DOCSLIB.ORG

Pathogens, Parasites, and Parasitoids Associated with Bumble Bees (Bombus Spp.) from Uruguay

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pathogens, Parasites, and Parasitoids Associated with Bumble Bees (Bombus Spp.) from Uruguay Apidologie Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2016 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-016-0474-2 Pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids associated with bumble bees (Bombus spp.) from Uruguay 1 2 3 2 Santiago PLISCHUK , Sheena SALVARREY , Natalia ARBULO , Estela SANTOS , 4 4 5 5 Jeffrey H. SKEVINGTON , Scott KELSO , Pablo D. REVAINERA , Matías D. MAGGI , 2 1,6 Ciro INVERNIZZI , Carlos E. LANGE 1Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CCT La Plata CONICET—UNLP), Boulevard 120 # 1460, 1900, La Plata, Argentina 2Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay 3Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de la República, Rocha, Uruguay 4Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada 5Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (UNMdP), CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina 6Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina Received6July2016– Revised 24 August 2016 – Accepted 21 September 2016 Abstract – As elsewhere in the world, bumble bees play a vital role as pollinators in Uruguay, but knowledge on their health status is still limited. Between September 2012 and May 2013, 403 adult individuals of the two species of Bombus known for the country (Bombus atratus , Bombus bellicosus ) were collected in six localities. We found that 177 (119 B. atratus ,58B. bellicosus ) were harboring one or two types of pathogens, parasites, or parasitoids. Identification of these natural enemies carried out by morphological or molecular procedures revealed the presence of two species of Microsporidia [Nosema ceranae (prevalence: 18.2 % in B. atratus ;44.9%inB. bellicosus ), Tubulinosema pampeana (prevalence: 13 % in B. atratus )], two species of Nematoda [Sphaerularia bombi (prevalence: 40.4 % in B. atratus ;40%inB. bellicosus ) and an unidentified Mermithidae (prevalence: 0.8 % in B. bellicosus )], and one species of Diptera parasitoid (prevalence: 3.2 % in B. atratus ; 4.2 % in B. bellicosus ). Except N. ceranae , none of the other species have been previously reported in Uruguay. Conopidae / Microsporidia / Nematoda / pollinator 1. INTRODUCTION Bombus atratus Franklin1 and B. bellicosus Smith (Santos et al. 2013). Both are relatively Of the 250 species of Bombus bumble bees common in southern South America and abundant currently recognized worldwide (Cameron et al. in the Pampas region. Since much of this region 2007),twoareknowntooccurinUruguay, has become a heavily used agro-ecosystem, these insects provide essential pollination services not only for relict natural vegetation but also for a Electronic supplementary material The online version of variety of crops (Arbulo et al. 2011). Despite their this article (doi:10.1007/s13592-016-0474-2) contains central relevance in such an important process and supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 1 The widely adopted name B. atratus is used in this Corresponding author: S. Plischuk, contribution although according to some authors (Moure [email protected] and Melo 2012), the valid one would be Bombus Manuscript Editor: James Nieh pauloensis . Plischuk S. et al. although pathogens and parasites have been sig- quantified using an Improved Neubauer hemocytometer naled as a relevant mortality factor (Kissinger by counting of spores (Undeen and Vávra 1997). et al. 2011 and references therein), the current Due to morphological similarity between species of health status of bumble bees in Uruguay is still Nosema , the microsporidia genus known to be associ- poorly known being the microsporidium Nosema ated with bumble bees, molecular identification was ceranae Fries et al. the only pathogen reported in carried out by Multiplex PCR using specific primers the country associated with these insects (Arbulo for16SSSUrRNAofNosema ceranae (218MITOC), et al. 2015). With the aim to increase the knowl- Nosema apis Zander (321APIS), and Nosema bombi edge about the diversity of pathogens, parasites, Fantham and Porter (BOMBICAR) (see Plischuk et al. and parasitoids naturally harbored by Bombus 2009). Briefly, genetic material was extracted from species known to inhabit this area, we provide infected tissues before homogenization using a QIAamp novel information on the presence, prevalence, Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) following the manufac- intensity of infections, and co-infection rates of turer’s instructions but modifying the final volume of the parasitic natural enemy complex2 associated 60 μL of elution with AVE buffer to a final volume of to B. atratus and B. bellicosus . 46 μL. Multiplex reactions were performed in a volume of 25 μL using 1.5 μLofMgCl2 (50 mM), 2.5 μLof PCR 10× buffer, 0.2 μL of Taq polymerase (50 U/μL), 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1 μL of dNTPs (10 mM), 0.25 of each primer (40 μM), and 2.5 μL of template DNA. Final volume was A total of 403 adult bumble bees (285 B. atratus , achieved with distilled water. Samples were denatured 118 B. bellicosus ) were individually collected at six at 94 °C for 2 min followed by 10 cycles of 94 °C for localities belonging to five departments3 in southern 15 s, 61.8 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 45 s. After that, 20 Uruguay [INIA-La Estanzuela (Dept. Colonia), Monte- cycles were added but increasing 5 s to the last step of video (Dept. Montevideo), Sarandí Grande (Dept. Flor- each one, followed by a final extension step of 72 °C for ida), Villa Soriano (Dept. Soriano), Sauce (Dept. 7 min. Positive controls were provided by Dr. Mariano Canelones), Canelón Chico (Dept. Canelones); Higes, Centro Agrario de Marchamalo, Spain. Amplifi- Table I, Figure 1] between September 2012 and April cation products were analyzed by 2 % agarose gels in 2013. They were captured while foraging using plastic TBE 0.5× buffer (Tris 10.8 g, boric acid 5.5 g, EDTA jars directly from flowers and conserved until dissection 0.5 M pH 8, 4 mL per 100 mL) and treated with GelRed either in 70 % ethanol or frozen (−32 °C). Individuals nucleic acid stain (Biotium, Hayward, USA). were dissected using a Nikon SMZ745T stereoscopic Tubulinosema pampeana Plischuk et al., a recently microscope (×10, ×40) (Lange 1996). Initially, bumble described microsporidium from B. atratus, can be read- bees were checked for parasites and parasitoids of the ily identified and differentiated with compound micros- metasomal cavity such as nematodes and juvenile dip- copy from Nosema species by its spore size and ap- teran stages. Afterwards, tracheae were scrutinized for pearance as well as affected tissue and typical gross mites. Finally, small portions of different tissues and pathology (Plischuk et al. 2015). organs were extracted in order to prepare fresh smears Observation of Nematoda characters was done using with one-quarter-strength Ringer’s solution (Poinar and simple stereoscopic microscopy (×10, ×40) as well as Thomas 1984) for detection of microsporidia and pro- compound (bright field) microscopy (×400, ×1000) tists (Lange and Lord 2012;Solteretal.2012). Obser- (Plischuk and Lange 2012). Identification was carried vations were done using phase-contrast microscopy out following appropriate keys (Pouvreau 1962;Poinar (Nikon E200; ×400, ×1000). Microsporidia spore sus- 1977;Siddiqi2000). pensions were obtained by homogenization of the Parasitoid larvae hard structures were observed whole infected insect in 2 mL of distilled water and and photographed using both simple (×10, ×40) and compound (bright field) microscopy (×400, ×1000). Soft larval tissues are completely digested 2 Into Bparasitic natural enemy complex^ we include path- ogens, parasites, and parasitoids as defined by Onstad et al. when exposed to a Proteinase K-based total DNA (2006). extraction protocol. The middle of the larval body 3 Main national geographic subdivisions. was excised for DNA extraction, allowing the Parasitic natural enemies of bumble bees Table I. Sample localities and prevalence (%) of pathogens (Microsporidia), parasites (Nematoda), and parasitoids (Diptera) of Bombus atratus and Bombus bellicosus from Uruguay during season 2012–2013 (n =403) Locality Species Caste Microsporidia Nematoda Diptera (department) (n ) Nosema Tubulinosema Sphaerularia Mermithidae Conopidae ceranae pampeana bombi INIA–La Estanzuela B. atratus W(75) 45 –––9 ′ (Colonia) 34° 20 S; M(2) –– – – – 57° 41′ W B. bellicosus W(50) 76 ––28 M(13) 15 –––– Montevideo B. atratus Q(93) 22 37 41 –– (Montevideo) 34° B. bellicosus Q(5) –– 40 –– 50′ S; 56° 13′ W Sarandí Grande B. atratus W(27) 22 –––8 ′ (Florida) 33° 43 S; M(19) 11 –––5 56° 20′ W B. bellicosus W(22) 45 –––5 M(10) –– – – – Villa Soriano (Soriano) B. atratus W(15) 7 –––– ′ ′ 33° 24 S; 58° 19 W B. bellicosus W(2) –– – – – Sauce (Canelones) B. atratus Q(1) –– – – – ′ ′ 34° 40 S; 56° 02 W W(40) 18 2 ––– M(2) –– – – – B. bellicosus W(15) 7 –––– M(1) –– – – – Canelón Chico B. atratus W(11) – 18 ––– (Canelones) 34° 39′ S; 56° 11′ W W workers, M males, Q queens cephalopharyngeal skeleton and posterior spiracles following manufacturer’s recommendations prior to to be retained as vouchers for each of the specimens sequencing. Sequencing reactions were carried out studied. Total DNA was extracted using a DNeasy® using an ABI BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Se- Tissue kit (Qiagen Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) quencing kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, following the manufacturer’s protocol. DNA ampli- CA) in a volume of 10 μL containing 5 μL purified fications were carried out in 25-μL reactions with PCR template, 1.5 μL 5× sequencing buffer, 2 μL 15.7 μLddH2O, 2.5 μL 10× PCR buffer, 0.65 μL ddH2O, 0.5 μL10μM primer, and 1 μL ABI Big 25 mM MgCl2,1.0μL of each 10 μMprimer,2.0μL Dye reagent and were purified using the ABI etha- 10 mM dNTPs, 0.15 μLExTaq Hot Start DNA nol/ EDTA/ sodium acetate precipitation protocol. polymerase (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan), They were analyzed on an ABI 3130xl Genetic An- and 2 μL genomic DNA template. A 658-base-pair alyzer (PE Applied Biosystems) and identified by fragment of the 5′ end of the COI gene was amplified comparison to known sequences in GenBank using using the primer pair LCO1490 (5′-GGTC BLAST.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Abstract of the Thesis Of
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sarah A. Maxfield-Taylor for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology presented on March 26, 2014. Title: Natural Enemies of Native Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Western Oregon Abstract approved: _____________________________________________ Sujaya U. Rao Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are important native pollinators in wild and agricultural systems, and are one of the few groups of native bees commercially bred for use in the pollination of a range of crops. In recent years, declines in bumble bees have been reported globally. One factor implicated in these declines, believed to affect bumble bee colonies in the wild and during rearing, is natural enemies. A diversity of fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and parasitoids has been reported to affect bumble bees, to varying extents, in different parts of the world. In contrast to reports of decline elsewhere, bumble bees have been thriving in Oregon on the West Coast of the U.S.A.. In particular, the agriculturally rich Willamette Valley in the western part of the state appears to be fostering several species. Little is known, however, about the natural enemies of bumble bees in this region. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) identify pathogens and parasites in (a) bumble bees from the wild, and (b) bumble bees reared in captivity and (2) examine the effects of disease on bee hosts. Bumble bee queens and workers were collected from diverse locations in the Willamette Valley, in spring and summer. Bombus mixtus, Bombus nevadensis, and Bombus vosnesenskii collected from the wild were dissected and examined for pathogens and parasites, and these organisms were identified using morphological and molecular characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Plos ONE 10(5): E0125847
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Hitting an Unintended Target: Phylogeography of Bombus brasiliensis Lepeletier, 1836 and the First New Brazilian Bumblebee Species in a Century (Hymenoptera: Apidae) José Eustáquio Santos Júnior1, Fabrício R. Santos1, Fernando A. Silveira2* 1 Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Santos Júnior JE, Santos FR, Silveira FA (2015) Hitting an Unintended Target: Phylogeography This work tested whether or not populations of Bombus brasiliensis isolated on mountain of Bombus brasiliensis Lepeletier, 1836 and the First tops of southeastern Brazil belonged to the same species as populations widespread in low- New Brazilian Bumblebee Species in a Century (Hymenoptera: Apidae). PLoS ONE 10(5): e0125847. land areas in the Atlantic coast and westward along the Paraná-river valley. Phylogeo- doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125847 graphic and population genetic analyses showed that those populations were all Academic Editor: Sean Brady, Smithsonian National conspecific. However, they revealed a previously unrecognized, apparently rare, and poten- Museum of Natural History, UNITED STATES tially endangered species in one of the most threatened biodiversity hotspots of the World, Received: September 18, 2014 the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This species is described here as Bombus bahiensis sp. n., and included in a revised key for the identification of the bumblebee species known to occur Accepted: March 25, 2015 in Brazil. Phylogenetic analyses based on two mtDNA markers suggest this new species to Published: May 20, 2015 be sister to B.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of Pollen and Plants Used by Bees
    AtlasAtlas ofof pollenpollen andand plantsplants usedused byby beesbees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (organizadores) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (orgs.) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees 1st Edition Rio Claro-SP 2020 'DGRV,QWHUQDFLRQDLVGH&DWDORJD©¥RQD3XEOLFD©¥R &,3 /XPRV$VVHVVRULD(GLWRULDO %LEOLRWHF£ULD3ULVFLOD3HQD0DFKDGR&5% $$WODVRISROOHQDQGSODQWVXVHGE\EHHV>UHFXUVR HOHWU¶QLFR@RUJV&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD6LOYD>HW DO@——HG——5LR&ODUR&,6(22 'DGRVHOHWU¶QLFRV SGI ,QFOXLELEOLRJUDILD ,6%12 3DOLQRORJLD&DW£ORJRV$EHOKDV3µOHQ– 0RUIRORJLD(FRORJLD,6LOYD&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD,, 5DGDHVNL-HIIHUVRQ1XQHV,,,$UHQD0DULDQD9LFWRULQR 1LFRORVL,9%DXHUPDQQ6RUDLD*LUDUGL9&RQVXOWRULD ,QWHOLJHQWHHP6HUYL©RV(FRVVLVWHPLFRV &,6( 9,7¯WXOR &'' Las comunidades vegetales son componentes principales de los ecosistemas terrestres de las cuales dependen numerosos grupos de organismos para su supervi- vencia. Entre ellos, las abejas constituyen un eslabón esencial en la polinización de angiospermas que durante millones de años desarrollaron estrategias cada vez más específicas para atraerlas. De esta forma se establece una relación muy fuerte entre am- bos, planta-polinizador, y cuanto mayor es la especialización, tal como sucede en un gran número de especies de orquídeas y cactáceas entre otros grupos, ésta se torna más vulnerable ante cambios ambientales naturales o producidos por el hombre. De esta forma, el estudio de este tipo de interacciones resulta cada vez más importante en vista del incremento de áreas perturbadas o modificadas de manera antrópica en las cuales la fauna y flora queda expuesta a adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones o desaparecer.
    [Show full text]
  • PETITION to LIST the Rusty Patched Bumble Bee Bombus Affinis
    PETITION TO LIST The rusty patched bumble bee Bombus affinis (Cresson), 1863 AS AN ENDANGERED SPECIES UNDER THE U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Female Bombus affinis foraging on Dalea purpurea at Pheasant Branch Conservancy, Wisconsin, 2012, Photo © Christy Stewart Submitted by The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Prepared by Sarina Jepsen, Elaine Evans, Robbin Thorp, Rich Hatfield, and Scott Hoffman Black January 31, 2013 1 The Honorable Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior Office of the Secretary Department of the Interior 18th and C Street N.W. Washington D.C., 20240 Dear Mr. Salazar: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation hereby formally petitions to list the rusty patched bumble bee (Bombus affinis) as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. This petition is filed under 5 U.S.C. 553(e) and 50 CFR 424.14(a), which grants interested parties the right to petition for issue of a rule from the Secretary of the Interior. Bumble bees are iconic pollinators that contribute to our food security and the healthy functioning of our ecosystems. The rusty patched bumble bee was historically common from the Upper Midwest to the eastern seaboard, but in recent years it has been lost from more than three quarters of its historic range and its relative abundance has declined by ninety-five percent. Existing regulations are inadequate to protect this species from disease and other threats. We are aware that this petition sets in motion a specific process placing definite response requirements on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and very specific time constraints upon those responses.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Egg Size and Shape Evolve with Ecology but Not Developmental Rate Samuel H
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4 Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate Samuel H. Church1,4*, Seth Donoughe1,3,4, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros1 & Cassandra G. Extavour1,2* Over the course of evolution, organism size has diversified markedly. Changes in size are thought to have occurred because of developmental, morphological and/or ecological pressures. To perform phylogenetic tests of the potential effects of these pressures, here we generated a dataset of more than ten thousand descriptions of insect eggs, and combined these with genetic and life-history datasets. We show that, across eight orders of magnitude of variation in egg volume, the relationship between size and shape itself evolves, such that previously predicted global patterns of scaling do not adequately explain the diversity in egg shapes. We show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate and that, for many insects, egg size is not correlated with adult body size. Instead, we find that the evolution of parasitoidism and aquatic oviposition help to explain the diversification in the size and shape of insect eggs. Our study suggests that where eggs are laid, rather than universal allometric constants, underlies the evolution of insect egg size and shape. Size is a fundamental factor in many biological processes. The size of an 526 families and every currently described extant hexapod order24 organism may affect interactions both with other organisms and with (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1). We combined this dataset with the environment1,2, it scales with features of morphology and physi- backbone hexapod phylogenies25,26 that we enriched to include taxa ology3, and larger animals often have higher fitness4.
    [Show full text]
  • Bombus Terrestris) Fat Body and Haemolymph -An Immune Perspective
    A proteomic and cytological characterisation of the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) fat body and haemolymph -An immune perspective A thesis submitted to the Maynooth University, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Dearbhlaith Ellen Larkin B. Sc. October 2018 Supervisor Head of Department Dr Jim Carolan, Prof Paul Moynagh, Applied Proteomics Lab, Dept. of Biology, Dept. of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare. Co. Kildare Table of contents ii List of figures ix List of tables xiii Dissemination of research xvi Acknowledgments xviii Declaration xix Abbreviations xx Abstract xxiii Table of contents Chapter 1 General introduction 1.1 Bumblebees ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.1.1 Bumblebee anatomy ............................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Bombus terrestris .................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Global distribution and habitat ................................................................................................ 8 1.4 Pollination ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Bumblebee declines, cause and effect ................................................................................... 10 1.5.1 Environmental stressors and reduced genetic diversity
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Ecology of Two Pioneer Legumes in a Coastal Plain Degraded by Sand Mining1
    Hoehnea 45(1): 93-102, 2 tab., 2 fi g., 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-53/2017 Reproductive ecology of two pioneer legumes in a coastal plain degraded by sand mining1 Adriana de Oliveira Fidalgo 2,3, Débora Marcouizos Guimarães2, Gabriela Toledo Caldiron2 and José Marcos Barbosa2 Received: 22.08.2017; accepted: 19.12.2017 ABSTRACT - (Reproductive ecology of two pioneer legumes in a coastal plain degraded by sand mining). The present study evaluates and compares the phenology, pollination biology and breeding systems of Chamaecrista desvauxii (Collad.) Killip. and Clitoria laurifolia Poir. in a coastal plain degraded by sand mining in São Paulo State, Brazil, from January 2006 to May 2008. Flowering and fruiting events occurred in the warm and rainy season. Both species are self-compatible but only C. desvauxii was pollinator-dependent to set fruits. A small group of bees, comprising Eufrisea sp., Eulaema (Apeulaema) cingulata and Bombus morio, accessed the male and female fl oral structures and moved among individuals resulting in cross- pollinations. However, only B. morio was a frequent visitor and an effective pollinator. Although recruitment and survival of population in the study area are high for both species, we observed lower abundance and richness of visitors suggesting the possible lack of pollinators and pollen limitation. Keywords: Bee pollination, Bombus, Fabaceae, disturbed areas, pollen limitation RESUMO - (Ecologia reprodutiva de duas leguminosas pioneiras em planície costeira degradada por mineração). O presente estudo avaliou e comparou a fenologia, a biologia da polinização e os sistemas de reprodução de Chamaecrista desvauxii (Collad.) Killip.and Clitoria laurifolia Poir.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Phylogeography in the Atlantic Forest and Brazilian Savannas
    Françoso et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2016) 16:267 DOI 10.1186/s12862-016-0803-0 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Comparative phylogeography in the Atlantic forest and Brazilian savannas: pleistocene fluctuations and dispersal shape spatial patterns in two bumblebees Elaine Françoso1*, Alexandre Rizzo Zuntini2, Ana Carolina Carnaval3,4 and Maria Cristina Arias1 Abstract Background: Bombus morio and B. pauloensis are sympatric widespread bumblebee species that occupy two major Brazilian biomes, the Atlantic forest and the savannas of the Cerrado. Differences in dispersion capacity, which is greater in B. morio, likely influence their phylogeographic patterns. This study asks which processes best explain the patterns of genetic variation observed in B. morio and B. pauloensis, shedding light on the phenomena that shaped the range of local populations and the spatial distribution of intra-specific lineages. Results: Results suggest that Pleistocene climatic oscillations directly influenced the population structure of both species. Correlative species distribution models predict that the warmer conditions of the Last Interglacial contributed to population contraction, while demographic expansion happened during the Last Glacial Maximum. These results are consistent with physiological data suggesting that bumblebees are well adapted to colder conditions. Intra-specific mitochondrial genealogies are not congruent between the two species, which may be explained by their documented differences in dispersal ability. Conclusions: While populations of the high-dispersal B. morio are morphologically and genetically homogeneous across the species range, B. pauloensis encompasses multiple (three) mitochondrial lineages, and show clear genetic, geographic, and morphological differences. Because the lineages of B. pauloensis are currently exposed to distinct climatic conditions (and elevations), parapatric diversification may occur within this taxon.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Uptake by the Insect-Parasitic Nematode, Sphaerularia Bombi (Tylenchida)
    Food Uptake by the Insect-parasitic Nematode, Sphaerularia bombi (Tylenchida) GEORGE O. POINAR, JR. and ROBERTA HESS 1 Abstract: The insect-parasitic female of Sphaerularia bombi everts its uterus and associated reproductive structures into the body cavity of its bumblebee host. This uterine sac then takes over the normal functions of the parasite and leads an independent existence. An examination of this sac shows that the surface of the uterine cells are differentiated into a network of saccular indentations separating off fine cytoplasmic extensions. The folding of adjacent cytoplasmic extensions around portions of the host's hemolymph results in the formation of pinocytotic vacuoles. Intracellular vacuoles are also formed at the base of the saccular indentations. It appears that the first stage of intracellular digestion in S. bombi initially occurs by pinocytosis in the outer surface of the uterine cells. The inner and outer surfaces of the ovary and oviduct are modified into lobelike projections to increase the absorptive surface area, and electron-dense droplets originating in this tissue were also observed in the developing eggs. The hypothesis is presented that soluble nutrients are passed into the ovary-oviduct tissue where, after being reconstituted into droplets, they enter the developing eggs. Key Words: nourishment, parasite, bumblebee. Little information is available on the uptake hemocoel where they develop to third-stage ef nutrients by nematodes. Absorption juveniles (3). Since there is no growth or normally occurs through the intestinal cells, development of the original female, it appeared although simple diffusion of nutrients may also that host nutrients must be absorbed by the occur through the cuticle in animal-parasitic uterus, which has assumed an independent role.
    [Show full text]
  • Aculeata (Insecta, Hymenoptera) Em Ninhos-Armadilha Em Diferentes Tipos Fitofisionômicos De Mata Atlântica No Estado Do Rio De Janeiro
    ACULEATA (INSECTA, HYMENOPTERA) EM NINHOS-ARMADILHA EM DIFERENTES TIPOS FITOFISIONÔMICOS DE MATA ATLÂNTICA NO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO FREDERICO MACHADO TEIXEIRA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO NORTE FLUMINENSE DARCY RIBEIRO – UENF CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES – RJ DEZEMBRO DE 2011 ACULEATA (INSECTA, HYMENOPTERA) EM NINHOS-ARMADILHA EM DIFERENTES TIPOS FITOFISIONÔMICOS DE MATA ATLÂNTICA NO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO FREDERICO MACHADO TEIXEIRA Tese apresentada ao Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título Doutor em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais. Orientadora: Dra. Maria Cristina Gaglianone UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO NORTE FLUMINENSE DARCY RIBEIRO – UENF CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES – RJ DEZEMBRO DE 2011 Agradecimentos Às fontes de financiamento da pesquisa: FAPERJ/CAPES (bolsa de doutorado – processo: 152.727/2005) e aos projetos “Gerenciamento integrado de agroecossistemas em microbacias hidrográficas do norte - noroeste fluminense” (RIO RURAL-GEF), vinculado à Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária, Pesca e Abastecimento do Rio de Janeiro (SEAPPA-RJ), e “O uso de atributos funcionais como ferramenta auxiliar na avaliação da estrutura da comunidade arbórea de fragmentos florestais visando à restauração ecológica” (Fragmentos/FAPERJ) e ao Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica (Procad/CAPES), pela logística e fomento. À Dra. Maria Cristina Gaglianone pela orientação e logística de laboratório e campo. Aos Drs. Gilberto Soares Albuquerque e Marcelo Trindade Nascimento por participarem de meu comitê de acompanhamento. Ao Dr. Marcio Marcelo de Morais Júnior pela revisão desta tese e ajuda com GLM. Às Dras. Silvia Helena Sofia (UEL), Solange Cristina Augusto (UFU) e aos Drs. Marcelo Trindade Nascimento (UENF), Marcio Marcelo de Morais Júnior (UENF), e Carlos Alberto Garófalo por aceitarem fazer parte da banca examinadora.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prevalence of the Parasitic Nematode Sphaerularia Sp. in the Overwintering Gynes of Parapol
    JHR 38: 37–43 (2014) The prevalence of the parasitic nematodeSphaerularia sp... 37 doi: 10.3897/JHR.38.6562 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.pensoft.net/journals/jhr The prevalence of the parasitic nematode Sphaerularia sp. in the overwintering gynes of Parapolybia spp. (Hymenoptera, Polistinae) Fuki Saito-Morooka1 1 Department of Environment Systems, Faculty of Geo-environmental Science, Rissho University, Kumagaya 360-0194, Japan Corresponding author: Fuki Saito-Morooka ([email protected]) Academic editor: Jack Neff | Received 4 November 2013 | Accepted 25 April 2014 | Published 12 June 2014 http://zoobank.org/AF74A7A9-12F5-418E-A239-C07280A474F5 Citation: Saito-Morooka F (2014) The prevalence of the parasitic nematode Sphaerularia sp. in the overwintering gynes of Parapolybia spp. (Hymenoptera, Polistinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 38: 37–43. doi: 10.3897/JHR.38.6562 Abstract I report for the first time the parasitization of overwintering gynes of Parapolybia species by the ento- mogenous nematode Sphaerularia sp. (Tylenchidae). The nematode was found in 42% of the overwin- tering wasp clusters examined but occurred in only 6% of individual wasps. The prevalence of parasitic nematodes among group hibernating hymenoptera is briefly discussed and compared with that in solitary hibernating hymenopterans. Keywords Parapolybia, group hibernation, gyne, parasitic nematode, Polistinae Introduction The parasitic nematodes of social hymenopterans include Mermithidae, Pheromermis pachysoma (von Linstow), for Vespula spp. (Poinar et al. 1975; Edwards 1980) and Tylenchidae, Sphaerularia bombi Dufour, 1837, for Bombus spp. (Poinar and van der Laan 1972; Poinar and Hess 1972; McCorquodale et al. 1998; Schmid-Hempel 1998) and S. vespae Kanzaki et al., 2007, for Vespa simillima Smith (Sayama et al.
    [Show full text]
  • An Endoparasitic Fly Larva in Brazilian Bumblebees
    International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation Vol. 3(8), pp. 383-385, August 2011 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ijbc ISSN 2141-243X ©2011 Academic Journals Short Communication Flying with the enemy: An endoparasitic fly larva in Brazilian bumblebees Mateus Marcondes, Fernando Antonio Cologneze Gomes Pinheiro, Sérgio Rodrigues Morbiolo, Daiane Almeida de Camargo, Vinícius Cardoso Cláudio, Guilherme Sampaio and Fábio Camargo Abdalla* Laboratory of Structural Biology and Functional, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba. Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, km 110, SP 264, Bairro Itinga, CP 3031, CEP 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil. Accepted 9 July, 2011 In the south of Brazil some species of bumblebees are disappearing, such as: Bombus bellicosus in Paraná State. Insecticides and other pesticides and global warming are possible candidates for such phenomena, but none of them has been deeply studied. In forest fragments at southeast of Brazil (Sorocaba City, São Paulo State) tachinid fly larvae were found inside the abdomen of foraging females of Bombus morio and Bombus atratus . It is the first time that the occurrence of such parasitism is described for these species and it could be of some relationship to the disappearance of the genus Bombus . Key words: Bumblebee, Bombus atratus, Bombus morio, parasitism, tachinidae. INTRODUCTION In Brazil, the extinction of the bumblebee Bombus METHODOLOGY bellicosus in Paraná State is an irrefutable reality. According to Martins and Melo (2010), the species was During the daily collection of bees for morphological studies in a forest area fragment (23°34'53.1''S 47°31'29.5'') in the Federal relatively abundant in Paraná until early 1980s, but dis- University of São Carlos (Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil), 12 appeared of the State from 2002.
    [Show full text]