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Efectos De La Fragmentación Del Hábitat Sobre Himenópteros Antófilos (Insecta) En El Bosque Chaqueño Serrano

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Efectos De La Fragmentación Del Hábitat Sobre Himenópteros Antófilos (Insecta) En El Bosque Chaqueño Serrano Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Manuscrito de Tesis para optar al título de Dra. en Ciencias Biológicas Efectos de la fragmentación del hábitat sobre himenópteros antófilos (Insecta) en el Bosque Chaqueño Serrano Doctorando: Bióloga Mariana Laura Musicante Directora: Dra. Adriana Salvo Co-Director: Dr. Leonardo Galetto Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba (CIEC) Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Córdoba, Argentina 2013 Comisión Asesora Dr. Marcelo Aizen Laboratorio Ecotono-Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche (CRUB), Universidad Nacional del Comahue e Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), San Carlos de Bariloche. Departamento de Botánica, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires. Dr. Marcelo Cabido Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal-CONICT. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Dra. Adriana Salvo Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal-CONICT Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Defensa Oral y Pública Lugar y fecha: Calificación: Tribunal ______________________________ _____________________________________ Firma Aclaración ______________________________ _____________________________________ Firma Aclaración ______________________________ ____________________________________ Firma Aclaración A esos pequeños seres que zumbaban ayer y a los que todavía zumban hoy Efectos de la fragmentación del hábitat sobre himenópteros TABLA DE CONTENIDOS ÍNDICE DE TABLAS .............................................................................................................................. iv ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................................ vi AGRADECIMIENTOS............................................................................................................................ ix RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... xv INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL .................................................................................................................. 1 Objetivo General ............................................................................................................................ 5 Objetivos específicos ...................................................................................................................... 5 METODOLOGÍA GENERAL................................................................................................................... 7 Sistema de estudio ......................................................................................................................... 7 Área de estudio .............................................................................................................................. 8 Selección de los sitios de estudio ................................................................................................ 9 Variables independientes y caracterización de los sitios de estudio ........................................ 10 Métodos de captura de insectos .................................................................................................. 13 1.1. Conteo visual ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.2. Red de arrastre .................................................................................................................. 13 1.3. Trampas de agua ............................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Búsqueda de nidos de himenópteros antófilos ................................................................ 14 2.2. Nidos-trampa..................................................................................................................... 14 Distribución espacial y temporal de los muestreos y esfuerzo de búsqueda .............................. 15 Conservación e identificación del material biológico obtenido ................................................... 16 Variables respuesta obtenidas ..................................................................................................... 17 Análisis estadísticos ...................................................................................................................... 19 Fuentes de error en la obtención de los datos de riqueza y abundancia de himenópteros ....... 19 CAPÍTULO I - Diversidad y estructura de las comunidades de himenópteros de tres niveles tróficos y sus fuentes de recursos alimenticios y de nidificación en el Bosque Chaqueño Serrano de Córdoba ............................................................................................................................................ 21 Introducción ................................................................................................................................. 21 Objetivo general ....................................................................................................................... 23 Hipótesis y predicciones ........................................................................................................... 23 Materiales y Métodos .................................................................................................................. 24 Diversidad y composición de la comunidad de Hymenoptera .................................................. 24 Recursos alimenticios ............................................................................................................... 24 Nidificación, sitios y materiales de construcción ...................................................................... 25 Interacciones ............................................................................................................................ 25 Resultados .................................................................................................................................... 28 1. Diversidad y composición de la comunidad de Hymenoptera .............................................. 28 1.2. Polinizadores ................................................................................................................. 31 1.3. Predadores .................................................................................................................... 32 1.4. Cleptoparásitos ............................................................................................................. 32 2. Recursos alimenticios ........................................................................................................... 33 2.1. Comunidad de plantas en flor ....................................................................................... 33 2.2. Comunidad de presas usadas para aprovisionamiento de nidos .................................. 33 3. Nidificación, sitios y materiales de construcción .................................................................. 33 3.1. Nidos encontrados en el campo .................................................................................... 33 3.2. Sitios de nidificación ...................................................................................................... 34 p i Musicante M. L. 3.3. Materiales utilizados en la construcción de nidos ........................................................ 34 4. Interacciones ........................................................................................................................ 35 4.1- Planta-antófilo ............................................................................................................... 36 4.2- Himenópteros fundadores–enemigos naturales .......................................................... 38 4.2.1- Hospedador-parasitoide ............................................................................................ 38 4.2.2- Fundador-cleptoparásito............................................................................................ 38 Discusión ...................................................................................................................................... 39 CAPÍTULO II - Diversidad y estructura de la comunidad de abejas (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) en fragmentos de Bosque Chaqueño Serrano: un análisis a dos escalas .............................................. 45 Introducción ................................................................................................................................. 45 Objetivo general ....................................................................................................................... 47 Hipótesis y predicciones ........................................................................................................... 47 Materiales y Métodos .................................................................................................................. 49 Criterios de clasificación de las abejas ..................................................................................... 49 Análisis de datos ......................................................................................................................
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