DOCSLIB.ORG

Bumble Bees and Their Parasites Across European Communities: Sphaerularia Bombi in Native and Non-Native Hosts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bumble Bees and Their Parasites Across European Communities: Sphaerularia Bombi in Native and Non-Native Hosts Bumble bees and their parasites across European communities: Sphaerularia bombi in native and non-native hosts Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University of London Royal Holloway, University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX Catherine Mary Jones September 2013 1 Declaration page I, Catherine Mary Jones, declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, it is always clearly stated. Catherine Mary Jones 2 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Mark Brown, for selecting me as his first PhD student at Royal Holloway, University of London. Without his support and encouragement, the four years of my research would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my advisor, Vincent Jansen, and the technical and administration staff in the School of Biological Sciences, especially Tracey Jeffries, Rob Prouse and Sue Baldwin. I am grateful to the BBSRC for the DTG to fund my research and the YES and Vitae courses that I attended. My thanks also go to Joe Colgan for sharing his knowledge about Irish bumble bees and nematodes, to Roland Loosli, Paul and Regula Schmid-Hempel for helping with my fieldwork in Zurich, to Joe Colgan, Jim Carolan, and Nicola Marples for helping with my fieldwork in Dublin, and to Heather Rumble for looking after my bees in the lab while I was away. I would like to thank all the members of the Brown Lab at Royal Holloway, for their support in the Bee Room and the Ecology Lab, especially Matthias Fürst and Gemma Baron - and for organising so many fabulous social events. My thanks also go to Matthias Fürst, for showing me how to extract DNA from tissue samples and prepare it to send for sequencing, to Frances Medaney, for always being willing to help in the Molecular lab and to Selena Brace for spending days (weeks?) helping me to edit, align and analyse my DNA sequences and building the phylogenetic tree. My thanks and love to Christine and Eric Jones for reading my first manuscript and asking questions about my research, and to Oscar, Percy, Daisy and Millie (who is no longer with us) for providing support as only a dog or cats can. Finally, many thanks, and lots of love, to Lindsay Pilling, for financial support, for practical advice and always being there to give me encouragement and a hug. 3 Abstract My research investigated the host-parasite relationships between Bombus species and their generalist parasites, considering both the host community and the parasite community. This research was based in Europe and thus the focus was on European Bombus spp. particularly B. terrestris and B. hypnorum, and their parasites species, particularly the nematode Sphaerularia bombi. Bumble bees are important pollinators and are in global decline. Thus investigating their parasites, one of the factors that may be driving the decline, is vital both for the continued provision of this ecosystem service and for the conservation of bumble bees. Initially I investigated the generalist endoparasites, particularly S. bombi, across three European populations of B. terrestris, collected in England, Switzerland and Ireland. I found that parasite prevalence differed across the European populations sampled e.g. the prevalence of S. bombi in B. terrestris queens is highest in Ireland. I also provide details of the bee husbandry and dissection methods used throughout my research. I focused on England to examine the prevalence and impact of parasite communities found in the non-native species, B. hypnorum, and in five native Bombus host species. I also estimated the genetic diversity of the non-native B. hypnorum, from both the invaded (i.e. England) and native range (i.e. continental Europe), and that of two native Bombus species, B. terrestris and B. lucorum. The invasive B. hypnorum had higher parasite prevalence and lower functional genetic diversity than native species. Although parasites had a higher impact on the invader’s fitness than on native species, parasites and low genetic diversity have not prevented the rapid invasion of the UK by B. hypnorum. Having observed that infected B. hypnorum queens do not appear to deposit S. bombi parasite larvae in their faeces, I quantified parasite reproduction in infected hosts to examine the competence of the non-native B. hypnorum as a host for this generalist parasite. I found that S. bombi larvae are not deposited in the faeces of infected B. hypnorum queens suggesting that B. hypnorum is not a competent host for S. bombi. The host–parasite relationship between S. bombi and this non-native 4 bumble bee may alter the relationships between S. bombi and congeneric native host species. Using standard molecular techniques, I investigated the phylogeography of S. bombi across Europe and asked whether the S. bombi parasites, found in non- native B. hypnorum in England, originate from England or from Continental Europe: Did the non-native B. hypnorum acquire parasites in the UK or were they co- introduced with the invading host? I found that the S. bombi population did not appear to be structured across the European native and non-native hosts sampled and therefore I was unable to establish whether these parasites were acquired or introduced. Finally, I discuss what I have discovered during my research, how has this work added to the current knowledge on the subject and which areas warrant further investigation. 5 Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... 6 Table of Figures ....................................................................................................... 11 Table of Tables ......................................................................................................... 12 Table of Plates ......................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1. General introduction ......................................................................... 14 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 14 Species introductions and biological invasions ..................................................... 14 Parasites ............................................................................................................... 15 The role of parasites in biological invasions ......................................................... 15 Parasite spill-over and parasite spill-back ......................................................... 16 Parasite dilution ................................................................................................. 16 Reservoir host ................................................................................................... 17 Host competence .............................................................................................. 17 Enemy release hypothesis (ERH) ..................................................................... 17 Evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) .............................................. 18 Local adaptation ................................................................................................... 18 Generation time ................................................................................................. 19 Migration rates .................................................................................................. 19 Virulence and transmission routes .................................................................... 19 Population size and reproduction ...................................................................... 20 Study system ........................................................................................................ 20 Host system: Bumble bees ................................................................................... 20 Global bumble bee declines .............................................................................. 20 Bumble bee lifecycle ......................................................................................... 21 Bumble bee global distribution .......................................................................... 21 Haplodiploidy ..................................................................................................... 21 Commercial bumble bees ................................................................................. 22 6 British bumble bees ........................................................................................... 22 B. hypnorum ...................................................................................................... 23 Bee husbandry in the laboratory ....................................................................... 24 Parasite systems .................................................................................................. 26 Sphaerularia bombi ........................................................................................... 26 Apicystis bombi ................................................................................................. 27 Crithidia bombi .................................................................................................. 27 Nosema bombi .................................................................................................. 28 Locustacarus buchneri .....................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Abstract of the Thesis Of
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sarah A. Maxfield-Taylor for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology presented on March 26, 2014. Title: Natural Enemies of Native Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Western Oregon Abstract approved: _____________________________________________ Sujaya U. Rao Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are important native pollinators in wild and agricultural systems, and are one of the few groups of native bees commercially bred for use in the pollination of a range of crops. In recent years, declines in bumble bees have been reported globally. One factor implicated in these declines, believed to affect bumble bee colonies in the wild and during rearing, is natural enemies. A diversity of fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and parasitoids has been reported to affect bumble bees, to varying extents, in different parts of the world. In contrast to reports of decline elsewhere, bumble bees have been thriving in Oregon on the West Coast of the U.S.A.. In particular, the agriculturally rich Willamette Valley in the western part of the state appears to be fostering several species. Little is known, however, about the natural enemies of bumble bees in this region. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) identify pathogens and parasites in (a) bumble bees from the wild, and (b) bumble bees reared in captivity and (2) examine the effects of disease on bee hosts. Bumble bee queens and workers were collected from diverse locations in the Willamette Valley, in spring and summer. Bombus mixtus, Bombus nevadensis, and Bombus vosnesenskii collected from the wild were dissected and examined for pathogens and parasites, and these organisms were identified using morphological and molecular characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematodes As Biocontrol Agents This Page Intentionally Left Blank Nematodes As Biocontrol Agents
    Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents This page intentionally left blank Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents Edited by Parwinder S. Grewal Department of Entomology Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio USA Ralf-Udo Ehlers Department of Biotechnology and Biological Control Institute for Phytopathology Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Raisdorf Germany David I. Shapiro-Ilan United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, Georgia USA CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: þ44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: þ1 617 395 4056 Fax: þ44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: þ1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org ßCAB International 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mech- anically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nematodes as biocontrol agents / edited by Parwinder S. Grewal, Ralf- Udo Ehlers, David I. Shapiro-Ilan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-017-7 (alk. paper) 1. Nematoda as biological pest control agents. I. Grewal, Parwinder S. II. Ehlers, Ralf-Udo. III. Shaprio-Ilan, David I. SB976.N46N46 2005 632’.96–dc22 2004030022 ISBN 0 85199 0177 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn This volume is dedicated to Dr Harry K.
    [Show full text]
  • PETITION to LIST the Rusty Patched Bumble Bee Bombus Affinis
    PETITION TO LIST The rusty patched bumble bee Bombus affinis (Cresson), 1863 AS AN ENDANGERED SPECIES UNDER THE U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Female Bombus affinis foraging on Dalea purpurea at Pheasant Branch Conservancy, Wisconsin, 2012, Photo © Christy Stewart Submitted by The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Prepared by Sarina Jepsen, Elaine Evans, Robbin Thorp, Rich Hatfield, and Scott Hoffman Black January 31, 2013 1 The Honorable Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior Office of the Secretary Department of the Interior 18th and C Street N.W. Washington D.C., 20240 Dear Mr. Salazar: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation hereby formally petitions to list the rusty patched bumble bee (Bombus affinis) as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. This petition is filed under 5 U.S.C. 553(e) and 50 CFR 424.14(a), which grants interested parties the right to petition for issue of a rule from the Secretary of the Interior. Bumble bees are iconic pollinators that contribute to our food security and the healthy functioning of our ecosystems. The rusty patched bumble bee was historically common from the Upper Midwest to the eastern seaboard, but in recent years it has been lost from more than three quarters of its historic range and its relative abundance has declined by ninety-five percent. Existing regulations are inadequate to protect this species from disease and other threats. We are aware that this petition sets in motion a specific process placing definite response requirements on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and very specific time constraints upon those responses.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Biological Control of Invasive
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States Roy Van Driesche Bernd Blossey Mark Hoddle Suzanne Lyon Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2002-04 Department of Service August 2002 Agriculture BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Technical Coordinators Roy Van Driesche and Suzanne Lyon Department of Entomology, University of Massachusets, Amherst, MA Bernd Blossey Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Mark Hoddle Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA, Forest Service, Morgantown, WV USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the authors of the individual chap- We would also like to thank the U.S. Depart- ters for their expertise in reviewing and summariz- ment of Agriculture–Forest Service, Forest Health ing the literature and providing current information Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West on biological control of the major invasive plants in Virginia, for providing funding for the preparation the Eastern United States. and printing of this publication. G. Keith Douce, David Moorhead, and Charles Additional copies of this publication can be or- Bargeron of the Bugwood Network, University of dered from the Bulletin Distribution Center, Uni- Georgia (Tifton, Ga.), managed and digitized the pho- versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, (413) tographs and illustrations used in this publication and 545-2717; or Mark Hoddle, Department of Entomol- produced the CD-ROM accompanying this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Uptake by the Insect-Parasitic Nematode, Sphaerularia Bombi (Tylenchida)
    Food Uptake by the Insect-parasitic Nematode, Sphaerularia bombi (Tylenchida) GEORGE O. POINAR, JR. and ROBERTA HESS 1 Abstract: The insect-parasitic female of Sphaerularia bombi everts its uterus and associated reproductive structures into the body cavity of its bumblebee host. This uterine sac then takes over the normal functions of the parasite and leads an independent existence. An examination of this sac shows that the surface of the uterine cells are differentiated into a network of saccular indentations separating off fine cytoplasmic extensions. The folding of adjacent cytoplasmic extensions around portions of the host's hemolymph results in the formation of pinocytotic vacuoles. Intracellular vacuoles are also formed at the base of the saccular indentations. It appears that the first stage of intracellular digestion in S. bombi initially occurs by pinocytosis in the outer surface of the uterine cells. The inner and outer surfaces of the ovary and oviduct are modified into lobelike projections to increase the absorptive surface area, and electron-dense droplets originating in this tissue were also observed in the developing eggs. The hypothesis is presented that soluble nutrients are passed into the ovary-oviduct tissue where, after being reconstituted into droplets, they enter the developing eggs. Key Words: nourishment, parasite, bumblebee. Little information is available on the uptake hemocoel where they develop to third-stage ef nutrients by nematodes. Absorption juveniles (3). Since there is no growth or normally occurs through the intestinal cells, development of the original female, it appeared although simple diffusion of nutrients may also that host nutrients must be absorbed by the occur through the cuticle in animal-parasitic uterus, which has assumed an independent role.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prevalence of the Parasitic Nematode Sphaerularia Sp. in the Overwintering Gynes of Parapol
    JHR 38: 37–43 (2014) The prevalence of the parasitic nematodeSphaerularia sp... 37 doi: 10.3897/JHR.38.6562 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.pensoft.net/journals/jhr The prevalence of the parasitic nematode Sphaerularia sp. in the overwintering gynes of Parapolybia spp. (Hymenoptera, Polistinae) Fuki Saito-Morooka1 1 Department of Environment Systems, Faculty of Geo-environmental Science, Rissho University, Kumagaya 360-0194, Japan Corresponding author: Fuki Saito-Morooka ([email protected]) Academic editor: Jack Neff | Received 4 November 2013 | Accepted 25 April 2014 | Published 12 June 2014 http://zoobank.org/AF74A7A9-12F5-418E-A239-C07280A474F5 Citation: Saito-Morooka F (2014) The prevalence of the parasitic nematode Sphaerularia sp. in the overwintering gynes of Parapolybia spp. (Hymenoptera, Polistinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 38: 37–43. doi: 10.3897/JHR.38.6562 Abstract I report for the first time the parasitization of overwintering gynes of Parapolybia species by the ento- mogenous nematode Sphaerularia sp. (Tylenchidae). The nematode was found in 42% of the overwin- tering wasp clusters examined but occurred in only 6% of individual wasps. The prevalence of parasitic nematodes among group hibernating hymenoptera is briefly discussed and compared with that in solitary hibernating hymenopterans. Keywords Parapolybia, group hibernation, gyne, parasitic nematode, Polistinae Introduction The parasitic nematodes of social hymenopterans include Mermithidae, Pheromermis pachysoma (von Linstow), for Vespula spp. (Poinar et al. 1975; Edwards 1980) and Tylenchidae, Sphaerularia bombi Dufour, 1837, for Bombus spp. (Poinar and van der Laan 1972; Poinar and Hess 1972; McCorquodale et al. 1998; Schmid-Hempel 1998) and S. vespae Kanzaki et al., 2007, for Vespa simillima Smith (Sayama et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Infection by the Castrating Parasitic Nematode Sphaerularia Bombi Changes Gene Expression in Bombus Terrestris Bumblebee Queens
    Infection by the castrating parasitic nematode Sphaerularia bombi changes gene expression in Bombus terrestris bumblebee queens Thomas J. Colgan1,2,3*, James C. Carolan4, Seirian Sumner5, Mark L. Blaxter6, Mark J. F. Brown7* Affiliation: 1. Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. 2. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom. 3. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. 4. Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland. 5. Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. 6. School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom. 7. Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. Correspondence: Thomas J. Colgan [email protected] Mark J.F. Brown [email protected] Short running title: Nematode alters bumblebee queen gene expression. 1 Abstract Parasitism can result in dramatic changes in host phenotype, which are themselves underpinned by genes and their expression. Understanding how hosts respond at the molecular level to parasites can therefore reveal the molecular architecture of an altered host phenotype. The entomoparasitic nematode Sphaerularia bombi is a parasite of bumblebee (Bombus) hosts where it induces complex behavioural changes and host castration. To examine this interaction at the molecular level, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling using RNA-Seq of S. bombi-infected Bombus terrestris queens at two critical time-points: during and just after overwintering diapause.
    [Show full text]
  • Haired Bumblebee (Bombus Subterraneus) to the UK
    Natural England Commissioned Report NECR216 Disease risk analysis for the reintroduction of the short- haired bumblebee (Bombus subterraneus) to the UK First published 14 September 2016 www.gov.uk/natural -england Foreword Natural England commission a range of reports from external contractors to provide evidence and advice to assist us in delivering our duties. The views in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Natural England. Background In 2007, Natural England proposed the re- More broadly, it is important to consider introduction of the short-haired bumblebee parasites explicitly within reintroductions, if we (Bombus subterraneus) to the UK, a species want reintroductions to succeed and, at the declared regionally extinct in 2000. A same time, have minimal negative impacts to reintroduction project for this bumblebee was the areas where animals and plants are being formed in 2009 with partners Natural England, taken from and introduced to. Hymettus, the RSPB and the Bumblebee This report considers how the risk of disease in Conservation Trust, with the intention being both native UK bee populations and in the to re-establish a sustainable population of this reintroduced bees might be investigated through bee in the UK and to act as a flagship for surveillance and mitigated through disease bumblebee conservation more generally. control and other measures. This report sets out the findings of a Disease It is important for Natural England: Risk Analysis (DRA) conducted in 2011 for the reintroduction of the short-haired bumblebee to • to be informed of potential alien infectious the UK, sourced from southern Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of Entomophilic Nematodes in Insect Management 1 John M
    270 Journal of Nematology, Volume 12, No. 4, October 1980 terial parasite of a plant nematode: morphology and Pasteuria-Blastobacter group. Can. J. Microbiol. 19: ultrastrueture. J. Bacteriol. 129:1091-1101. 609-614. 26. Sayre, R. M., W. P. Wergin, and R. E. Davis. 30. Thorne, G. 1940. Duboscqia penetrans n. sp. 1977. Occurrence of Moina rectirostris (Cladocera: (Sporozoa, Microsporidia, Nosematidae), a parasite Daphnidae) of a plant morphologically similar to of the nematode Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man) Pasteuria ramosa (Metchnikoff, 1888). Can. J. Filipjev. Proc. Hehn. Soc. Wash. 7:52-53. Microbiol. 23:1573-1579. 31. Walker. J. T. 1969. Pratylenchus penetrans 27. Shepherd, A. M., S. A. Clark, and A. Kemp- (Cobb) populations as influenced by microorganisms ton. 1973. An intracellular microorganism associated and soil amendments. J. Nematol. 1:260-264. with tissues of Heterodera spp. Nematologica 19: 32. Williams, J. R. 1960. Studies on the nema- 31-34. tode soil fauna of sugarcane fields in Mauritius. 28. Slack, J. M., and M. A. Gerencser. 1975. Nematologica 5:37-42. Actinomyces, filamentous bacteria; biology and 33. Williams, J. R. 1967. Observations on para- pathogenicity. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis. sitic protozoa in plant-parasitic and free-living nem- p. 175. atodes. Nematologica 13:336-342. '29. Staley, J. T. 1973. Budding bacteria of the Biocontroh The Potential of Entomophilic Nematodes in Insect Management 1 John M. Webster 2 Abstract: A review of the development of entomophilic nematology and a commentary on the potential of entomophilic nematodes in controlling insect pests. The paper considers some of the major contributions to our knowledge of entomophilic nematology; factors involved in insect pest management and how they are applicable to the use of nematodes; nematodes which are most promising as biological control agents; and problems to be solved to facilitate the use of entomophilic nematodes in insect management.
    [Show full text]
  • Download As A
    FGC - 670.1 (3/94) A PETITION TO THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION For action pursuant to Section 670.1, Title 14, California Code of Regulations (CCR) and Sections 2072 and 2073 of the Fish and Game Code relating to listing and delisting endangered and threatened species of plants and animals. I. SPECIES BEING PETITIONED: 1. Common Name: Crotch bumble bee Scientific Name: Bombus crotchii 2. Common Name: Franklin’s bumble bee Scientific Name: Bombus franklini 3. Common Name: Suckley cuckoo bumble bee Scientific Name: Bombus suckleyi 4. Common Name: Western bumble bee Scientific Name: Bombus occidentalis occidentalis II. RECOMMENDED ACTION: 1. Common Name: Crotch bumble bee As Endangered X Scientific Name: Bombus crotchii 2. Common Name: Franklin’s bumble bee As Endangered X Scientific Name: Bombus franklini 3. Common Name: Suckley cuckoo bumble bee As Endangered X Scientific Name: Bombus suckleyi 4. Common Name: Western bumble bee As Endangered X Scientific Name: Bombus occidentalis occidentalis III. AUTHOR OF PETITION: Name: The Xerces Society, including: Rich Hatfield, Sarina Jepsen, Sarah Foltz Jordan, Michele Blackburn, Aimée Code Address: 628 NE Broadway, Portland, OR 97232 Phone Number: 503-232-6639 1 I hereby certify that, to the best of my knowledge, all statements made in this petition are true and complete. Signature: Date: 16 October 2018 FGC - 670.1 (3/94) 2 A PETITION TO THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION TO LIST The Crotch bumble bee (Bombus crotchii), Franklin’s bumble bee (Bombus franklini), Suckley cuckoo bumble bee (Bombus suckleyi), and western bumble bee (Bombus occidentalis occidentalis) as Endangered under the California Endangered Species Act Bombus crotchii, by Stephanie McKnight, the Xerces Society (top left); Bombus franklini, by Pete Schroeder (top right); Bombus occidentalis occidentalis, by Rich Hatfield, the Xerces Society (bottom left); Bombus suckleyi, by Hadel Go/www.discoverlife.org (bottom right).
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide for the Biological Control of Weeds in Eastern North America
    US Department TECHNOLOGY of Agriculture TRANSFER FIELD GUIDE FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Rachel L. Winston, Carol B. Randall, Bernd Blossey, Philip W. Tipping, Ellen C. Lake, and Judy Hough-Goldstein Forest Health Technology FHTET-2016-04 Enterprise Team April 2017 The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photos: Purple loosestrife (Jennifer Andreas, Washington State University Extension), Galerucella calmariensis (David Cappaert, Michigan State University, bugwood.org), tropical soda apple ((J. Jeffrey Mullahey, University of Florida, bugwood.org), Gratiana boliviana (Rodrigo Diaz, Louisiana State University), waterhyacinth (Chris Evans, University of Illinois, bugwood.org), Megamelus scutellaris (Jason D. Stanley, USDA ARS, bugwood.org), mile-a-minute weed (Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, bugwood.org), Rhinoncomimus latipes (Amy Diercks, bugwood.org) How to cite this publication: Winston, R.L., C.B. Randall, B. Blossey, P.W. Tipping, E.C. Lake, and J. Hough-Goldstein. 2017. Field Guide for the Biological Control of Weeds in Eastern North America. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2016-04. In accordance with
    [Show full text]
  • Nematodes of the Order Tylenchida in Germany – the Non-Phytoparasitic Species
    88 (1) · April 2016 pp. 19–41 Nematodes of the order Tylenchida in Germany – the non-phytoparasitic species Dieter Sturhan1* and Karin Hohberg² 1 Arnethstr. 13D, 48159 Münster, Germany and c/o Julius Kühn-Institut, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany ² Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 Görlitz, Germany * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 15 February 2016 | Accepted 30 March 2016 Published online at www.soil-organisms.de 1 April 2016 | Printed version 15 April 2016 Abstract In the recently published checklist of plant-parasitic nematodes known from Germany (Sturhan 2014) genera and species of the order Tylenchida, which are generally considered as being parasites of higher plants, represent the largest taxonomic group with 212 species. The present paper gives an overview of the remaining trophic groups in Tylenchida: Root tip feeders, myceliophagous species and entomoparasites, the latter often having a free-living soil generation. A total of 165 species are included, most of them representatives of the suborder Hexatylina (96 species), followed by members of Tylenchina (67 species). Where available, first records for Germany are given together with data on habitat, distribution and the hosts of zooparasitic species. A high number of valid species (95) were originally described from Germany; 20 additional species have been synonymised with previously described species or are considered as species inquirendae. Published data are critically reviewed and some new records are added. Many published records are considered as questionable and need verification. Part of the species is deficiently characterised and requires further study. The number of unidentified and still undescribed species appears to be high.
    [Show full text]