 Aleko Hysi, “Elbasani i Ri në Marshimin e madh Socialist” (The new Elbasan in the big Socialist big the in new Elbasan (The Socialist” emadh Rinë Marshimin i “Elbasani Hysi, Aleko Ibid. Ibid. Socialist big the in new Elbasan (The Socialist” emadh Rinë Marshimin i “Elbasani Hysi, Aleko The process of industrialization ofElbasan was amplyreported inthe 239 240 Furthermore theinformation given totheordinarypeople aboutthe 3 3 . . . 3 3 prioritize the interests of the fatherland and socialism The party has pasted with special consciousness, who fatherland have requested them. the party to serve to the people where the interests ofthe The Elbasani intelligentsia has always answered to thecall of . . T T h h e e P P o o l l i i t t i i c c a a l l R R e e f f l l e e c c t t i i o o n n o o f f E E l l b b a a s s a a n n ’ ’ s s I I n n d d u u s s 237 t t 238 r r i i a The same happened a . l l i i z z a a t t i i o o n n 103 CEU eTD Collection plants and factories were very much appreciated for this change. Despite, asone of anniversaries. The contrast was pretty clear andthe leaders also thedirectors of the workers was alsoevident such meetingsin where stimuli were delivered to them. about theachievements oftheenterprise. Furthermore thepraising ofsome ofthe went. Thusthemeetings of the directors and engineers in order that they could report cement factory. 243 242 241 were completedper centand 112 theyieldwas 107percent” and overfilling ofthenormsmuch about. wasvery Forinstance discussed “the norms one specific period oftime. This was encouraging for the Albanians. The completion demonstrated the importance that the country for thefuture generation process ofbuilding anenterprise orafactory was notleftaside,because this construction of thecement factory.Theyoung studentswho camejust toobservethe volunteer work of students or high school children who were volunteering in the the economic transformation ofthecityand its areas.Special attentionwas paidtothe The rationalizations weretheother topic toberevealedto thepeople inordertotestify Zëri i Popullit, 1964 Popullit, i Zëri Ibid Ibid. The most striking were the comparisons done Elbasan every each The regime was always prettymuch concerned incontrolling how the process The most important news tobe revealed remained always thecapital gained in great victories… revolutionary pulse when our party goes to the elections with socialistbig themarchis thisThisnew Elbasan of in 241 243 in the caseof in 242 104 CEU eTD Collection invasions, asthe secretary ofthe party asserted trading.period This was preached also asareturn inidentity, an identity lost duringthe time, ittracedbackinthehistory of Elbasan asitwaswell-known always very in breakingwell, thestereotype ofan agriculturalcity, oras a museum city. Atthesame prosperity ineconomic termsto the led increase ofthe roleand image ofElbasan as of theother cities, and it wasprioritized as far asbudget sharingper year. Thusthis 247 246 245 Elbasan. transcript, 244 processing ofthework the directorsof themetallurgicalplants affirms, thedirectors were very passive thein and theplanstakenorder forit could that in it develop. development ofElbasan was always relatedto thepolitical aspect of the entire country of economicprogress in quiteall theareas falling under thedistrictof Elbasan initiatives were takenandpublishedthe in all media. there Inreality waswide a range implemented schools or atwork in order that people could have accessibility inall theprojects profilesthe products of were completely published inthemediaand inthereports in Zeri i Popullit, 1980. Popullit, i Zeri Ibid. 1978. Bashkimi, 25,2007, April author, by the interview Elbasan, in Plant Metallurgical in the ex-Director H.F. Simultaneously with theeconomic progressof Elbasan, itbecame theexample The city was suchvarious other The city supposedtodevelopevery year andas The premises ofthemetallurgical plant were tosuchwide extent that the 245 . 244 . 247 . It prettyis clear thatthe 246 . 105 CEU eTD Collection context, theindustryofElbasan was eitherprivatized byforeigncapital andprivate 248 an ambitious program of economic development attractingforeign capital. borders after aperiod ofunprecedented isolation, post-communist Albanialaunched unemployment inAlbania. leaders, theoldmeant everything including industrial works, asaresultincreasing empirical facts. The new regime’s mottowas “Let’s destroy the old.” For the new economic declineand a high rate of unemployment. This conclusion comes outof the political system, which broughtacompletely different view of Elbasan.It led to environment andhealth. level. The nationalone was related to expenditures, whereas the local one to the city had numerous negativesides, manifest atnationallevelas wellas atlocal development ofElbasan.Yet, atthe same time, therapidand forced industrialization of were spreadallover Elbasan. Surely, thesocialist industry benefited theeconomic mines, railways andconstructive industry. State directedplants and stateenterprises Elbasana result, developed allbranches of industry, including heavyindustry, energy, Elbasan was transformed economically into themost industrialized city ofAlbania.As “copy” ofthe Sovietone. Following theexampleof Magnitogorsks Sovietin Union, of economic policies asthe SovietUnion, transforming theAlbanian economy intoa An integralpart ofthe Soviet-dominated communist block, implemented thesame type Biberaj, Elez. But what happenedtothemainindustrial works inElbasan? Opening up its The collapse ofcommunism late 1990 beginningin of1991 led tothechange of Conclusions Shqipëria nëTranzicion Shqipëria : , (Albania in Transition), (Tiranë, Ora, 1998), 291 1998), Ora, (Tiranë, inTransition), (Albania , 248 Ithis 106 CEU eTD Collection lower. Mainly theworkers are hisacquaintances. has employed asmall number ofworkers and they work more butthepayment is enterprises. by thenew owners. The state collects taxes andtreats as it the other business by aLebanesecompany, which tounemployment led duetothepolicies implemented 253 252 251 250 249 increase of unemployment Elbasan in after 1991. Metallurgical Plant: privatization and a reduction of the workforce, which ledto the ferrochrome enterprises Elbasanin andBurrel.The outcome was similar tothatofthe authorities didnot payattention to it. was destroyed, completely while workers became after unemployed its destruction and preponderantly electricity andgas, and they abandoned the use of wood. Thefactory when woodwas themost usedenergy resource. After 1991, the population used same happenedtothe Factory, Wood which was quite efficient during communism, to reduce the air-pollution, the new owners did not deliver ontheirpromise. reduced the number ofworkforce; moreover, although it promised toapplysome filters of thelocal population. individuals orcompletely closed down, with socialconsequences hard forthesurvival Ibid. Ibid. Ibid Ibid. ofElbasan intheMunicipality Documents The Brick KilnFactory is atpresent managed byanAlbanianentrepreneur. He The cutoffofthe energyand theeconomic 1990 chaosin to theled closing of The Metallurgical Plant was privatized in 1991 byaTurkish company, which 252 250 253 251 Thecement factory was privatized 249 The 107 CEU eTD Collection immigrants intheworld andover 300people knock on thedoors oftheDirectory of over 400.000 active forces in the entire country, cannot work, 350.000 people are 1992 are: “21.700 unemployed people,from 26 enterprises 18 do not function at all, and heapplies this patternapproximately to theothercities as well. data His about change in termschange in political issuesrelated ofthe to economy Thushestates: aswell. these yearsofpolitical pluralism.Mr. Stefani,apolitical analyst,actually seesno politicaldevelopment ofAlbaniabut reality in something elsehashappened during sent representatives tohelpthe Albanian leaders todestroytheirarms remainedwere spoiltand in1997 due tothe crisis variousInternational Organizations factory Mjekës,in which ceasedtoexistas and wellthe equipments orthearms that same happenedtothepower plant Banjëin shqiptar. në pluralizmin duke u infiltruar jam unë”mbijetoi “Partia porurdhëri upërmbys enveriane Diktatura 257 256 255 254 compared ofcommunism totheperiod factories and plants; theElectric Enterprise is still functioning; though inapoorer state employed intheenterprise. The only difference between KESH and other state owned privatized inshares by a wide number ofpeople,mainly workers who were previously ananonymous was andinthepresentdaysit is it company,As aconclusion privatized Ibid., p. 133. 1997. KohaJonë, Andrea Stefani. Andrea Documents in KESH. The Albanian politician Pëllumbiconducted research on the case of a city, Laç The speeches of the governments havealways claimed aneconomic and KESH underwent thesame changesasallthe other industrial stateenterprises. pluralism order “The party is me” survived infiltrating in the Albanian The dictatorship established from Enver was flipped butthe Albanistan 257 . (Tiranë: Toena, 2005), 250-260. 2005), Toena, (Tiranë: . . 254 . TherefineryofCërrik ceased toexist, the 255 . Thesame happenedtothearmament 256 . 108 CEU eTD Collection accomplished since thecommunist collapse (1990-2007). over (1945-1962) andcompared them to what thedemocratic governments achievements ofthecommunist government inthe17years after thecommunist take the parliament the economic circumstances are growingworse and the intellectuals stay away from past. Hedoes not see anydevelopment from the establishment ofthenew regime, as allow this. Nowadays according tohim nothing new has beenachieved. developing andtheycould notspeak about unemployment asthegovernment didnot capacities, eradication ofilliteracy, railway construction was finished, mining was entire country,various heavy industrialworksstarted had work fullor partial in achievements ofHoxha’s governmentwere prettyhigh, there was electrification ofthe 258 Immigration” be pursued. The result was that thecountry’s 2000 smallenterprises were soldto their according tohim from privatization. Thus atotal privatization ofthe enterprises would the neweconomic thePolish system,models which observing ascharacterized Gramoz Pashko, adeputy of the Democratic Party inAlbania, also theformulator of established, as the Albanians themselves werenotprepared for suchchange. Thus It needstobe pointed outthat Albania was not readyfor thedemocratic regime tobe a profitable onedueto the low loss of energy. stillconsiders the necessity ofthe previous works, such as the power plantBanjëin as communism Albanian governments arestill working with what the regime leftthem. He 259 261 260 Servet Pëllumbi, Servet Frrok Çupi, Frrok Ibid. Tiranë. recording, 2007, tape 27, April author, by the interview ofAlbania, ex-President Alia, Ramiz Kthim nëVitin’91 Kthim 258 259 . Çupihis in bookclaims thateveryyear passes returns back the in Dritëhije të Tranzicionit ( tëTranzicionit Dritëhije . Mr. Alia himself intheinterview I conductedwith him evaluated the (Return in the Year ’91), (Tiranë, Dita, 2000), 136 2000), Dita, ’91),(Tiranë, intheYear (Return Gloomy Light of Transition), (Elbasan: Seiko, 2000),149 Seiko, (Elbasan: LightofTransition), Gloomy 260 Until1962the 261 Thepost- 109 CEU eTD Collection 262 employees by1991 admits herbook, theexode in ofAlbanians wouldmake 200000–350000Albanians applicable forElbasan aswell after thecommunistwould regime beasChampseix started to profit since the ruleofAlia. although theyarefacing thehighprices ofcultivatingthe land. Nevertheless they plans plans coming from the democratic leaders tobeaccomplished were thefollowing: business as a result they failed increasing the number ofunemployment. Theother 264 1995), 699. McFarm, 263 electricity supply concerned.Albaniafar asthelevelofwater Asaresult undergoes is stilllimitations of plants, Fierza, Koman andVauI Dejës,the threeofthem and are underthelevelas thus thestate has nosay.Albania issupplied with electricity just from three power is still acurrent issues, when the electricity and the water enterprises are privatized, payment oftheunemployed stoppedbeing distributed in 1993,food, electricity, water But inreality they didnot succeed in fulfilling allthese plans consequently, thepension Derek “Kufizimet e thella të Energjisë Elektrike”, in http://www.lajme.net, (last visited June, 2, 2007) June,2, visited (last http://www.lajme.net, in Elektrike”, të Energjisë ethella “Kufizimet (London: Present, tothe Times Prehistoric History from An Ethnic Albanians: The E.Jacques, Edwin Furthermore balance aquick ofwhat happenedtoentire Albania that is Hall, Albania and the Albanians Albania andthe . integrate Albania9. into European political and economic liberalize foreign 8. trade lift controls on retail7. prices, excepting only electricity, oil encourage the creation 6. of new private firms and foreign complete the distribution 5. of collective land privatize the enterprises now 4. owned by the state assure emergency food,3. electricity, and water supply to 2. discontinuethepension payment 80%the of to cause fast reform towards1. market economy 264 structures production and telecommunication investments and joint ventures people unemployed . The only stratum that profited form this were thepeasants, 262 . These employees inreality were nottrained atall tomanagea 263 , (London: Printer Publisher LTD, 1994), 222. LTD, Publisher Printer (London: 110 CEU eTD Collection Main Economic Indicators (1990-1996) Indicators Economic Main macroeconomic condition revealing everything thetable in not thatpromising. Accordingto him Albania didnothavesuccess establishingin economic development ofAlbania during these years. Despite the change the data are demonstrate ameliorationof the economic circumstances ofAlbania. 266 118. 1992), Découverte, la :Édition (Paris Logique), Desperate 265 Output Agricultural Industrial Output GDP Economy population fledding from Albania from 1991-1992 from million and 3 a half oftheentire David Vaughan-Whitehead, David ofthe theplace (Albania, ou Désespoir, la Logique L’Albanie Champseix, Jean-Paul et Elisabeth David Vaughan-Whitehead gives some inhisbookconcerning data the 265 . The fact numbers ofthese people fleddingfrom Albaniado not Table 8: Economic development of Albania (1990-1996) ofAlbania development 8: Economic Table -14.2% -10.0% -5.4% 1990 Albania inCrisis -17.4% -42.0% -28.0% 1991 (UK: Northampton, 1999), 6. 1999), Northampton, (UK: -51.2% 18.5% -7.2% 1992 -10.0% 10.4% 9.6% 1993 266 10.3% -2.0% : 9.4% 1994 10.6% 1.0% 8.9% 1995 13.6% 8.2% 3.0% 1996 111 CEU eTD Collection level ofthe industrialization process, tracking themodels implemented, askingtowhat aspect, which thefocus is of my thesis. My analysis explores thenationaland local impeded furtherresearch oneconomic development, inparticular theindustrialization as purges, lack ofhuman rights, and total controlof people’s life. These reasons transition. TheAlbanian communist regimemostly negative is knownforits sides,such industrialization had.This ledtostability incontrast toturmoil andrecession of the in industrializationof thecountry despite thehighcostthat theprocess of development. Onthecontrarycommunist regime hadratherremarkable progress development? the two systemswasmore profitable for the Albanian state in terms ofeconomic post-holders of communismwhen theytookpower.Beyondpolitical features,whichof order torule Albania bythemselves; thedemocratic leaders imprisoned some ofthe communist leaders punished the members oftheNationalFront ( and then Nazi forces, and the democratic regimewith thecollapse of communism. The founding event: the communist regime with the liberation ofAlbania from the Italian numerous continuities andsimilarities. Both regimes derived their legitimization from a the communist regime andthe new democratic post-communist regime, there are also democratic transformation. Despite the obvious raptures and discontinuities between 1991, when itcollapsed under thepressure ofstudent movements aiming at The A commonwouldbe thatthedemocratic guess government favoredeconomic communist regime Albaniawas in established1945 in andlasted until C C o o n n c c l l u u s s i i o o n n s s Balli Kombëtar ), in 112 CEU eTD Collection in thein world. on heavy industry, SovietUnion became the exampleof thefastest growingeconomy them under thecontrol ofthe supreme leader, using thefive-year plans, concentrating industrial development, andadapted it tothe communist centralized system, placing Soviet circumstances. After Soviet Union succeeded in transferring this modelof observed them in USAandthen theyattempted toadapt them in accordance tothe were notjust beingappliedfor thefirst time inSoviet Unionasthe Soviet leaders is ofacademic importance totrace the origins of these models. These models in reality Alia, inhisinterview, acknowledged thisfact. Before considering thecaseofAlbania, it models theyusedto fulfill their aims werecopied from the Soviet Union. Mr.Ramiz transformationof Albania aninto industrial country. Asdocumented in the thesis, the aid andemulate theSoviet modelof development. improve theeconomic circumstances ofAlbania made theEnver Hoxha rely on Soviet abandoned totheSovietUnion’s sphere ofinfluence, andthe lack of fundsto Western political regime. Thus,theWestern decision that Eastern countrieswould be came from the SovietUnion,but wasit conditioned ontheadoption ofthecommunist the necessity of obtaining external economic support. Theonly available assistance economic circumstances ofAlbania. But as they inherited a poor country, there was The new leaders ofthe communist regime inthemaking aimed atameliorating the totalitarian regime. optionwas This however forcedbytheoutcome II. ofWorld War models’ implementation extent theywere copied from the Soviet Union, evaluating the outcome ofthese Consequently, Albanian communist leaders commenced acampaign forthe Post-war Albanian leaders adopted theSoviet political modeland established a 113 CEU eTD Collection The aim of thecommunist regimewas the unification ofall productive forces; yet, industrialization ismarked bycollectivization, a campaigncopied from Soviet Union. that centralizedas isthought. initiatives. This demonstrates thatthe economy ofAlbania during communism was not directors who afterfilling the plans had some autonomy toputinto practice their approval inthePolitburo. These plans thatwere approvedwere submitted tothe plans was doneform the State Planning Commission andtheseplans passed just for as controller in terms offulfilling theseplans. Thustheformulation ofthe five year came upwiththe State Planning Commission, asformulator ofthe five-year plans and the role ofMr. Hoxha interms ofthe ideology tobefollowed. Subsequently Mr. Alia decisions, thedecisions were accordance just in with theideology.Mr. Aliaspecified ministers of Industry in his interview asserted thatMr. Hoxha didnotdictate any leader who controlsevery aspectandwho takesall thedecisions. Butoneof the paradigm known abouttotalitarian regimesand thenapplied toall theothers is the the Proletariat” was basedoncontrolled economyand central planning.The common Albania thanksto the industrialization process. disputable topics.Iwillanalyze thefactors that ledtotheeconomic flourishing of implemented? wasWhat theoutcome fortheAlbanian economy? Theseare the Albanian economy duringcommunism.But to what degree were these plans five-year plans, controlled economy andheavyindustrybecame thecharacteristics of the Soviet Union with engineers, apart from economicthe aid.Thus collectivization, the The process industrialization proceededstages. in The first stage that led to Like all regimes, the communist regime or as it was called the “Dictatorship of Albanian leaders decided to implement thesamemodels, andtheyassisted by 11 4 CEU eTD Collection communist legislationregulated everyaspect of lifeat work andtheconstruction ofthe character attempting that to develop all note the cities of to Albania. It is interesting industry. of industrial development reacheditspeak,concentrated onthe development of heavy constructive industry,aswell.the In late 60sand thebeginningsof 70s theprocess an increase militaryin capabilities. Heavy industry to thedevelopmentled of development ofheavyindustry were theachievement ofeconomic independence and branches. main concernoftheAlbanian government, theregime all investedin industrial of industrialization aswell, aiming atonespecific direction. As industry became the became statepropertyundercommunism.These five-yearplans correspond tostages plans. Thisplan was assignedtostate enterprises andplants, asall economic units personal use. private land intheir entirety, not leaving farmersprivate asmall property for their be enlarged atall.Thethird mistake, Mr.Alia admitted was the collectivizationof admits thattheyactedwrong byenlargingthem when thesecooperatives were notto to theenlargement ofthe cooperatives that were composed from these lands.He northern partofAlbania, a land improper foragriculture. Another mistake was related testimony, communists decidedtocollectivize alllands, including themountainous agriculture, mistakes acknowledged today by Mr.Ramiz Alia.According to his Albanian leaders made somemistakes in implementing themodel ofsocialist A main characteristic of the industrialization of Albania is the distributive Special emphasis was exercised on heavy industry. The main reasons for the The othermeans usedfortheindustrialization ofthecountry were thefive-year 115 CEU eTD Collection day. That was anexpenditure vain,in accordingto Mr. Alia, because Albaniawas not 13 million kWh energy perday, the MetallurgicalPlant consumed 1 million kWh per internal development. was Theplant notviable economically: while Albaniaproduced and tomake Albaniaeconomically independent, and to rely onAlbania’s own forcesfor the Metallurgical Plant construction were todevelop thecountry, toexploit theminerals due tothehigh coststhat burdenedthestate budget.According toMr. Alia,theaims of Mr. Aliaadmits thattheconstruction ofthe Metallurgical Plant was agross mistake, becamewell-known mainly for its Metallurgical plant, themost important inthecountry potential andthe raw materialthat possessed.it material was imported andthecostwas low.Theotherreasonswere theworking force its geographical position strategically linked with othercities, from where the raw Soviet Union. reasons The ofElbasan being thechosen citytobeindustrialized were: all industrial branches,thusbecomingan Albanian counterpart ofMagnitogorks thein from an agriculturalcity into anindustrialized one. Elbasan became thesettlement for establishment ofcommunism and after,we canclearly observe its totaltransformation communism. the economic Comparing circumstances ofElbasan before the concentrated ononecasestudy, Elbasan, the most industrialized cityinAlbania during books glorifying theachievements ofthecountry. project was reflected thein newspapers and congresses, and later on published as aspect was central,since the construction ofsocialist Albania andthe industrialization industrial works was reflected thein contribution ofAlbania. Inspite ofthis, thepolitical Although numerous branchesofindustrywere developed inElbasan, thecity have industrialization,I of level national the on focusing form Apart 116 CEU eTD Collection the economic circumstances ofAlbaniadeveloped. AsfarasElbasanis concerned, it energy, the imported products were lowered duringthe communistand moreover, era factory was built inShkodër in the North of Albania. Not just this, but Albania exported rapid increase intheproduction ofchrome andcopper.Acopper wire and cable from the SovietUnion andfinanced the building ofnew power stations. This allowed a not leastbecauseneeded it analternative source ofchrome previously purchased hydroelectric stations.After thebreakwith the Soviet 1961, Union in Chinastepped in cobalt asby-products relatively cheaply thanks totheample supply of power from the about 10% of the totalworld output. It has been able to produce chrome, nickel, and producer of chrome. Its14mines clustered along the Yugoslav border have supplied properly calculated. Since the 1970slate Albania has been the world’s third largest copper, nickel, andoil isuneconomic bymarket criteria laborif andother costs were 23 minerals commercially, but in reality everything except the productionof chrome, products accounted for threequarters of its totalexports. Albania boasts ofproducing figures, the achievements of theregimewere impressive. Minerals andrelated articles andTVprogramswhere aswell, allthe glorywent tothepeople andthe party. successes ofevery yearandevery planbecame newspaper theobjectofvarious to thepolitical development aswell. The entire process ofits transformation, the and itsdevelopmentwas verymuch discussedinthemedia andespecially in relation better todevelop lightindustry instead. producing anycarsor tractors. Consequently, hebelieves thatthey wouldhave done How muchAlbania did andElbasan profitfrom this industrializationprocess? In As partof the industrial development ofAlbania, Elbasan came tothelimelight 117 CEU eTD Collection 267 for them was “Let’sdestroythe old” break completely with thecommunist periodduring thetakeover moments.motto The the new political direction? Inspired bydemocratic ideals, thenew leaders decided to industrial enterprises built during communism, andassuch what was the outcome of establishment ofthedemocratic governmentAlbania? in was What thefateof did notswitch totheKhrushchevite modelsof governing. happenedWhat with the the Albanian economic policy:Albania continued topreserve the Stalinist models and evenAlbania, witha twoif yeardelay (1991). Thisdelay isduetothepeculiarities of moreover, ithadahighly employed population. became animportant city, thenumber ofpopulation grew, theincomes augmented and individualconsumers lack energy bygraphing thetime aswell. nowadays Albania imports energyand it alwaysis anenergy in crisis, making even the Albania exported energy, supplied enterprises, the plants and individualconsumers, very low level, and thestandards of living decreased. duringWhile the communist rule unemployed growing, is thecountry became dependent on imports, theGDP is ata contradicted the policy ofthecommunist regime. Socialconsequences are dramatic: reconstruct them. Theoutcome new ofthis regimedemocratic thusdirectly there was no raw material, noone took care ofthem and thegovernment didnot the municipality ofElbasan and nothing more. Heavyindustrial units ceased to exist as What remained was later on privatized and treated as a business, which pays taxes to Most ofcommunist enterprises andplantswere ruined, includingthe ones inElbasan. Rilindja Demokratike Newspaper,1991 Demokratike Rilindja As intheotherex-communist countries, the communist regime collapsed in 267 , meaning everything built during communism. 118 CEU eTD Collection communism, they although never want it back as aregime. be long andarduous,consequently itis visiblea slight nostalgiaof people for The communist still legacy huntsAlbania and the processoftransformation provedto tonë fitimtar, lart e më lart do ta ngrenë nderin, prestigjin dhe emrin e Shqipërisë nëbotë” eShqipërisë dheemrin prestigjin nderin, do ngrenë ta lart emë lart tonë fitimtar, do flamurin ta mbajnë e më lart dhepartia sepopulli Jam Ibindur nëshekuj. përparojë e të rrojë të që Shqipëri të fortë…një më kurdoherë Shqipëri një ardhshëm të brezave lëmë t’u tej, më konsekuencë me zhvillojmë ta aritur, kemi gjithçka sisytë eballit ruajmë “Ta Hoxha Enver 1988. së PPSH, pranë KQ 268 economic situation, which until nowdidnotbecome true: the hopeofleaderAlbania, Mr.Enver Hoxha, fortheamelioration ofAlbanian country hadastable economysystem. andsocial would liketoreiterateIn thissense,I extent. Although mistakes were made, which cost Albania much atthat time, the complete economic development andtheSoviet models were implemented toahigh evaluate it from the pointofview ofahistorian, thatcommunist Albaniaunderwent a Ramiz Alia, Enver Hoxha, 1908-1985, Tiranë: Botim i institutit të Studimeve Marksiste –Leniniste Marksiste Studimeve të Botim iinstitutit Tiranë: 1908-1985, Hoxha, Enver Alia, Ramiz As a final conclusionAs a final Icansay, not byromanticizing theperiodbutby trying to Enver Hoxha honor and raise the prestige of Albania inthe world… people will know how to host our glorified flag, how to develops in the centuries…I am convinced that the stronger than ever Albania, …anAlbania tolive and it consequently and to leave to the future generations a Let’s highly protect what wehave succeeded, to develop 268 - 119 CEU eTD Collection Çupi, Frrok. Davies, R.W. Davies, R. Mark Harrison,S. W. G. Wheatcroft. Champseix, Elisabeth et Jean-Paul. Çarçani, Adil. Cviic, Christopher. 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Elbasan: KESH. StructureoftheEnterprise. 1966 H, F.ex-Director ofthe Metallurgical Plant. Interview bythe Author,April 15,2007, Documents intheMunicipality ofElbasan about Metallurgical Plant,1974 Documents intheMunicipality ofElbasan Documentsthe Metallurgical in Plant the in Municipality of Elbasan.1966-1967 Documents inKESH Council ofMinisters. FileP019. PPSH Archives. Council ofMinisters. FileP016. Archives of PPSH Council ofMinisters. File I106. Archiveof PPSH. 1975. Council ofMinisters. File I0196. Archives ofPPSH. Council ofMinisters. File I0615. PPSH Archive. Council ofMinisters. File I0615. PPSH Archive. Council ofMinisters. File E0581.Archives of PPSH, Cement Factory.EssentialRegister of Workers. 1966 Ç. H.Secretary of the Party and Director of the MetallurgicalPlant in Elbasan. Byroja Politike pranëKëshillit tëMinistrave, Kodet eRepublikës Popullore Socialiste të Biba, Kozma Director of the Metallurgical Plant, for the correspondent of BBC, May 19, B. 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