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The Overture of Peking Pronunciation's Victory

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The Overture of Peking Pronunciation's Victory The Journal of Chinese Linguistics vol.48, no.2 (June 2020): 402–437 © 2020 by the Journal of Chinese Linguistics. ISSN 0091-3723/ The overture of Peking pronunciation’s victory: The first published Peking orthography. By Ju Song. All rights reserved. s THE OVERTURE OF PEKING PRONUNCIATION’S al ri VICTORY: THE FIRST PUBLISHED PEKING te a ORTHOGRAPHY M Ju Song d Fudan University, Shanghai te gh ri py ABSTRACT o : C Thomas Francis Wade (1818–1895) and his Wade-Gilesss System have been credited with promoting the victory of Pekinge pronunciation as the Pr standard Mandarin. However, the firstg Peking orthography was not published by him, but another Britishon consular official, Thomas Taylor Meadows (1815–1868), in his bookK Desultory Notes (1847). In the present g paper the content and value of othisn orthography are examined by comparing Meadows and his contemporaries’,H especially Wade’s, attitudes and treatment towards Pekingf Mandarin and a uniform Chinese transcription o system, with specific treferencey to the development of Peking Mandarin in th i 19 century. It demonstratesrs that Wade adopted Meadows’s opinion on the significance of vPekinge pronunciation, and his system was also influenced ni by Meadows’s U in many aspects. This study illuminates that Meadows’ orthography,se as a first try of an exclusive transcription system for Peking ne hi CAcknowledgments I would like to express my appreciation to Professor Jie Fu and e Wenkan Xu for providing the initial inspiration for this project. Special gratitude is owed to h Professor Victor H. Mair and Keiichi Uchida, who both read the draft of the manuscript and T offered feedback. Thanks must be given to the anonymous reviewers. All errors are my own responsibility. The research for this paper is supported by Ministry of Education in China Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation (19YJC740067), Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (14ZS013) and New Researcher Seed Grant from Fudan University (20520131510). Ju Song (ᆻẄ) [[email protected]]; International Cultural Exchange School, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd. Shanghai, 200433, P.R.C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8682-7970 402 THE FIRST PUBLISHED PEKING ORTHOGRAPHY 403 pronunciation, played the overture of its victory. KEYWORDS Peking pronunciation Thomas Francis Wade Thomas Taylor Meadows Peking Orthography ls ia er 1. INTRODUCTION at The word “Mandarin” came from the Portuguese mandarim M, a counselor or minister of state. And then the meaning expanded to eincluded the language spoken by such officials. The corresponding term inh tChinese ᇈ䈍 ig was Guanhua , which referred to the universal standardyr language or koine spoken by officials and educated people. p For hundreds of years, since the Jesuit missionarieso transcribed C Chinese into roman letters in 16th century, the Nankings: 1 pronunciation es (hereafter NP) had been predominant in the Ptranscriptionsr of Mandarin (Standaert 2001, 865–866). Researches on earlyg missionaries’ records and Chinese materials indicate that NP waso then basis of Mandarin from the K Ming to the beginning of Qing dynastyg (Lu 1985; Coblin 2000, 537–552). During the Qing dynasty, theo nstandard for Mandarin pronunciation gradually shifted from NankingH to Peking. 2 And as Robert Morrison f th (1782–1834) described in o the 19 century, there was a competition between them (Coblin 2003,ity 353). s 3 The big changeer came with the switch from Mandarin orthographies based on NP to Pekingiv pronunciation (hereafter PP), and it was associated with Thomas nFrancis Wade (1818–1895) (Takata 2001, 141–142; U Wilkinson 2012,e 59). In 1859 British diplomat, Wade, published his first es Pekingi northography in Hsin Ching Lu (1859) and The Peking Syllabary h 4 (1859) C . This syllabary was subsequently revised in Yü-yen tzŭ-erh chi h(1867),e then slightly modified by Herbert Allen Giles (1845–1935) in the T Chinese-English Dictionary (1912), becoming the famous “Wade-Giles’s System”. With reference to the immense and international influence of Wade and his work, Takata (2001, 142) recognized them as the starting point of the PP’s victory. In Coblin’s research (1997, 289–290; 2000, 541), Wade, Robert Thom (1807–1846), Joseph Edkins (1823–1905), and Herbert Giles THE FIRST PUBLISHED PEKING ORTHOGRAPHY 437 London: Wiley & Putnam. Yuanyin zhengkao ശ丣↓㘳 (The study of jiantuan yin). 1835. Sanhuaitang. ls ेӜᇈ䈍㜌࡙Ⲵᒿᒅ˖ᴰᰙࠪ⡸ⲴेӜ䈍᤬߉⌅ ia er ᆻẄ at ༽ᰖབྷᆖˈк⎧ M ed ᪈㾱 ht ц㓚㤡ഭཆӔᇈေ࿕⧋ ig ઼ԆⲴ 19 (Thomas Francis Wade, 1818–y1895)r ᤬丣ᯩṸ (Wade-Giles System) ഐ᧘ࣘҶेӜ丣ᡀѪᇈ䈍ḷ߶丣Ⲵ䘋p 〻㘼༷ਇ䎎䂹DŽ❦㘼ˈㅜањेӜ丣᤬丣ᯩṸަᇎࠪ㠚ਖаս㤡ഭཆo C Ӕᇈ——ᇶ䘚Ҁ (Thomas Taylor Meadows, 1815–s1868): ˈ䈕ᯩṸ࠺ⲫ൘ es Ԇ 1847 ᒤࠪ⡸Ⲵlj䲿ㅄNJ(Desultory Notes)P rѝDŽᵜ᮷㔃ਸ 19 ц㓚े Ӝᇈ䈍ਁኅⲴশਢ㛼Ჟˈ䙊䗷∄䖳ᇶ䘚Ҁо਼ᰦᵏⲴ≹ᆖᇦ˄⢩࡛ᱟg ေ࿕⧋˅ሩेӜᇈ䈍઼㔏а≹䈝᤬߉㌫㔏Ⲵᘱᓖо༴⨶ᯩᔿᶕ࠶᷀ᇶon 䘚ҀᯩṸⲴ޵ᇩоԧ٬DŽ⹄ウਁ⧠ᇶ䘚Ҁнӵ൘ेӜ丣䟽㾱ᙗⲴ㿲ᘥK g к␡࡫ᖡ૽Ҷေ࿕⧋ˈ㘼ф൘࠶㊫ǃ䘹䇽ǃḷ䇠ᯩn ᔿㅹཊњᯩ䶒ᖡ૽ Ҷਾ㘵Ⲵ᤬丣㌫㔏DŽᵜ᮷Ⲵ⹄ウ䈤᰾ˈᇶ䘚ҀⲴ᤬߉ᯩṸ֌Ѫㅜањo H у䰘ⲴेӜ丣㖇傜ᆇ䖜߉㌫㔏ˈ᨝ᔰҶेӜ丣㧧ᗇḷ߶丣㜌࡙ⲴᒿᒅDŽf o y sit ޣ䭞䇽 er ेӜ丣 ေ࿕⧋ v ᇶ䘚Ҁ ेӜ丣᤬߉㌫㔏 ni U se ne hi C e Th .
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