DOCSLIB.ORG

Food Uptake by the Insect-Parasitic Nematode, Sphaerularia Bombi (Tylenchida)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Food Uptake by the Insect-Parasitic Nematode, Sphaerularia Bombi (Tylenchida) Food Uptake by the Insect-parasitic Nematode, Sphaerularia bombi (Tylenchida) GEORGE O. POINAR, JR. and ROBERTA HESS 1 Abstract: The insect-parasitic female of Sphaerularia bombi everts its uterus and associated reproductive structures into the body cavity of its bumblebee host. This uterine sac then takes over the normal functions of the parasite and leads an independent existence. An examination of this sac shows that the surface of the uterine cells are differentiated into a network of saccular indentations separating off fine cytoplasmic extensions. The folding of adjacent cytoplasmic extensions around portions of the host's hemolymph results in the formation of pinocytotic vacuoles. Intracellular vacuoles are also formed at the base of the saccular indentations. It appears that the first stage of intracellular digestion in S. bombi initially occurs by pinocytosis in the outer surface of the uterine cells. The inner and outer surfaces of the ovary and oviduct are modified into lobelike projections to increase the absorptive surface area, and electron-dense droplets originating in this tissue were also observed in the developing eggs. The hypothesis is presented that soluble nutrients are passed into the ovary-oviduct tissue where, after being reconstituted into droplets, they enter the developing eggs. Key Words: nourishment, parasite, bumblebee. Little information is available on the uptake hemocoel where they develop to third-stage ef nutrients by nematodes. Absorption juveniles (3). Since there is no growth or normally occurs through the intestinal cells, development of the original female, it appeared although simple diffusion of nutrients may also that host nutrients must be absorbed by the occur through the cuticle in animal-parasitic uterus, which has assumed an independent role. nematodes. However, there has been no The purpose of this study was to determine evidence of phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or how nutrients were absorbed by the developing intracellular digestion in the roundworms (2). parasite and whether special morphological Special adaptations associated with the uptake modifications were present. of nutrients have been reported in some entomogenous nematodes. Riding (5)reported MATERIALS AND METHODS finding microvilli on the body wall of the Mature uterine sacs of Sphaerularia bombi parasitic tylenchid female of a species of (Dufour) were removed from Bombus lueorum Bradynema from the phorid fly, Megaselia L. and Bombus terrestris L. collected during halterata Wood, and the present report May and June, 1971, in Holland. They were discusses still another adaptation for obtaining prefixed for 2 hr in 3% gluteraldehyde, then nourishment in an insect nematode. washed in 0.05 M phosphate buffer and fixed in A special case of parasitism is exhibited by 1% osmium in phosphate buffer (pH 7) for 1 Sphaerularia bombi (Dufour), a parasite of hr. After dehydration in a graded ethanol series, bumblebee queens, since in the host, the uterus the specimens were embedded in Araldite 6005 ~nd associated reproductive structures of the and sectioned with glass knives mounted in a Nematode become everted through the vulva, a Porter-Blum microtome (MT-2). The sections condition referred to as "prolapsed uterus". were stained with a saturated aqueous solution The uterine cells greatly expand, forming a of uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate (4) huge uterine sac containing the ovary, oviduct, and examined with an RCA EMU-3F and sperm, and dwarfing the remainder of the Philips EM-300 electron microscope. For light female body (Fig. 1). microscopy, similar specimens were fixed in 3% The eggs develop normally within the Formalin for 1 week and processed to glycerin uterine sac and are passed out into the host's using alcohol dehydration. RESULTS Received for publication 6 March 1972. During the development of Sphaerularia 1Division of Entomology, University of California, bombi in the hemocoel of Bombus, the internal Berkeley 94720. The senior author thanks Dr. M. surface of the prolapsed uterus makes contact Oostenbrink and members of the Laboratorium voor Nematologie, Wagcningen, The Netherlands for with the hemolymph of the host. The uterus is providing laboratory space and facilities during the one cell thick, and enlargement apparently course of these studies, and Dr. A. van Kammen, Dr. occurs not by cell division, but by hypertrophy, T. S. Ie and Miss Magda Usmany of the Laboratorium voor Virologic, Wageningen, The Netherlands for aid causing cell nuclei and surrounding cytoplasm in the preparation of specimens. to stand out as projections over the surface of 270 Food Uptake by Sphaerularia: Poinar, Jr., Hess 271 the organ (Fig. 1). The cell borders remain and numerous heterogenous cytosomes. Tile distinct and become interdigitated with cytosomes varied from membrane-bound desmosomes during the enlargement of the vacuoles containing flocculent material in the uterus. apical regions of the cell to basally located In the fully developed uterus, the nucleated electron-dense vacuoles containing membranous portion of the cells with associated cytoplasm inclusions. becomes enlarged and swollen. Each cell The entire surface of the uterus exposed to contains a pleiomorphic nucleus with sparse the host's hemolymph was modified into a chromatin, extensive rough endoplasmic network of saccular indentations separating off" reticulum, elongate mitochondria, lipid droplets fine cytoplasmic extensions (Fig. 2, 3, 4). The b m , ,.L ~"~ ~ ~" ~-~'~ 1.5mm FIG. 1. Mature female of Sphaerularia bombi removed from the body cavity of a queen Bombus sp. (b = body of female, u = enlarged uterine sac). 272 Journal of Nematology, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 1972 FIG. 2. Section of the wall of the uterus (u) and ovary-oviduct (o) ofS. bombi (s = saccular indentations on the surface of the uterus; I = lobe-like extensions on the surface of ovary-oviduct). Food Uptake by Sphaerularia: Poinar, Jr., Hess 273 FIG. 3. A. Outer surface of the uterus showing the saccular indentations (s) surrounded by cytoplasmic extensions (c) and the formation of intracellular vacuoles (iv) containing fiocculent deposit. B. Section cutting through the cytoplasmic extensions parallel to the outer surface of the uterus. 274 Journal of Nematology, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 1972 FIG. 4. A. Outer surface of uterus showing tips of cytoplasmic extensions enclosing portions of host material m "pinocytotic vacuoles" (p.v.). B. Close-up of 3A showing the presence of intracellular vacuoles (i.v.) forming at the base of the saccutar indentations. i Food Uptake by Sphaerularia: PoiHar, Jr., Hess 275 ? 2 ~4 J O ;" • "5 p 4 o • 'i!,.¸,S I:IG. 5. A. I.;lectron-dense droplet Id) between the ovary-oviduct •o) and developing egg (e). B. Electron-dense droplets (d) in the tubular indentations of the ovary-oviduct (o) and outer and inner portions of the developing egg (e). 276 Journal of Nematology, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 1972 outer surface of the uterus, as well as the into the host's hemocoel so that its absorptive contents of the saccular indentations, was surface is exposed to the exterior. This surface covered with a fine flocculent deposit that is increased by the bulging shape of the cells ultrastructurally resembled a mucous or and by the differentiation of the cell mucopolysaccaride (Fig. 2, 3, 4) (1). The tips membranes into saccular indentations. of the cytoplasmic extensions were sometimes The flocculent deposit covering the uterine bent towards each other and appeared to be cells may serve as a protective layer to keep the enclosing portions of the flocculent deposit host's blood cells from adhering to the surface into pinocytotic vacuoles (Fig. 4A). of the cells. It could be a residue originating Intracellular vacuoles or vesicles containing from the host's hemolymph, or a secretion flocculent deposit also were formed at the base arising from the uterine cells. However, if the of the saccular indentations, and these deposit were being produced by the uterine structures were seen at various distances from cells, one would expect to find well-developed the surface of the cells (Fig. 3A, 4B). The lower Golgi apparti, since these are generally assumed surface of the uterine cells was ramified by to be responsible for the synthesis and extensive infolding of the cell membrane and concentration of substances like contained cytosomes (Fig. 2). A basal lamina mucopolysaccharides. Yet, these cell organelles (typically found in transporting cells) occurred were very poorly developed. This, plus the along the outer edge of these cells, and a presence of microvillar type projections which flocculent deposit, similar to the one covering are generally accepted as transporting material the apical surface but denser, also lined the in one direction (as in renal cells), makes us lower surface of the cells (1). believe that host material is being incorporated The inner and outer surfaces of the into the uterine cells. ovary-oviduct were modified by projections and The presence of pinocytotic vacuoles in the indentations differing from those on the uterus terminal portions of the cytoplasmic extensions surface. The ovary-oviduct cells contained and intracellular vacuoles at the base of the branched tubular indentations surrounded by saccular indentations strongly suggests that the lobelike extensions of the cytoplasm (Fig. 2, 5). incorporation of nutrients is accomplished by Both surfaces of the oviduct were coated by a pinocytosis. fine deposit 30-45 nm thick. The cytoplasm of the ovary-oviduct cells contained electron-dense These vacuoles and vesicles (earlier referred droplets concentrated near the egg side of the to as cytosomes) become modified in the lower cell (Fig. 5). These droplets appeared to form part of the uterine cell and disappear. within the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The "coated" tubular indentations of the Similar electron-dense droplets were observed outer surface of the ovary-oviduct suggest that in the space between the ovary-oviduct and the absorption occurs in that locality. developing eggs as well as in the outer and inner Electron-dense droplets are formed within the portions of the developing eggs (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Abstract of the Thesis Of
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sarah A. Maxfield-Taylor for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology presented on March 26, 2014. Title: Natural Enemies of Native Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Western Oregon Abstract approved: _____________________________________________ Sujaya U. Rao Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are important native pollinators in wild and agricultural systems, and are one of the few groups of native bees commercially bred for use in the pollination of a range of crops. In recent years, declines in bumble bees have been reported globally. One factor implicated in these declines, believed to affect bumble bee colonies in the wild and during rearing, is natural enemies. A diversity of fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and parasitoids has been reported to affect bumble bees, to varying extents, in different parts of the world. In contrast to reports of decline elsewhere, bumble bees have been thriving in Oregon on the West Coast of the U.S.A.. In particular, the agriculturally rich Willamette Valley in the western part of the state appears to be fostering several species. Little is known, however, about the natural enemies of bumble bees in this region. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) identify pathogens and parasites in (a) bumble bees from the wild, and (b) bumble bees reared in captivity and (2) examine the effects of disease on bee hosts. Bumble bee queens and workers were collected from diverse locations in the Willamette Valley, in spring and summer. Bombus mixtus, Bombus nevadensis, and Bombus vosnesenskii collected from the wild were dissected and examined for pathogens and parasites, and these organisms were identified using morphological and molecular characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • PETITION to LIST the Rusty Patched Bumble Bee Bombus Affinis
    PETITION TO LIST The rusty patched bumble bee Bombus affinis (Cresson), 1863 AS AN ENDANGERED SPECIES UNDER THE U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Female Bombus affinis foraging on Dalea purpurea at Pheasant Branch Conservancy, Wisconsin, 2012, Photo © Christy Stewart Submitted by The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Prepared by Sarina Jepsen, Elaine Evans, Robbin Thorp, Rich Hatfield, and Scott Hoffman Black January 31, 2013 1 The Honorable Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior Office of the Secretary Department of the Interior 18th and C Street N.W. Washington D.C., 20240 Dear Mr. Salazar: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation hereby formally petitions to list the rusty patched bumble bee (Bombus affinis) as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. This petition is filed under 5 U.S.C. 553(e) and 50 CFR 424.14(a), which grants interested parties the right to petition for issue of a rule from the Secretary of the Interior. Bumble bees are iconic pollinators that contribute to our food security and the healthy functioning of our ecosystems. The rusty patched bumble bee was historically common from the Upper Midwest to the eastern seaboard, but in recent years it has been lost from more than three quarters of its historic range and its relative abundance has declined by ninety-five percent. Existing regulations are inadequate to protect this species from disease and other threats. We are aware that this petition sets in motion a specific process placing definite response requirements on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and very specific time constraints upon those responses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prevalence of the Parasitic Nematode Sphaerularia Sp. in the Overwintering Gynes of Parapol
    JHR 38: 37–43 (2014) The prevalence of the parasitic nematodeSphaerularia sp... 37 doi: 10.3897/JHR.38.6562 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.pensoft.net/journals/jhr The prevalence of the parasitic nematode Sphaerularia sp. in the overwintering gynes of Parapolybia spp. (Hymenoptera, Polistinae) Fuki Saito-Morooka1 1 Department of Environment Systems, Faculty of Geo-environmental Science, Rissho University, Kumagaya 360-0194, Japan Corresponding author: Fuki Saito-Morooka ([email protected]) Academic editor: Jack Neff | Received 4 November 2013 | Accepted 25 April 2014 | Published 12 June 2014 http://zoobank.org/AF74A7A9-12F5-418E-A239-C07280A474F5 Citation: Saito-Morooka F (2014) The prevalence of the parasitic nematode Sphaerularia sp. in the overwintering gynes of Parapolybia spp. (Hymenoptera, Polistinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 38: 37–43. doi: 10.3897/JHR.38.6562 Abstract I report for the first time the parasitization of overwintering gynes of Parapolybia species by the ento- mogenous nematode Sphaerularia sp. (Tylenchidae). The nematode was found in 42% of the overwin- tering wasp clusters examined but occurred in only 6% of individual wasps. The prevalence of parasitic nematodes among group hibernating hymenoptera is briefly discussed and compared with that in solitary hibernating hymenopterans. Keywords Parapolybia, group hibernation, gyne, parasitic nematode, Polistinae Introduction The parasitic nematodes of social hymenopterans include Mermithidae, Pheromermis pachysoma (von Linstow), for Vespula spp. (Poinar et al. 1975; Edwards 1980) and Tylenchidae, Sphaerularia bombi Dufour, 1837, for Bombus spp. (Poinar and van der Laan 1972; Poinar and Hess 1972; McCorquodale et al. 1998; Schmid-Hempel 1998) and S. vespae Kanzaki et al., 2007, for Vespa simillima Smith (Sayama et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Bumble Bees and Their Parasites Across European Communities: Sphaerularia Bombi in Native and Non-Native Hosts
    Bumble bees and their parasites across European communities: Sphaerularia bombi in native and non-native hosts Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University of London Royal Holloway, University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX Catherine Mary Jones September 2013 1 Declaration page I, Catherine Mary Jones, declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, it is always clearly stated. Catherine Mary Jones 2 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Mark Brown, for selecting me as his first PhD student at Royal Holloway, University of London. Without his support and encouragement, the four years of my research would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my advisor, Vincent Jansen, and the technical and administration staff in the School of Biological Sciences, especially Tracey Jeffries, Rob Prouse and Sue Baldwin. I am grateful to the BBSRC for the DTG to fund my research and the YES and Vitae courses that I attended. My thanks also go to Joe Colgan for sharing his knowledge about Irish bumble bees and nematodes, to Roland Loosli, Paul and Regula Schmid-Hempel for helping with my fieldwork in Zurich, to Joe Colgan, Jim Carolan, and Nicola Marples for helping with my fieldwork in Dublin, and to Heather Rumble for looking after my bees in the lab while I was away. I would like to thank all the members of the Brown Lab at Royal Holloway, for their support in the Bee Room and the Ecology Lab, especially Matthias Fürst and Gemma Baron - and for organising so many fabulous social events.
    [Show full text]
  • Infection by the Castrating Parasitic Nematode Sphaerularia Bombi Changes Gene Expression in Bombus Terrestris Bumblebee Queens
    Infection by the castrating parasitic nematode Sphaerularia bombi changes gene expression in Bombus terrestris bumblebee queens Thomas J. Colgan1,2,3*, James C. Carolan4, Seirian Sumner5, Mark L. Blaxter6, Mark J. F. Brown7* Affiliation: 1. Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. 2. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom. 3. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. 4. Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland. 5. Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. 6. School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom. 7. Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. Correspondence: Thomas J. Colgan [email protected] Mark J.F. Brown [email protected] Short running title: Nematode alters bumblebee queen gene expression. 1 Abstract Parasitism can result in dramatic changes in host phenotype, which are themselves underpinned by genes and their expression. Understanding how hosts respond at the molecular level to parasites can therefore reveal the molecular architecture of an altered host phenotype. The entomoparasitic nematode Sphaerularia bombi is a parasite of bumblebee (Bombus) hosts where it induces complex behavioural changes and host castration. To examine this interaction at the molecular level, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling using RNA-Seq of S. bombi-infected Bombus terrestris queens at two critical time-points: during and just after overwintering diapause.
    [Show full text]
  • Haired Bumblebee (Bombus Subterraneus) to the UK
    Natural England Commissioned Report NECR216 Disease risk analysis for the reintroduction of the short- haired bumblebee (Bombus subterraneus) to the UK First published 14 September 2016 www.gov.uk/natural -england Foreword Natural England commission a range of reports from external contractors to provide evidence and advice to assist us in delivering our duties. The views in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Natural England. Background In 2007, Natural England proposed the re- More broadly, it is important to consider introduction of the short-haired bumblebee parasites explicitly within reintroductions, if we (Bombus subterraneus) to the UK, a species want reintroductions to succeed and, at the declared regionally extinct in 2000. A same time, have minimal negative impacts to reintroduction project for this bumblebee was the areas where animals and plants are being formed in 2009 with partners Natural England, taken from and introduced to. Hymettus, the RSPB and the Bumblebee This report considers how the risk of disease in Conservation Trust, with the intention being both native UK bee populations and in the to re-establish a sustainable population of this reintroduced bees might be investigated through bee in the UK and to act as a flagship for surveillance and mitigated through disease bumblebee conservation more generally. control and other measures. This report sets out the findings of a Disease It is important for Natural England: Risk Analysis (DRA) conducted in 2011 for the reintroduction of the short-haired bumblebee to • to be informed of potential alien infectious the UK, sourced from southern Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of Entomophilic Nematodes in Insect Management 1 John M
    270 Journal of Nematology, Volume 12, No. 4, October 1980 terial parasite of a plant nematode: morphology and Pasteuria-Blastobacter group. Can. J. Microbiol. 19: ultrastrueture. J. Bacteriol. 129:1091-1101. 609-614. 26. Sayre, R. M., W. P. Wergin, and R. E. Davis. 30. Thorne, G. 1940. Duboscqia penetrans n. sp. 1977. Occurrence of Moina rectirostris (Cladocera: (Sporozoa, Microsporidia, Nosematidae), a parasite Daphnidae) of a plant morphologically similar to of the nematode Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man) Pasteuria ramosa (Metchnikoff, 1888). Can. J. Filipjev. Proc. Hehn. Soc. Wash. 7:52-53. Microbiol. 23:1573-1579. 31. Walker. J. T. 1969. Pratylenchus penetrans 27. Shepherd, A. M., S. A. Clark, and A. Kemp- (Cobb) populations as influenced by microorganisms ton. 1973. An intracellular microorganism associated and soil amendments. J. Nematol. 1:260-264. with tissues of Heterodera spp. Nematologica 19: 32. Williams, J. R. 1960. Studies on the nema- 31-34. tode soil fauna of sugarcane fields in Mauritius. 28. Slack, J. M., and M. A. Gerencser. 1975. Nematologica 5:37-42. Actinomyces, filamentous bacteria; biology and 33. Williams, J. R. 1967. Observations on para- pathogenicity. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis. sitic protozoa in plant-parasitic and free-living nem- p. 175. atodes. Nematologica 13:336-342. '29. Staley, J. T. 1973. Budding bacteria of the Biocontroh The Potential of Entomophilic Nematodes in Insect Management 1 John M. Webster 2 Abstract: A review of the development of entomophilic nematology and a commentary on the potential of entomophilic nematodes in controlling insect pests. The paper considers some of the major contributions to our knowledge of entomophilic nematology; factors involved in insect pest management and how they are applicable to the use of nematodes; nematodes which are most promising as biological control agents; and problems to be solved to facilitate the use of entomophilic nematodes in insect management.
    [Show full text]
  • Download As A
    FGC - 670.1 (3/94) A PETITION TO THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION For action pursuant to Section 670.1, Title 14, California Code of Regulations (CCR) and Sections 2072 and 2073 of the Fish and Game Code relating to listing and delisting endangered and threatened species of plants and animals. I. SPECIES BEING PETITIONED: 1. Common Name: Crotch bumble bee Scientific Name: Bombus crotchii 2. Common Name: Franklin’s bumble bee Scientific Name: Bombus franklini 3. Common Name: Suckley cuckoo bumble bee Scientific Name: Bombus suckleyi 4. Common Name: Western bumble bee Scientific Name: Bombus occidentalis occidentalis II. RECOMMENDED ACTION: 1. Common Name: Crotch bumble bee As Endangered X Scientific Name: Bombus crotchii 2. Common Name: Franklin’s bumble bee As Endangered X Scientific Name: Bombus franklini 3. Common Name: Suckley cuckoo bumble bee As Endangered X Scientific Name: Bombus suckleyi 4. Common Name: Western bumble bee As Endangered X Scientific Name: Bombus occidentalis occidentalis III. AUTHOR OF PETITION: Name: The Xerces Society, including: Rich Hatfield, Sarina Jepsen, Sarah Foltz Jordan, Michele Blackburn, Aimée Code Address: 628 NE Broadway, Portland, OR 97232 Phone Number: 503-232-6639 1 I hereby certify that, to the best of my knowledge, all statements made in this petition are true and complete. Signature: Date: 16 October 2018 FGC - 670.1 (3/94) 2 A PETITION TO THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION TO LIST The Crotch bumble bee (Bombus crotchii), Franklin’s bumble bee (Bombus franklini), Suckley cuckoo bumble bee (Bombus suckleyi), and western bumble bee (Bombus occidentalis occidentalis) as Endangered under the California Endangered Species Act Bombus crotchii, by Stephanie McKnight, the Xerces Society (top left); Bombus franklini, by Pete Schroeder (top right); Bombus occidentalis occidentalis, by Rich Hatfield, the Xerces Society (bottom left); Bombus suckleyi, by Hadel Go/www.discoverlife.org (bottom right).
    [Show full text]
  • Nematodes of the Order Tylenchida in Germany – the Non-Phytoparasitic Species
    88 (1) · April 2016 pp. 19–41 Nematodes of the order Tylenchida in Germany – the non-phytoparasitic species Dieter Sturhan1* and Karin Hohberg² 1 Arnethstr. 13D, 48159 Münster, Germany and c/o Julius Kühn-Institut, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany ² Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 Görlitz, Germany * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 15 February 2016 | Accepted 30 March 2016 Published online at www.soil-organisms.de 1 April 2016 | Printed version 15 April 2016 Abstract In the recently published checklist of plant-parasitic nematodes known from Germany (Sturhan 2014) genera and species of the order Tylenchida, which are generally considered as being parasites of higher plants, represent the largest taxonomic group with 212 species. The present paper gives an overview of the remaining trophic groups in Tylenchida: Root tip feeders, myceliophagous species and entomoparasites, the latter often having a free-living soil generation. A total of 165 species are included, most of them representatives of the suborder Hexatylina (96 species), followed by members of Tylenchina (67 species). Where available, first records for Germany are given together with data on habitat, distribution and the hosts of zooparasitic species. A high number of valid species (95) were originally described from Germany; 20 additional species have been synonymised with previously described species or are considered as species inquirendae. Published data are critically reviewed and some new records are added. Many published records are considered as questionable and need verification. Part of the species is deficiently characterised and requires further study. The number of unidentified and still undescribed species appears to be high.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogens, Parasites, and Parasitoids Associated with Bumble Bees (Bombus Spp.) from Uruguay
    Apidologie Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2016 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-016-0474-2 Pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids associated with bumble bees (Bombus spp.) from Uruguay 1 2 3 2 Santiago PLISCHUK , Sheena SALVARREY , Natalia ARBULO , Estela SANTOS , 4 4 5 5 Jeffrey H. SKEVINGTON , Scott KELSO , Pablo D. REVAINERA , Matías D. MAGGI , 2 1,6 Ciro INVERNIZZI , Carlos E. LANGE 1Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CCT La Plata CONICET—UNLP), Boulevard 120 # 1460, 1900, La Plata, Argentina 2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay 3Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de la República, Rocha, Uruguay 4Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada 5Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (UNMdP), CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina 6Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina Received6July2016– Revised 24 August 2016 – Accepted 21 September 2016 Abstract – As elsewhere in the world, bumble bees play a vital role as pollinators in Uruguay, but knowledge on their health status is still limited. Between September 2012 and May 2013, 403 adult individuals of the two species of Bombus known for the country (Bombus atratus , Bombus bellicosus ) were collected in six localities. We found that 177 (119 B. atratus ,58B. bellicosus ) were harboring one or two types of pathogens, parasites, or parasitoids. Identification of these natural enemies carried out by morphological or molecular procedures revealed the presence of two species of Microsporidia [Nosema ceranae (prevalence: 18.2 % in B. atratus ;44.9%inB. bellicosus ), Tubulinosema pampeana (prevalence: 13 % in B.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogens, Parasites, and Parasitoids Associated
    Pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids associated with bumble bees (Bombus spp.) from Uruguay Santiago Plischuk, Sheena Salvarrey, Natalia Arbulo, Estela Santos, Jeffrey H. Skevington, Scott Kelso, Pablo D. Revainera, Matías D. Maggi, Ciro Invernizzi, Carlos E. Lange To cite this version: Santiago Plischuk, Sheena Salvarrey, Natalia Arbulo, Estela Santos, Jeffrey H. Skevington, et al.. Pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids associated with bumble bees (Bombus spp.) from Uruguay. Apidologie, 2017, 48 (3), pp.298-310. 10.1007/s13592-016-0474-2. hal-02973423 HAL Id: hal-02973423 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02973423 Submitted on 21 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2017) 48:298–310 Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2016 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-016-0474-2 Pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids associated with bumble bees (Bombus spp.) from Uruguay 1 2 3 2 Santiago PLISCHUK , Sheena SALVARREY , Natalia ARBULO , Estela SANTOS , 4 4 5 5 Jeffrey H. SKEVINGTON , Scott KELSO , Pablo D. REVAINERA ,
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitic in the Gall Midge Lasioptera Donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
    Syst Parasitol (2014) 89:247–252 DOI 10.1007/s11230-014-9524-1 Tripius gyraloura n. sp. (Aphelenchoidea: Sphaerulariidae) parasitic in the gall midge Lasioptera donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) George Poinar Jr. • Donald B. Thomas Received: 14 August 2014 / Accepted: 15 September 2014 Ó The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract A new nematode, Tripius gyraloura n. sp., and are being made to find insects that feed on this is described from the arundo gall midge, Lasioptera invasive plant and may be useful in reducing its donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). This gall negative impacts (Seawright et al., 2009). The arundo midge is being considered as a biological control agent gall midge, Lasioptera donacis Coutin (Diptera: for use in North America against the introduced giant Cecidomyiidae), is one of the insects under consider- reed Arundo donax (L.) (Poaceae: Cyperales). Thus ation. Studies were initiated at a quarantine facility in the present study was initiated to investigate a Texas to determine the potential of L. donacis nematode parasite that was unknown at the time imported from Europe as a biological control agent studies with L. donacis were initiated. The new species of giant reed. During these investigations, it was has a rapid development in the fly host and the mature discovered that some of the larvae, pupae and adults of parasitic female nematodes evert their uterine cells in Lasioptera donacis sent from Europe were infected by the hosts’ hemolymph. Because large numbers of a single species of parasitic nematode of the genus nematodes sterilise the host, eradication of the parasite Tripius Chitwood, 1935 (Sphaerulariidae).
    [Show full text]