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Aculeata (Insecta, Hymenoptera) Em Ninhos-Armadilha Em Diferentes Tipos Fitofisionômicos De Mata Atlântica No Estado Do Rio De Janeiro

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Aculeata (Insecta, Hymenoptera) Em Ninhos-Armadilha Em Diferentes Tipos Fitofisionômicos De Mata Atlântica No Estado Do Rio De Janeiro ACULEATA (INSECTA, HYMENOPTERA) EM NINHOS-ARMADILHA EM DIFERENTES TIPOS FITOFISIONÔMICOS DE MATA ATLÂNTICA NO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO FREDERICO MACHADO TEIXEIRA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO NORTE FLUMINENSE DARCY RIBEIRO – UENF CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES – RJ DEZEMBRO DE 2011 ACULEATA (INSECTA, HYMENOPTERA) EM NINHOS-ARMADILHA EM DIFERENTES TIPOS FITOFISIONÔMICOS DE MATA ATLÂNTICA NO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO FREDERICO MACHADO TEIXEIRA Tese apresentada ao Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título Doutor em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais. Orientadora: Dra. Maria Cristina Gaglianone UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO NORTE FLUMINENSE DARCY RIBEIRO – UENF CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES – RJ DEZEMBRO DE 2011 Agradecimentos Às fontes de financiamento da pesquisa: FAPERJ/CAPES (bolsa de doutorado – processo: 152.727/2005) e aos projetos “Gerenciamento integrado de agroecossistemas em microbacias hidrográficas do norte - noroeste fluminense” (RIO RURAL-GEF), vinculado à Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária, Pesca e Abastecimento do Rio de Janeiro (SEAPPA-RJ), e “O uso de atributos funcionais como ferramenta auxiliar na avaliação da estrutura da comunidade arbórea de fragmentos florestais visando à restauração ecológica” (Fragmentos/FAPERJ) e ao Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica (Procad/CAPES), pela logística e fomento. À Dra. Maria Cristina Gaglianone pela orientação e logística de laboratório e campo. Aos Drs. Gilberto Soares Albuquerque e Marcelo Trindade Nascimento por participarem de meu comitê de acompanhamento. Ao Dr. Marcio Marcelo de Morais Júnior pela revisão desta tese e ajuda com GLM. Às Dras. Silvia Helena Sofia (UEL), Solange Cristina Augusto (UFU) e aos Drs. Marcelo Trindade Nascimento (UENF), Marcio Marcelo de Morais Júnior (UENF), e Carlos Alberto Garófalo por aceitarem fazer parte da banca examinadora. Ainda ao Dr. Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, MSc. Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu Archanjo e MSc. Maurício Lima Dan /Projeto RIO RURA-GEF, e Projeto Fragmentos/FAPERJ, pelo fornecimento de dados de estrutura da vegetação das áreas estudadas. Aos Drs. Gabriel Augusto Rodrigues de Melo (UFPR) e Marcel Gustavo Hermes (UFPR) pela identificação dos espécimes de abelhas e vespas. À Dra. Denise Dolores Oliveira Moreira (UENF) e MSc. Fabíola Bonicenha Endringer (UENF) pela identificação dos espécimes de formigas. Aos proprietários rurais que permitiram o estudo em suas áreas, e ao IBAMA e INEA pelas permissões concedidas para a realização o trabalho em áreas de proteção ambiental. Às equipes da EMATER-RJ da Regional Norte e Noroeste, vinculadas ao Projeto RIO RURAL-GEF, e em especial a Adailto Souza Leal e ao Assessor de monitoramento Glauco Carino Morais e ao Técnico do monitoramento Valmir Henriques Macedo, imprescindíveis amigos e companheiros de campo. ii Aos técnicos do LCA José Wanderley do Nascimento Degel, Gerson Rocha da Purificação e Elmo Siqueira Carvalho pelo auxílio no campo e obtenção e corte dês bambus essenciais para a realização desta tese. Ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) pelos dados climáticos das regiões do estudo. Ao Centro de Biotecnologia e Biociências (CBB) e ao Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais (LCA), pela logística disponibilizada durante o período do doutorado. Aos colegas de laboratório, em especial a Willian Aguiar – sempre um ótimo parceiro de campo e mesa, também à Thaís e Bruno – que encararam o árduo trabalho de medições dos ninhos -, Marcelita, Mariana e Gisele pelo auxílio no campo e manutenção do material. Aos amigos Willian Aguiar, Taíse Bomfim, Bruno Masi, Luciano Lima, Felipe Araújo, Frederico Lage, Elaine Bernini pelas trocas de ideias e conversas sobre ciência e amenidades, e aos demais amigos cativados ou reencontrados durante esta jornada. À Daniela T. Sampaio pelo aconchego nas horas difíceis, pelas várias revisões do texto e pela companhia nesta vida. iii “Esses insetos viviam como os homens, E todas as nossas ações executavam em miniaturas; Faziam tudo o que se faz na cidade, E o que é da alçada da espada ou toga, Embora os trabalhos engenhosos dos membros minúsculos De tão ligeiros escapassem à vista humana.” - A Fábula das Abelhas, de Bernard Mandeville - (tradução da edição de 1934 da Whishard & Co. de Londres.) iv Sumário Agradecimentos .......................................................................................................................... ii Lista de Figuras ........................................................................................................................ vii Lista de Tabelas ......................................................................................................................... ix Resumo...... ................................................................................................................................ xi Abstract….. .............................................................................................................................. xiii Apresentação e Estrutura da Tese ............................................................................................. xv Introdução Geral ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. A técnica de ninho-armadilha (NA) ..................................................................................... 1 1.2. Espécies encontradas em ninho-armadilha (NA) ................................................................ 2 1.2.1. Biologia e ecologia das espécies nidificantes ............................................................ 4 1.2.2. Aculeata nidificantes em ninhos-armadilha como grupo focal ................................. 6 1.2.3. Trabalhos com ninho-armadilha no Brasil e ocorrência de abelhas e vespas ........... 8 1.3. Área de Estudo .................................................................................................................. 10 Capítulo 2: Composição de Aculeata (Insecta, Hymenoptera) que nidificam em ninhos- armadilha e inimigos naturais em três fitofisionomias de Mata Atlântica no norte - noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. ....................................................... 17 Resumo...... ............................................................................................................................... 17 2.1. Introdução .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.2. Material e Métodos ............................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1. Área de estudos e pontos amostrais ......................................................................... 19 2.2.2. Coleta dos dados ...................................................................................................... 20 2.2.3. Análise dos dados .................................................................................................... 21 2.3. Resultados .......................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.1. Comunidade amostrada e preferência de nidificação .............................................. 22 2.3.2. Sazonalidade ............................................................................................................ 30 2.3.3. Inimigos naturais ..................................................................................................... 31 2.4. Discussão ........................................................................................................................... 38 2.4.1. Sazonalidade ............................................................................................................ 42 2.4.2. Inimigos naturais ..................................................................................................... 43 2.5. Conclusão .......................................................................................................................... 44 v Capítulo 3: Efeito das características dos fragmentos florestais de Mata Atlântica sobre a riqueza de Aculeata (Insecta: Hymenoptera) nidificantes em ninho-armadilha .... 46 Resumo...... ............................................................................................................................... 46 3.1. Introdução .......................................................................................................................... 47 3.2. Material e Método ............................................................................................................. 49 3.2.1. Grupo estudado e área de estudo ............................................................................. 49 3.2.2. Amostragem dos Aculeata ....................................................................................... 51 3.2.3. Variáveis explicativas .............................................................................................. 52 3.2.4. Modelagem estatística ............................................................................................. 54 3.3. Resultado ........................................................................................................................... 55 3.3.1. Variáveis explicativas .............................................................................................. 55 3.3.2. Efeito das variáveis explicativas ............................................................................
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