APRIL 1991 SPHECOS A FORUM FOR ACUlEATE WASP. RESEARCHERS

MINUTIAE FROM THE ty• of digger wasps had a slightly une­ MUD D'AUB ARNOLDS. MENKE, Edhor ven distribution while the •nesting com­ Tony Nuhn, Assistant Editor munity• had a more patchy distnbution. Systematic Entomology Labratory were more di· Still no official word from the old Agricultural Research Senrice,USDA Sphecid communHies patches w~h relatively low BMNH regarding personnel changes, c/o National Museum of Natural History verse on Washington, DC 20560 and cover. Diversity de· but as of last November, Nigel Fergus­ Smithsonian I1Stitution, plant diversHy FAX: (202) 786-9422 Phone: (202) 382-t803 in response to watering and son (a cynipoidist) was put in charge creased wHh mechanical iso­ of Coleoptera. Nigel informed me that watering combined increased after removal oi Tom Huddleston is now in charge of lation and the upper layer of soil and plants. Hymenoptera. By the time you receive RESEARCH NEWS this issue of Sphecos, Mick Day may (Dept. of Entomology, no longer be employed at The Natural lynn Kimsey Alexander V. Antropov (Zoological Davis, CA 95616, History Museum (aka BMNH). Univ. of California. Museum of the Moscow lomonosov revising the wasp George Eickwort of Cornell Universi­ USA) reports "I am State University, Herzen Street 6, Mos­ Tiphiidae for the world, and have ty is the President-elect of the Interna­ family cow K-9 I 03009 USSR) has described all of our miscellaneous tional Society of Hymenopterists. The begun sorting a new genus of Crabroninae from Bra­ and species. In Society's second quadrennial meeting tiphiid wasps to genus zil and has written a short review of the Bohart and I wrote a is scheduled for August 11-17, 1991 at addition, Dick neotropical Spi/omena including two of the chrysidid wasps of Sheffield, England. Many fine speak­ monograph new species. These papers are being which will be published by ers have been lined up and this should the world, published in journals which will be Press as of Novem­ be an excellent meeting (see an­ Oxford UniversHy translated into English. nouncement on page 27 of this issue). ber, 1990." Back issues of Sphecos are fast dis· Richard M. Bohart (Dept. of Ento­ (Gracewood State appearing from our shelves. The only Joan Krlspyn mology, Univ. of California, Davis, CA & Hospital, Gracewood, GA ones still available are I, 3-6, 9, I 0, 15, School 95616, USA) is proceeding w~h a revi­ writes "My son and I have 18-20. Only a few copies of I and 3 re· 30815 USA) sion of South American Oxybelus and working on a Bembix movie that main. First come, first serve. been so far has sorted out some 45 species, though not incredibly All copies of Sphecos 20 were is very pretty, at least half of which are undescribed. • mailed in September 1990, but those penetrating. He has two papers in press describing going overseas were sent by surface some new species of neanctic Soliere/la, Quintero Arias (SmHhso­ mail because of the high cost of air­ Diomedes and is finishing another paper on two Research lnstHute, Tup­ mailing. Some recipients experienced nian Tropical new species of nearctic Pemphrsdon. per Building, APO Miami, Florida a very long delay in trans~. Alex Antro­ 34002-QOII) reports that Roberto Cam­ pov and Alex Rasn~syn, both in the Istvan Karsai (Dept. of Zoology, a rough draft of USSR, didn, get their copies of Sphe­ bra has completed J6zsef Atlila Univ., Szeged Egyetem u. Mutillid Type Specimens in cos until March of 19911 Did anyone ·catalog of 2. - Pl.: 659, H-6722 HUNGARY) has Museum of Natural else experience a similar long delay in the U.S. National finished his PhD thesis on the commu­ 285 holotypes, taxo­ receiving their copy of Sphecos 20? History," listing n~y ecology of digger wasps on a mo­ changes, synonomy. etc. We may have to use airmail for some nomic saic-like sandy grassland in the Kis· of our overseas recipients in order to kunsag National Park, Hungary. 90 Mamoru Terayama (Biological la­ get~ to them in a timely manner. species were found, with Tachysphex boratory, Toho lnst~ute of Education, psammobius and T. pompi/iformis be· 1-41·1 Wakaba-cho, Chofu, Tokyo, 182 ing dominant. The "cursorial communi- 2 SPHECOS21

JAPAN) is preparing.a monograph of tirement. In 1949, Henry left the USDA ~ took one person only 30 years to the Bethylidae of East Asia. for North Carolina State University to bring order to a group w~h over 60,000 work on insects attacking tobacco. Ex­ species and approximately 2,800 avail­ Selkf Yamane (Dept. of Biology, Fa­ cept for a two-year interlude as an ad· able generic names. Enher on his own culty of Science,Kagoshima Univ., Kori­ viser to the Philippine government on or wnh the collaboration of others, Hen­ moto, Kagoshima 890 JAPAN) says "I pests of rice and corn (1952-1954), he ry produced the aforementioned four have started to revise the Taiwanese stayed in North Carolina until 1956. volumes of the world genera, five cata­ Eumenidae w~h Dr. J. Gusenle~ner, From 1956 to 1962 he received grants logs of the world fauna (excepting the and recognize ca. 45 species on this from the Dow Chemical Company to Western Palearctic), six volumes of not-so-large island." work on ichneumonid systematics. This comprehensive revisions of the Nearc­ opportun~y came about through the in­ tic fauna of various subfamilies (wnh a fluence of RR. Dreisbach, a Dow chem· seventh posthumous volume in prepar­ ist and amateur hymenopterist. ation), and numerous smaller papers. Henry and his family moved to Ann But Henry's contributions to sys­ Arbor, Michigan, where his research tematic entomology did not end with and collection were in~ially associated ichneumonids. I would like to call at· w~h the University of Michigan. The tention to some other interests and in­ OBITUARY collection and library were moved to a novations. private collection building on the home When Henry started his studies in Henry K. Townes, Jr. property of the Townes' in 1964. The the 1930's, many, ij not most, workers 20 Jan. 1913 • 2 May 1990 American Entomological Institute was relied upon the published literature for by established the same year as a non­ determinations, etc. Henry in~ially at­ David Wahl profit organization for the collection and tempted to idenmy the Cornell collec­ (American Entomological Institute library. Various grants were obtained tion's Tryphoninae in this manner but 3005 SW 56th Ave. from NSF and the National lnst~utes of found many gaps and much confusion. Gainesville, FL 32608) Heahh during the 1960's; the research He then began to travel to see types, to from these grants (and those from Dow compare specimens from his own col­ The death of Dr. Henry Townes has Chemical) was published in 1959-1978 lection with them, and to make detailed left the entomological commun~y much as three volumes of the Bulletin of the notes on what he saw. This was, in his diminished. His influence, by published U.S. National Museum and ten Me­ estimation, a good twelve of so years research and interaction with his peers, moirs of the American Entomologi· before this practice became common in was enormous. cal Institute (including the four volume North America. An appreciation of Henry's IHe and revision of the genera of lchneumoni­ Some of the readers of Sphecos work was published in 1982 by V.K. dae). may not be aware of Henry's work with Gupta (Contrlb. American Ent. lnst. From about 1933, Henry had been Aculeata. During his USDA service, he 20:1-14) and the interested reader is building up a collection of Hymenopte"' cataloged the pompilid subfamilies referred there for details. Briefly, Henry (with special emphasis on lchneumoni· Pepsinae and Ceropalinae, later revis­ was born in Greenville, South Carolina, dae) w~h the assistance of his wffe, ing them for the Nearctic. He later also enrolled at Furman University (in Green­ Marjorie Chapman Townes. In the late revised the world Rhopalosomatidae. ville) at the age of 16, and graduated in 1950's, Henry began using Malaise Henry always maintained a keen eye 1933 w~h a B.S. in biology and a B.A. traps for collecting, both on his own ex­ for aculeates and the American Ento­ in languages. His graduate studies were peditions and by supplying them to oth­ mological lnstnute's aculeate holdings at Cornell Univers~y (1933-1937) under ers to collect for him. By the late are approximately 90,000 specimens J.C. Bradley. It was Bradley who sug­ 1970's, the collection comprised more from around the world. Pompilidae are gested Henry work upon lchneumoni­ than 700,000 specimens of Hymenop­ especially well represented wnh 25,000 dae; Henry's original interests leaned tera and the question of what was to specimens. Taxonomy, however, was toward Chalcidoidea but Bradley dis­ become of nand the library preoccu­ not the only area where he had influ­ couraged him with the advice that chal­ pied the Townes. h was finally decided ence on aculeate studies. During his cidologists ruined their eyesight and to relocate the American Entomological North Carolina period, Henry suggest­ were prone to mental instability. Institute in Gainesville, Florida, where it ed the use of Po/istes for biological A number of jobs followed attainment would continue its existance as a fully control in tobacco. His work wnh Rob­ of the Ph.D., including a fellowship at independent organization dedicated to ert Rabb was one of the first to inten­ the Academy of Natural Sciences of systematics of Hymenoptera , w~h em­ sively investigate prey preferences for Philidelphia (1940-1941) to work on a phasis on the lchneumonoidea. This various Polistes species and quantify catalog of Nearctic lchneumonidae. move was made in 1985. their impact on prey populations. This Employment w~h the U.S. Department Henry was best known for his ich· laid the groundwork for the resulting of Agricuhure in Washington, D.C., be­ neumonid research. h is hard for the large body of information about their bi­ gan in 1941 and he was assigned to average hymenopterist to envision the ology and behavior assembled by other work on Diptera, Orthoptera, Neuropte­ chaotic nature of the group's taxonomy entomologists. At the University of Mich­ ra, and aculeate Hymenoptera before when Henry started in the 1930's. To igan, Henry was on the doctoral com­ being appointed as specialist on lch­ call Henry's efforts "remarkable" is to m~tee of Mary Jane West-Eberhard neumonidae upon R.A. Cushman's re- damn w~h faint praise, considering that and worked closely wnh her. APRIL91 3

Beach, Florida 32967. While in Washington, Henry initiated mist, thorough sampling of a fauna has Lane, Vero Bettnanger Straae 8, the project to wrfte a cooperative cata­ been facilitated by the use of the Mal­ Peter Kunz: Moos 2, Federal Republic of log of Nearctic Hymenoptera. W~h aise trap which was introduced in the D-n61 several of his colleagues in the U.S. USA after Henry had inspected the one Germany. National Museum and wfth the collabo­ developed by Malaise and modified the is completing his so­ ration of a number of other specialists, design for more practical demensions John Felton in Tha Netherlands and returning this catalog was completed and pub­ and construction. journ UK in April, 1991. He hopes to lished in 1951. "When Henry spoke of the Nearctic to the have more time for his Aculeate studies Henry's scient~ic work was exem­ catalogue at a meeting of the Entomo­ that some othar commitments are plary and of high qual~. To watch him logical Society of Washington in the now His new address is: ponder a problem was an experience: mid-1940's, R.A. Cushman, then the at an endI SoU1h Woodlands, London Road while his was not a photographic mem­ specialist on lchneumonidae at the Na­ 20 ory, he could recall the most minute de­ tional Museum, wondered how he had Patcharn, Brighton 8WU tails of a specimen examined 30 years been able to accomplish so much in so Sussex BN1 previously. This capabil~y was in no short a time. This has been possible small W"'f responsible for his success because of Henry's strong committ­ in dealing wfth a large and difficutt ment to become the best and because group. Yet ft was his personality and of his persistent and concentrated ef­ willingness to help others that made an forts to attain that goal.• equally strong impression on those Res ipsa loquitur. who knew him. I first met Henry in 1978 when I was an undergraduate FAX NUMBERS w~h a strong interest in ichneumonid systematics. On that occasion, and all Usted here are a few FAX numbers. others, Henry never failed to give per­ Send us yours, ~ you have one, and we ceptive and clear-<:U1 advice. His will­ will print them in the next Sphecos. ingness to help me in all facets of my Please include your country code, as studies, including supporting me in vari­ we don' always know what they are. ous postdoctoral proposals, was instru­ These are placed in parentheses in the mental to my progress in systematics. listings. Finally, it should not be forgotten that Henry was a master raconteur and Barry Donovan. Christchurch, New Zea­ joke-teller, wtth the sense of timing and NBlelia Jeo (Cushman) land: until June 30: (64) 03 252-074, (lchneumonidae: Tryphoninae) delivery characteristic of natives of the beginning July 1: (64) 03 3252-074. southern United States. Robert L Jeanne, Madison, Wisconsin: A few years ago, Marjorie Townes MISSING PERSONS (1) 608-262-3322. prepared a short biography of Henry. Natural History Museum (formerly Museum (Natural History)), I'd like to close with the last two para­ Dr. Johan Blllen of Brussels, Belgium. British correction: (44) 071 938 graphs of her narrative: Dr. Astrid Laken of Oslo, Norway. London, "Over the years, particularly since Mr. Enrico Slsmondo of Singapore. 8937. Taiwan, until mid-August: the end of World War II, there have Dr. Robert Wagner of Riverside, Chris Starr, approach to (886) 4-322-2290, been real changes in the Cal~ornia. and presentation of taxonomic re­ Ontario, Canada, 2nd haH of August: search. Revisions are usually more (613) 995-1823, comprehensive, and, ~ not covering the Trinidad, beginning in September: subject worldwide, at least take the NEW ADDRESSES (809) 663-9684. world fauna into consideration. Inter­ Dr. A. Wllllnk, Tucumim, Argentina: pretations of species and genera are Josep Daniel Asls: Departamento de (54) 81-311462. based on the studies of types .... The Biologia Animal (Zoologia), Fac. Bio­ format of revisionary publications has logia, Universidad de Salamanca, been mod~ied to make them easier to 37071 Salamanca, Spain. E-MAIL (BITNET) use, wfth more illustrations more accu­ Parker Gambino: Hawaii Dept. of Ag­ NUMBERS rately rendered in drawings, photo­ riculture, Plant Pest Control Branch, suggested that we list graphs and scanning electron micro­ 635 Mua Street, Kahului, Hawaii Bob Jeanne numbers too, so we start off scope photographs, w~h more thorough 96732. BITNET us yours ~ you have records of collecting local~ies and wtth Gragg Henderson: Dept. of Entomol­ wfth his. Send maps to illustrate the distribution of ogy, Louisiana State Univ., Baton one. species.... In many of these practic­ Rouge, Louisiana 70803. Jeanne, Madison, Wisconsin: es, ~ Henry has not been the pioneer Barnhard Jacobi: Striepens Wag 2. Robert L he has been in the forefront of adopting 4330 Mulheim!R., Federal Republic [email protected] (Internet) them. With the specimens in collec­ of Germany. (Bitnet) tions the raw materials of the taxono- David W. Johnson: 5797 Magnolia jeanne@wiscmac3 4 SPHECOS21

PEOPLE IN "I:HE NEWS quires running hundreds of individuals, same size as D. occidentalis comanche, we need a quick and easy method. going into burrows of Sphecius grandis Dr. Ole Lomholdt, specialist in Hy­ Moreover, the method must leave us (Say) at Langtry, Texas, and supposed menoptera • Sphecoidea and Curator enough of each larva to run out on there was a parasooid-host relation· of Coleoptera at the Zoological Mu· gels. Can anyonehelp us out? ship. Dasymutil/a o. occidentalis (Lin­ seum, Univers~y of Copenhagen, has naeus), the eastern subspecies, occur­ recently retired from his pos~ion due to David C. Queller, ring generally east of the Mississippi increasing heatth problems. Joen E. Strassmann, River, has been reared from the nest of Correspondence concerning loans of and Colin R. Hughes a bumble bee, Bombus fratemus SmHh, Hymenoptera formerly handled by Dr. in Georgia by Fattig (1943) and Is prob­ Lomholdt, as well as requests for the Department of Ecology ably a parasooid of Sphsx ichneumoneus return of material borrowed by Dr. Lorn­ and Evolution (Linnaeus), according to Manley (t986). hold!, should be directed to Dr. Berge Rice Univers~y Evans (1966) described many obser­ Petersen, Curator of Hymenoptera, Zo­ P.O. Box 1892 vations of the nests of the cicada-killer ologisk Museum, Univers~etsparken Houston, Texas 77251 . and many excavations of the burrows, I 5, OK 2100 Kebenhavn, DENMARK. USA but he made no mention of Dasymutilla For private correspendence w~h Dr. or of any hymenopterous larvae in the Lomholdt, the following address should brood cells other than those of S. be used: Mutlllld Parasltold of the speciosus. As natural enemies of the Dr. Ole Lomholdt Cicada killer? cicada-killer, he listed only the sarco­ Rystien to by phagid flies Senotainia trilineata (Wulp) DK·3300 Frederiksva;>rk George W. Byers and Metopia argyrocepha/a (Meigen). I DENMARK (Snow Entomological Museum have collected Senotainia tri/ineata at Department of Entomology nest sHes of Sphecius speciosus in Dr. Abraham Wllllnk (lnst~uto Mi· Univers~ of Kansas Lawrence. guel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina) will Lawrence, Kansas 66045·2tt9) On several occasions, females of spend approximately 2 months at the Dasymutilla occidentalis comanche U.S. National Museum of Natural Histo· This is a request for information. were seen standing motionless or mov­ ry starting around May 1. He will be For many years, I have noticed activity ing only slowly in clear areas among working on the South American species of the large, orange-red and black low shrubs at nesting sites of S. of the vespid genera Pachodynerus Dasymutilla occidentalis comanche speciosus. This conspicuous behavior and Hypodynerus. He hopes to com· (Blake) in places where there are ag· coupled w~h the striking color of the in· plete revisions of both genera. gregations of burrows of the cicada· sects possibly serves to attract atten­ killer wasp, Sphecius speciosus (Dru­ tion of the male mutili ids flying over the ry). These observations, made in Law­ area. rence, Kansas, span the years t974 to I would appreciate hearing from any t990. In 1990, females of the mutillid readers of Sphecos who have made were fairly commonly seen in early to observations similar to these, involving mid-August, at the time males of the ci· this mutillid and the cicada-killer wasp. cada-killer were competing for territo· Perhaps we can interest some sphecid ries and observation perches. That is, enthusiast in pursuing the matter fur­ HELP NEEDED the mutillids were most numerous (or ther. most readily seen) before females of S. Acknowledgment: I am indebted to Query: Larval Sex speciosus were observed and before Donald G. Manley for his interest and the peak activ~y of cicadas in the area. assistance, particularly in pointing out For the last several years we have The mutillids were not observed ei­ characters by which the subspecies of been conducting extensive studies of ther entering or leaving the burrows of Dasymuti/la occidenta/is may be dfffer· genetic relatedness in social wasps us­ S. speciosus; however, one female was entiated. ing protein electrophoretic methods. For seen standing at a nest entrance. A studies of inclusive !~ness, ~ would be search of grounds near the nesting are­ L~erature CHed of great interest to determine the relat­ as of the cicada-killer yielded no mutil· edness of workers to the larvae they lids. There appears to be a perennial Bradley, J.C. t920. (UntHied note in rear, but there is a problem. Because association of these two species of minutes of meeting of 22 May 19t9, the pedigree connections are different wasps. Ent. Sect., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel· for males and females and because No host has been identified for phia. Ent. News3t: tt2-tt3. males and females have different re· the western subspecies Dasymutilla Evans, H.E. 1966. The comparative productive values, ~ is fairly meaning· occidentalis comanche. h is not diffi· ethology and evolution of the sand less to estimate relatedness of workers cuh, however, to hypothesize that~ is a wasps. Harvard Univ. Press, Cam­ to male and female larvae combined. paras~oid of the cicada-killer wasp. bridge, Mass. 526 pp. Yet we know of no simple way to sex Bradley (1920) saw Dasymutilla k/ugii Fattig, P.W. t943. The Mutillidae or larvae. Since the accuracy of the re· (Gray) (identified then as Mutilla orcus velvet ants of Georgia. Emory Univ. latedness estimation methods often re· Cresson), a large mutillid about the Museum Bull. t :t-24. APRIL91 5

Manley, D.G. 1986. An aberrant fe­ ern edge of ~s range by P. fuscatus in would be informative. The virtually male and possible new host record the east and P. aurifer in the west, whh blank area from Saskatchewan to the for Dasymutil/a occidenta/is (Hyme­ apparent overlap in Saskatchewan and/ Great Lakes stands out, but let me also noptera: Mutillidae). Jour. Entomol. or Manhoba. In the accompanying range emphasize that I also have almost noth­ Sci. 21:367. map of this pair of putative sister­ ing from the vast area of Br~ish Colum­ species, I have included only records bia north of the Trans-Canada High­ which contribute to identifying its north­ way. Negative records obviously must a Pollstes Distribution ern lim~. omitting those far to the south be handled with care. However, and north. A filled dot indicates a posi­ good negative record is mora valuable one, so please let me Christopher K.. Starr wr~es: "Swift tive record. An empty square indicates than a pos~ive ab­ and informative responses to my in­ a negative record, i.e. a well-collected know n Polistes is conspicuously quiry in the last issue embolden me to localhy from which Polistes seems to sent from any local~ which you know seek your help w~h another problem. I be absent. And the dashed line repre­ well." am very much interested in the factors sents my working hypothesis; this is Division of Research National Museum which lim~ the geographical range of the southern limn of the boreal forest. Polistes. As a necessary first step, I "H you can contribute any records to of Natural Science have started to formulate maps of this map, I would very much like to 1 Kuan Chien Road Taichung, Taiwan where ~ is and is not. In North America hear from you. As a rough rule, any lo­ the genus is represented at the north- calhy w~hin 300 km of the dashed line

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I __ .,i-·­ N:.--i - 6 SPHECOS21

Cenglzhan Ozbay Cl?icl~ Un!~e~~esi: in the Zongo valley, La Paz, one can Kimsey, Lynn Slrl: Fen-Edebiyat FakOttest, BtyoloJt Bolumu drop from arctic tundra at ~,500 m to Functional morphology of the abdo· 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey) says: "I tropical rain forest at 600 m tn 45 kml men and phylogeny of chrysidid have been working on three projects in­ wasps. volving Vespidae: distributions, karyo­ Kurczewskl, Frank E., Mark F. O'Brien types and blood proteins of vespids. I and Margory G. Spofford . need any l~erature related to these Nesting behavior of Podaloma subjects. Any help from Sphecos read­ mbusta (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). ers would be greatly appreciated. Norden, Bath, K.V. Krombeln and Jonathan Steinberg: JOURNAL OF Mating behavior, male allometry and nesting biology d Perdita (Hsxapetdita) HYMENOPTERA graenicheriTimberlake. RESEARCH Parker, F. D.: Twig-nesting studies in Goblin The International Society of Hyme­ Valley. Utah. MISCELLANEA nopterists is well on ~ way to~ard hav· Pulawskl, W. J. and H. Court: .. ing ~s own journal. Dave Smhh of the Hingstoniola (Sphecidae: Crabromm). Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Notes from Bolivia Qulcke, D.: USDA, the reknowned sawfly expert A comparative study of rectal pads of by and co-edhor of the newsletter Sym­ Chris Pruett Hymenoptera. phytos, has accepted _the akru!slic job de lnvestigacion Y Meijora­ Rosen, D., Y. Argov and J. Wool_ley (Centro of journal editor. He Will be asstsled by de Ia Cana de Azucar, Castlla Biological and taxonomic stud1es of miento four subject edhors, John Hubar, Mark 2731 , Santa Cruz, Bolivia) Chartocerus subaeneus (Hymenop· Shaw David Rosen and Arnold Menke. tera: Signiphoridae), a hyperparasite Their goal is to get out the first issue by CIMCA's modest reference collec· of mealybugs. In early 1992, and h will contain _mostly there are about 1 00 species of ac· Stoltz!Whltfleld: tion solicited mss. We have a lot of ftne pa· uleate wasps and a similar number in Symbiotic viruses o_f ~hneun:ondae pers lined up and the follo~ing list of collection of the Natural History Mu· and their phylogenetiC tmphcattons. the authors will give you some idea of the seum "Noel Kempf! Mercado• at the Strassmann, Joan E.: contents of issue one. Some !hies are Subject to ba announced, social Universidad Aut6noma Gabriel Reno unknown or only approximate. Moreno (UAGRM), Casella 702, Santa wasp behavior. Cruz. If any readers of Sphecos are Wahi/Sharkey: Alexander, Byron: Cladistic analysis of ichneumonoid interested I would be happy to send An exploratory analysis of cladistic specimens from the collections for re· families. relationships whhin the superfam~y search purposes with the propos111on Apoidea, with special reference to duplicate specimens from the col· Several other people have indicated that sphecid wasps. lections can be kept by the researcher, that they will contribute a paper, so the Askew, R.: whilst unique specimens should be re­ above list may be incomplete. Hymenoptera pr?files in. tempera.te turned. Species would be numbered and tropical latrt1des wnh spectal for subsequent identffication and label­ reference to species diversities in the specimens in the collections here. ling of Parasitica. 1 would prefer that any liason be Bohart, R. M.: . made through my person because, even A synopsis of the genus Oxybe/us tn though I am lecturer at the Univershy Middle America. Entomology) and the only (Agricukural Brothers, D.: qulffied entomologist working there at Two new species of Plumariidae DELICIOUS AND present, most visiting taxonomists/ from S. Africa. NUTRITIOUS* entomologists are not informed by the Carpenter/Brothers: of the equally extensive col­ Having a party? Consider offering Museum Aculeate phylogeny. lections available for study at CIMCA. your guests an unusual _and heakhful Gess& Gess: party delicacy: raw yellow1~cket larva~. Concerning Sean O'Donnell's claim Nesting ethology of Ce/onites and "The yellowjacket larva IS the best In· "Peru is arguably the most biologically Quartinia. country in the western hemi­ sect I've ever eaten.• said ESA mom­ interesting Gess, F.: that is true then Bolivia must bar Douglas Whhman, from the Depart­ sphere·; n A new species of Ce/onites. a close second whh most of the ment of Biological Sciences, llhno1s come Grlssell, E.: ecosystems (absence of Pacffic State University. "h's like eating a same A revision of the genus Perissocentrus and desert systems; addhion·. grape. When you fir~t bite in, very marhime (Torymidae). n:s diversi· tough, but suddenly, h explodes ~n your al presence of greater Akiplano Kazenas, V.: . mouth with a sweet, nutty flavor. ty, salt lakes, fertile temperate zones, Biology and larva of Entomosencus shield and "Gran Chaco• Precambrian (Sphecidae) systems) with some abrupt contrasts: "from ESA NeiNslener 14(4):1. APRIL91 7

PALEOENTOMOLOGY IN SCIENTIFIC NOTES a) Morphological analysis of the stridu­ MOSCOW latory organ (figs. 1-8)

Alex Rasnrtsyn (Paleontological Insti­ Preliminary Studies on the The photographs obtained wrth the tute, Acad. Sci. USSR, 117868-7 Mos­ Taxonomic Value of electron microscope show that in al­ cow) reports: "The Arthropoda Lab has Stridulation and the most all cases the ridges of the pars recently received signHicant support Strldulatory Organ In the stridens have similar height, thickness that will help promote the naX1 genera­ Mutlllldae and distribution along the entire file. tion of paleoantomologists. The prob­ by Only in the female of Timul/a sp. are lem has always bean difficult hare Jorge F. Genlae two parts distinguishable. The anterior because of the usual absence of va­ and Roberto Straneck part has thick ridges intercalated with cancies lor palaoantomologists. It is (Museo Argentino de Ciancias thin ones and short longrtudinal ridges; especially difficutt to solve now be­ Naturales, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, in contrast, the posterior part has regu­ causa of the general shortage of state Casilla Corrao 220, Sucursal 5, larly distributed ridges of similar thick­ funds. However, another effect of the 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina) ness, as in all the other cases ana­ changes experienced by the country lyzed. during the last 6 years is the greater The species of Mututidae produce a The topographic photographs show a opportunny lor international coopera­ distinctive stridulation under stress that great diversny of patterns, which can­ tion. For us this has rasuttad, among is especially noticable when the speci­ not be correlated with the taxonomy of other things, in two Kuparwood Sti­ mens are handled by collectors. The the group, or with sex. This diversity pends in Palaoentomology provided by sound is produced by a stridulatory or­ does not show, at this time, a direct re­ the Fund of Ecological and Social Har­ gan consisting of a •scraper" (p/Bctrum) lationship with the graphic analysis of mony (Moscow) and sponsored by Ku­ on the underside of the apical border of stridulation; for example, in sprte of the parwood Enterprises (355 Bodwell Str., the second matasomal tergum, which different morphological pattern of mala Avon MA 02322) through rts Moscow is rubbed against a "file" (pars stridens) and female files of A stygium, the os­ daughter company Kuperwood Inc. We on the base of the third tergum. cillograrns are identical. ware lucky because the president of This nota deals wrth the possible tax­ Kuparwood Enterprises, Mr. Eric Ku­ onomic value of the stridulatory organ b) Sonographic analysis of the stress parwood, worked in the Lab as a tech­ morphology and especially stridulation stridulation (figs. 9-12) nician lor several months prior to leav­ under stress lor specHic differentiation ing Moscow lor the USA some 12 and sex association. Contrasting with the morphological years ago. He recently told me that be­ Sounds were recorded from the fol­ diversity, the sonograms obtained are cause of the of enthusiasm of the staff lowing species: Argentina, Rio Negro, in almost all cases identical. They and the resutts of their research, he de­ Bajo Santa Rosa: pairs of Ali/fum show maximum peaks at 1.25, 2.5, cided to support our team financially stygium, Tal/ium fraterr:ulum and Tallium 3.75 and 5 Khz and secondaries at when he visited Moscow again, now as sp.; Argentina, Cordoba, Capilla ael 0.62, 1.67, 3.12, 4.37 and 5.62 without the president of a prospering company. Monte: pairs of Rsedomutilla heraldica peaks above 6.25 Khz. ·"The two vacancies, each generally and Timulla sp.; Argentina, Chubut, Pe­ The exception is again the stridula­ lor 5 years (providing the staff vacan­ ninsula de Valdes: pairs of Reedomutilla tion of Timulla sp., but in this case in cies will appear before the term is over) hera/dica The specimens were deter­ both sexes, where there are also peaks are already occupied by two young ma­ mined by Manfredo Fritz. The pair of at 6.25, 7.5 and 10 Khz. gistars in entomology, one in beetles Timulla was caught while mating in flight. Considerating lhasa first rasutts and and another in chironomid and chao­ Recordings were made in the field the general bibliography of sound pro­ bond midges. I hope that nwill be pos­ with a Sanyo M1000 tapa recorder. duced by insects it seems that sana­ sible to offer one of the neX1 vacancies The specimens were brought close to graphic analysis may not be important to a student of paleohymenopterology." the incorporated microphone while strid­ lor taxonomic studies. ulating. A first analysis was made re­ ducing tapa speed in a UHER 4000 c) Oscillographic analysis of stress in­ Monrtor AV tape recorder. Among 50 duced stridulation (figs. 13-20) recordings, those parts where stridula­ tion was more rhythmical and strong As in other insects the osciUograms were selected and separated for graph­ resutting from stridulation show inter­ ical analysis. We are indebted to Till esting differences based principally on Osten and Klaus Koenig from Stuttgart periodicny, speed and the direction of for the oscillograms and sonograms rubbing. Atthough future work may used In this study. demonstrate individual or intraspecnic The illustrations of the pars stridens diversity it is possible now to distin­ ware made wrth a scanning electron mi­ guish very different patterns of rubbing croscope. The height, thickness, shape which probably correspond to true spe­ and order of the ridges were studied wrth cific differences. the technique of topography by modu­ Male and female A. stygium show Omalus aunJtus (LiMaeus) lation on the Y axis. identical oscillograrns characterized by 8 SPHECOS21 unidirectional rubbing' of low periodic~y Tachytes by Bohart (1979), and Trypoxylon pectora/e Richards, 1934 and speed. The oscillograms of Tal/ium Tachysphex by Pulawski (1974), but Trypoxylon rubrifemoratum Richards, fraterculum are similar but rubbings are the taxonomy of several species of Uris 1934 short. remains a problem. Specimens are de­ Trypoxylon rufidens trinidadianum The oscillograms of Reedomutilla posited in the National Museum of Nat­ Richards, 1934 heraldica and Tallium sp. show bidirec­ ural History, Washington, DC. I am in­ Trypoxylon striatum Provancher, tional rubbing (the second movement is debted to Arnold Menke and Woj 1888 always less important) and high period­ Pulawski, among others, lor help and Trypoxylon trinidadense Richards, ic~y and speed. advice. 1934 Conclusive resu~s would be obtained Trypoxylon urichi Richards, 1934 after exhaustive and statistical work LARRINAE which cannot be done by now. because Larrini References we have no oscillograph available. How­ Larra ahamazonica Williams, 1928 ever we believe that this note demon­ Larra bicolor Fabricius, 1804 Bohart, R.M. 1979. Tachytes of South strates that stress induced stridulation Larra godmaniCameron, 1889 America (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, would be useful lor taxonomic work Liris anticus (F. Sm~h), 1856 Larrinaa). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. and sex association in Mutillidae. Liris rubricatus (F. Smith), 1856 104:435-505. Liris spp. Menke, A.S. 1988. Pison in the New Fig 1, Timulla sp. (female) dorsal as­ Tachytes amazonus F. Smith, 1856 World: a revision (Hymenoptera: pect of file (1000x); fig 2, detail of the Tachytes chrysopyga (Spinola), 1841 Sphecidae: Trypoxylini). Contrib. anterior part (2000X); fig 3, Timulla Tachytes excel/ens Cameron, 1912 Amer. Ent.lnst. 24:1-171. sp. (male) dorsal aspect of file Tachytes fratemus Taschenberg, Pulawski, W.J. 1974. A revision of the (1 OOOX); fig 4, detail of ridges 1870 neotropical Tachysphex Kohl (Hym., (2000X); fig 5, R. heraldic& (female) Tachytes leprieurii (Spinola), 1841 Sphecidae). Polskie Pismo Ent. 44: detail of ridges (2000X); fig 6, T. fra­ Tachytes pretiosus Cameron, 1912 3-102. terculum (male), detail of ridges Tachysphex inconspicuus rt'J.F. (2000X); fig 7, A. stygium (female), Kirby), 1890 detail of ridges (2000X); fig 8, A. Tachysphex iridipennis (F. Smith), Sphecldae of Trinidad stygium (male), detail of ridges 1873 Ill. Crabronlnae, Nyssonlnae and (2000X). Tachysphex ruficaudis (Taschenberg), Phllanthlnae 1870 by Fig 9, sonogram of A. stygium (female); Miscophini E. McC. Callan fig 10, sonogram of A. stygium Nite/a amazonica Ducke, 1903 (male); fig 11, sonogram of Timulla Trypoxylini The subfamilies Crabroninae, Nys­ sp.; fig12, sonogram of Timul/a sp., Pison cameroniiKohl, 1893 soninae and Philanthinae are repre­ (male). Pison cooperi Menke, 1988 sented in Trinidad, West Indies, by 16 Pison cressoni Rohwer, 1911 species, 15 species, and eight species Fig 13, oscillogram of A. stygium Pison duckei Menke, 1968 respectively. As no less than nine gen­ (male); fig 14, oscillogram of A. sty­ Pison gnythos Menke, 1988 era of Crabroninae are now known gium (female); fig 15, oscillogram of Pison maculipenne F. Smith, 1860 from there, my early view expressed T. fraterculum (male); fig 16, oscillo­ Pison pilosum F. Sm~h. 1873 some 40 years ago that these wasps gram of T. fratercu/um (female); fig Aulacophi/us eumenoides Ducke, are poorly represented in Trinidad (Cal­ 17, oscillogram of R. heraldica (fe­ 1904 lan, 1950) must be corrected. I am in­ male); fig 18, oscilogram of R. her­ Trypoxy/on albitarse Fabricius, 1804 debted to the late Vernon Pate, who aldica (male of Cordoba); fig 19, os­ Trypoxy/on capitate Richards, 1934 first examined my crabronines from cillogram of R. heraldica (male of Trypoxy/on cocorite Richards, 1934 Trinidad and named two species after Chubut); fig 20, oscillogram of Talli­ Trypoxy/on comigerum Cameron, me. Subsequently, I sent additional um sp. (male). 1889 material to my friend Jean Leclercq, to Trypoxylon fabricator F. Sm~h. 1873 whom I am grateful for includinq my Trypoxy/on fitzgeraldi Richards, 1934 records in his numerous important pub­ Sphecldae of Trinidad Trypoxylon fuscipenne Fabricius, 1804 lications on world Crabronini. Speci­ II. Larrlnae Trypoxylon grenadense Richards, mens are depos~ed in the Leclercq col­ by 1934 lection at Gembloux, Belgium. E. McC. Callan Trypoxylon leucarthrum Richards, Over 50 years ago Vesey-FitzGerald (13 Gellibrand Street, Campbell, 1934 (1940) reported on Trinidad Nyssoni­ Canberra, A.C.T.2601, Australia) Trypoxylon maidli bodkini Richards, nae, discussing three species of Bem­ 1934 bicini and one species of Stizini. More Larrinae is the largest subfamily of Trypoxy/on manniRichards, 1934 recent papers include Evans et al. the Sphecidae in Trinidad, West Indies Trypoxy/on moraballi Richards, 1934 (1974) on Rubrica nasuta (Christ) and w~h over 45 species in eight genera. Trypoxy/on nitidum F. Smith, 1856 Callan (1977) on Gorytini. I am indebt­ Species of Pison and Larra have been Trypoxy/on pachygaster Richards, ed to Howard Evans and Dick Bohart, clarified by Menke (1988, in prep.), 1934 among others, for their interest and APRIL91 9 10 SPHECOS21

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-5V 12 SPHECOS21 advice. Specimens .are deposned in Stizini Prey Records of Afrotroplcal Gory­ the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Bembecinus agilis (F. Smith), 1873 tine Wasps (Sphacldaa) Harvard University, Cambridge MA. Bembecinus bolivari (Handlirsch), by Microbembex was reported erroneous­ 1892 E- McC. Callan ly from Trinidad as monodonta (Say) Bembicini by Vesey-FotzGerald (1940, 1956). I Bicyrtes discisa (Taschenberg), 1870 The gorytine wasps comprise the di­ am grateful to James Carpenter, who Bicyrtes variegata (Olivier), 1789 versHied tribe Gorytini of the sphecid kindly examined my Trinidad material Microbembex ci/iata (Fabricius), 1804 subfamily Nyssoninae. Biologically they of Microbembex and informed me Rubti>a nasuta (Christ), 1791 are relatively unHorm, nesting in sandy (1990, pars. comm.) that my speci• Stictia pantherina (Handlirsch), 1890 soil and preying on Homoptera. In the mens were determined as ci/iata (Fabri­ Stictia signata (linnaeus), 1758 Afrotropical region there are numerous cius) by Dick Bohart. The present list genera, but prey records are apparently provides an early opportunny to correct PHILANTHINAE known only for H81p8clus, Pseudoplisus, this longstanding error. Philanthini Sphecius and Hoplisoides. Philanthinae are represented in Trini­ Trachypus mandibu/aris Rubio, 1976 Harpactus was shown by Pulawski dad by two genera, Trachypus, which Trachypus petiolatus (Spinola), 1841 (1985) to be the correct name for the largely replaces Phi/anthus in tropical Cercerini genus Dienop/us. H. rufithorax (Brauns) America, and Cerceris. Recent papers Cerceris binodis Spinola, 1841 and related species have been found in include Rubio Espina (1976) and Cal­ Cerceris callani Krombein, 1972 South Africa nesting in sandy soil and lan (1990a, 1990b). Specimens are Cerceris chiriquensis Cameron, 1890 preying on Cicadellidae. In Madagas­ deposned in the National Museum of Cerceris cribrosa Spinola, 1841 car I collected H. histrio Saussure nest­ Natural History, Washington, DC. I am Cerceris dilatata Spinola, 1841 ing in sandy soil in upper montane rain indebted to the late Herman Scullen, Cerceris sp. forest at 1,800 m at Manjakatompo, Karl Krombein and others for help and Ambatolampy district wnh an undeter­ advice. References mined adutt cicadellid as prey. Pseudop/isus preys on adutt Aphro­ CRABRONINAE Callan, E. McC. 1950. Observations phoridae (Callan, 1980). I found P. Oxybelini on tropical wasps in Trinidad. Proc. nata/ensis (F. Smith) in South Africa Oxybe/us cal/ani Pate, 1943 8th Internal. Congr. Ent. Stockholm, nesting in the soil in flower-pots and Oxybelus polyceros Pate, 1943 p. 204-206. preying on Ptyelus grossus (Fabricius). Oxbe/us spp. Callan, E. McC. 1977. Observations In Madagascar I reported P. ranosahae Crabronini on the nesting behavior and prey of (Arnold) nesting in large aggregations Entomocrabro callanicus Leclercq, gorytine wasps in Trinidad (Hyme­ in the ground and preying .on Ptyelus 1980 noptera, Sphecidae). Psyche 83: goudoti (Bennett) (Callan, 1980). Ouexua ricata Leclercq, 1955 324-335. Sphecius preys on adult Cicadidae. Crossocerus cal/ani Pate, 1941 Callan, E. McC. 1990a. Biological Evans (1966) quoted Arnold, who re­ Enoplolindenius pugnans (F. Smnh), notes on Trachypus petiolatus (Spi­ ported S. milleriTurner preying in South 1873 nola) (Hym., Sphecidae) in Trinidad. Africa on large cicadas of several gene­ Foxfta atorai Pate, 1942 Ent. Mon. Mag.126:111-112. ra, and Handlirsch, who recorded two Foxfta benftiana Leclercq, 1980 Callan, E. McC. 1990b. Nesting beha­ species of cicadas as prey of S. Parataruma /ec/ercqi Kimsey, 1982 viour and prey of Cerceris wasps in grandidieri (Saussure) in Madagascar. Ectemnius basiflavus (Brethes), 1910 Trinidad (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Hop/isoides has a predilection for Ectemnius carinatus (F. Smith), 1873 Entomologist 109: (in press) preying on Membracidae, including rec­ Ectemnius centra/is (Cameron), 1891 Evans, H. E., Matthews, R. W. & Callan, ords from the Neotropical region (Evans Ectemnius semipunctatus (Lepeletier E. MaC. 1974. Observations on nest­ & Matthews, 1973; Callan, 1976), but & Brulle), 1834 ing behavior of Rubrica surinamensis preys also on Cicadellidae and Ful­ Lestica constanceae (Cameron), 1891 (DeGeer) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). goroidea. Membracidae do not occur Psyche 81:334-352. in Madagascar, where Arnold (1945) NYSSONINAE Rubio-Espina, E. 1976. Revisi6n del recorded fulgorids as prey of H. Nyssonini genera Trachypus Klug (Hymenopte­ pustulatus (Arnold). The nyssonine Epinysson zapotecus (Cresson), 1882 ra: Sphecidae). Rev. Facult. agron. wasps Hovanysson albibarl:lis (Arnold) Zanysson dives (Handlirsch), 1887 Univ. Zulia 3:7-87. and H. came/us (Arnold) are endemic Gorytini Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. 1940. Notes on to Madagascar, where they are no Hoplisoides denticulatus hypenetes Bembicidae and allied wasps from doubt cleptoparasites of gorytine wasps (Handlirsch), 1895 Trinidad (Hym.: Bembicidae and Stiz­ such as Hoplisoides. Hoplisoides iridipennis (F. Smnh), idae). Proc. R. Ent. Soc. London (A) In South Africa Capener (1952) record­ 1856 15:37-39. ed membracids Beaufortiana comuta Hoplisoides umbonicida Pate, 1941 Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. 1956. Notes on Distant (as Centrotobelus braunsi Ca­ Hoplisoides vespoides (F. Smith), Sphecidae (Hym.) and prey from pener) and a nymph of Oxyrhachis sp. 1873 Trinidad and British Guiana. Ent. as prey of Hoplisoidea ag/aia (Hand­ Sagenista brasiliensis (Shuckard), Mon. Mag. 92:286-287. lirsch) at Willowmore, Cape Province. I 1838 found H. aglaia at Grahamstown, Cape APRIL91 13

of Defensive Province nesting in sandy soil and prey­ Delagoa Bay. Aculeate wasps are little Additional Accounts In Sphecld Wasps ing on an adu~ membracid Xiphistes known, apart from Mutiltidae, Scoliidae Stinging sp. At Grahamstown I also found H. (Betrem, 1971) and Sphecidae. Re­ by thalia (Handlirsch) nesting in sandy soil cently Krombein (1984) recorded a Allan W. Hook Univ., and preying on adult membracids phas-matid egg-parashe from the is­ (Biology Dept., St. Edward's Oxyrhachis fuscicorinis Germar on land, Alieniscus mutilloides Krombein Austin, TX 78704) Cytisus alba and Acacia mo//issima, (Chrysididae), appropriately named in and on adult Oxyrhachis vetusta Walk­ allusion to Hs superficial resemblance Previously, I reported two possible in sphec­ er on WisteriB sinsensis. to certain slender mutillids. Many spe­ examples of defensive stinging cies of ants occur on lnhaca, the most ids, that purportedly involved Sceliphron References interesting being the arboreal weaver and perhaps Ttypoxylon (Sphecos 18: ant, Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille), 12). Since then, Justin Schmidt found sting that Arnold, G. 1945. The Sphecidae of this being the most southerly record of a record of a Sce/iphron killed a man Madagascar. Cambridge Univ. Press, this tropical species. Mutillidae taken anaphylactically, actually this latest in­ Cambridge. on the island were first identffied by the (Sphecos 19:5-6). Given Happropriate to re­ Callan, E. McC. 1976. Observations late Charlo! Jacot Guillarmod, who died formation I thought and unrelated sto­ on the nesting behavior and prey of in 1979. I am grateful to Denis Broth­ late two addhional stinging in Sceliphron, gorytine wasps in Trinidad (Hyme­ ers (1990, pers. comm.), in whose col­ ries of defensive year. noptera, Sphecidae). Psyche 83: lection the lnhaca mutillids are deposh­ that I learned of this past voluntered dur­ 324-335. ed, for examining the specimens and Accounts were freely whh each infor­ Callan, E. McC. 1980. Nesting behav­ updating and correcting their names. ing my first encounter cue­ ior and prey of Argogorytes Ash­ mant (in the field), and whhout any have already mead (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). J. SPHAEROPTHALMINAE ing on my part, except to (e.g. Wash. Acad. Sci. 70:160-165. stated that I studied digger wasps At this Capener, A.L. 1952. Notes on the clas­ Dasylabris unipunctata Bischoff cicada killers, mud-daubers). whether I sHication of certain African Membrac­ point one man actually asked sting! idae with the addnion of three genera MYRMILLINAE was aware that "dirt-daubers• the abilhy to and four new species (Hemipt.­ Well, many sphecids have them in your Homopt.). J. Ent. Soc. South. Africa Ceratotilla sp. •sting•, Hyou should hold as sting­ 15:101-121. hand, but that is not the same Evans, H.E. 1966. The comparative MUTILLINAE ing to defend your nest. the ethology and evolution of the sand Independent accounts ran about stung wasps. Harvard Univ. Press, Cam­ Mutilla scabrofoveata Sichel & Ra­ same way - both men had been disturbed bridge, MA. doszkowski after they had inadvertently nests - and in Evans, H.E. & Matthews, R.W. 1973. Smicromyrme rufisquamu/ata Bi- some females at their at and stung Observations on the nesting behav­ schoff each instance wasps flew case had ior of South American sand wasps Smicromyrme sp. the perpetrators. One if (Hymenoptera). Biotropica 6:130- Trogaspidia themis (Peringuey) Sce/iphron nesting near a door, which draw fast 134. Trogaspidia vetustata (Bingham) allowed to slam would often ac­ Pulawski, W.J. 1985. Harpactus Shuck­ Trogaspidia sp. pursuit by the wasps. The other ard, 1837, the valid name for the ge­ count involved removal of metal sheet­ to a shed. Evi­ nus currently called Dienoplus Fox, References ing that formed the roof under the 1894 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). dently, Sce/iphron nested caused System. En!. 10:59-63. Betrem, J.G. 1971. The African Camp­ sheeting and the disturbance somerinae (Hymenoptera, Scollidae). wasps fly at and sting the man doing Mon. Ned. Ent. Ver. 6:1-326. this chore. I can not recall H either man Mutlllldae of lnhaca Island, Krombein, K.V. 1984. Two new egg received more than one sting, but obvi­ accounts sound very much Mo~amblque parashes of South African walking ously these by sticks and notes on two previously like Polistes. E. McC. Callan described species (Hymenoptera: The men that were stung (at different Chrysididae: Amiseginae). J. Ent. localities in Central Texas) evidently upon their an­ lnhaca Island lies at 26.01 S 32.58 Soc. South. Africa 47: 211-215. knew Sce/iphron, based There was no E at the northern tip of the peninsula Macnae, W. & Kalk, M. 1969. A natural swers to my questions. mind as to what enclosing Delagoa Bay some 32 km history of lnhaca Island, Mo99mbique. doubt in either man's from Maputo (formerly Lourenco Mar­ Revised Ed. Johannesburg: Wnwa­ had actually stung them - "dirt-daubers"! were rural men ques), Mo9ambique. It is a geologically tersrand Univ. Press. 163 p. I should add that these state recent inshore island about 11 km long (one was a ranger at a nearby !Hties, and they and 6 km wide. Macnae & Kalk (1969) park), in their early idea that "dirt­ gave an interesting account of its natu­ seemed to have this in addi­ ral history. Insects were collected by a daubers• can sting defensively, the better known •red wasps• student Ted Giddy and myse~ mainly tion to from the she~ered west coast facing (Po/istes). 14 SPHECOS21

Obviously, these stories will remain Swarm-Founding Wasp Defensive nest or tts supporting branch, moving just that, until someone begins to piss­ Behavior rapidly near the nest, and blowing or off nesting Scsliphron in a scient~ic (Hymenoptera, Vespldae, Eplponlnl) breathing on the nest. Worlpheromone in the venom ying nest denstties. In any event, I (Department of Entomology (Jeanne 1981}. Worlinsect collection at the Tupper buildin_g once attached, even ~ the attacker circular wtth a diameter of ca. 11 em. in Panama city. leaves the nest area. I have destroyed and has at least 400 cells, a central The defensive behavior I refer to is specimens of every "hanging-on• spe­ main petiole and at least three smaller that evoked by disturbance of active cies I have encountered while trying to peripheral petioles. Although no brood colonies by a vertebrate predator, more remove them from my hair or clothing. remained in the nest (collected 6 Sep­ spec~ically a human. This may differ This behavior has been noted in Agelaia tember t 990} there was substantial evi· greatly from responses to other verte­ yepocapa in Costa Rica (O'Donnell and dence of lepidopteran attack wtth silk in brates, and certainly deviates from re­ Jeanne 1990) and A (olim Stelopolybia) over haW the cells and a couple patch­ sponses to invertebrate enemies such areata in Mexico (Jeanne 1973). Cling­ es on the upper surface of the comb. as army ants, which Ruth Chadab stud­ ing and buzzing were strikingly dis­ To the best of my knowledge, this ied with a rigorous comparative ap­ played by Brachygastra /echeguana adds an addttional state to this species' proach over ten years ago (Chadab and Epipona guerini workers in Pana­ known nearctic distribution as well as 1979}. I will start with a description of ma. All of these species have large serving as the southernmost record in epiponine defensive behavior as exhib­ colony sizes, typically several thousand North America. Beside the records for tted by what I consider a mildly to mod­ worlPolybia lose a few to suicidal attacks. The ex­ New Jersey I am aware only of informa­ oocidentalis. I will follow this wtth de­ tent to which this behavior varies with tion relayed to me by Chris Starr con­ scriptions of defense in species that d~­ colony size wtthin species is unknown. cerning the occurrence of P. dominulus fer from this pattern in some remarlbees employ a APRIL91 15 similar clinging/buzzing strat~gy. An reluctant to fly off and sting, even wfth Behavior of two apecles of Larra In analysis of the sounds produce•d during repeated bumping of the nest. De­ Santa Cruz, Bolivia hymenopteran colony defens1e might fense also stops short of stinging in by yield insights into similarities~ across Parachartergus co/oboplerus in Vene­ c. J. Pruett taxa. Another type of persistent attack zuela; alter rushing onto the envelope, (Centro de lnvestigacion Y Meijora­ was employed by large colllnies of females fly away from the nest (Strass­ miento de Ia Cana de Azucar, Casilla Parachartergus fraternus in Cc•sta Rica mann et al. 1990). 2731, Santa Cruz, Bolivia) in 1989; in this case, workars ·from two As a final note, I think our under­ and colonies followed and repeatedly stung standing of the evolution of social wasp F. D. Bennett retreating human invaders ovEor 200 m defensive behavior would be greatly (Dept. of Entomology and Nematology from the nest. enhanced by studies of the effects of 970 Hull Road, Univ. of Florida Iff. Strong smells: These observa­ colony size. In particular, we need to Gainesville, Fl32611 USA) tions must be interpreted wfth caution, investigate the possibly confounded since human sensftivfty to airborne factors of actual colony population and Lana bicolor F. and L praedatrix chemicals may be very different from "species-typical" population size. Are Strand' occur together In varying pro­ that of more relevant predators of there predictable species-typical differ· portions depending on the locality and wasps. There may be many ;ldditional encas in defensive behavior, or is colo­ season, and parasitize nymphs and vespids with scent defense, 1and con­ ny defense flexible, corresponding to adults of Scapteriscus vicinus, S. versely the chemicals f describe may the number of aduRs or brood present? acletus and S. n. spp. These two spa· not be perceived by other vertebrates. Observations of epiponine interactions cies are very similar in appearance and Function cannot be ascribed to these with non-human vertebrates would also behavior and can only be reliably sep­ chemicals without experimental testing, be highly informative. arated by male genftalia (A.S. Menke, which f believe is qufte feasible. Jeanne pers. comm. 1991). Therefore some of (1973) noted a smell, "some•what re­ References the observations attributed to one spe· sembling the odor of Ivory soa1p," when cies may refer to the other or both spe­ attacked by Agelaia areata. Both E. Chadab, R. 1979. Army ant predation cies. In the laboratory, L. bicolor para­ guerini and P. fraternus workers emH­ on social wasps. PhD Dissertation, sitizes nymphs and aduhs of all four prefers ted strong smells during stingin10 attacks. University of Connecticut, Storrs, species of Scapteriscus but In high concentrations, these smells or CT. 260 p. large nymphs and aduhs of S. vicinus. associated chemicals were irritating to Jeanne, R.L. 1970. Descriptions of the Larra praedatrix prefers nymphs and human mucous membranes. The smell nests of Pseudochartergus fuscatus adults of the two new species of of P. fraternus reminded me of c~ronel­ and Stelopolybia testacea, with a Scapteriscus and of S. vicinus and la, while that of E. guerini was especial­ note on a parasite of S. testacea will also parasitize small nymphs of ly strong and unpleasant, reminiscent (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Psyche S. acletus. Both species of Larra of rotten celery. It is posnible that 77:54-69. will parasitize nymphs of Neocurtilta these volatile compounds are important Jeanne, R.L. 1973. Aspects of the hexadac.tyla, and L. bicolor will, reluc­ in intraspecHic alarm communication. In biology of Stelopolybia areata (Say) tantly, parasftize adults of this mole addftion, vertebrates may rapidly learn (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Biotrop. cricket. However laboratory trials indi­ to associate these smells with the in­ 5:183-t98. cate N. hexadactyla to be "resistant" to tense aggression of these wasps; this Jeanne, R.L. 1981. Alarm recruftment, both species of Larra. i.e. ahhough hypothesis could be tested in similar attack behavior, and the role of eggs are laid, larval development is sel­ ways to the ideas on sound mentioned the alarm pheromone in Polybia dom completed. Only 5 of 328 individ­ above. It is interesting to note that P. occidenta/is (Hymenoptera: Vespi­ uals parasitized at the CIMCA laborato­ fraternus is also capable of squirting Hs dae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 9:143- ry developed to the pupal stage; 39 venom through a bee veil and into the 148. additional individuals were stung but no eyes of intruders. O'Donnell, S. and R.L. Jeanne. 1990. eggs were laid. More than haH of the IV. Shyness: In marked O)ntrast to Notes on an army ant (Eciton eggs hatched but the parasfte larvae the above species are wasps with burchelli Westwood) raid of a social died in the first instar; most of the re­ smaller typical colony siltes. In wasp nest (Age/aia yepocapa Rich­ mainder bore no trace of the egg or of Polybia emaciata, Protopol)•bia (olim ards) in Costa Rica. J. Trop. Ecol. larval feeding scars suggesting that the Pseudochartergus) fuscatus (Jeanne 6:507-509. egg had been removed or sloughed off 1970), and Leipome/es sp. (Bc>b Jeanne Strassmann, J.E., C.R. Hughes, and by the mole cricket. In contrast suc­ pars. comm.), workers often r1etreat into D.C. Queller. 1990. Colony defense cessful parasnlsm of Scapteriscus spp. the nest, or between the nest and Hs in the social wasp, Parachartergus by Larra spp., as measured by devel­ substrate, rather than attacking. In P. colobopterus. Biotrop. 22:324-327. opment to cocoon formation in the lab, emaciata, the initial retreat is usually can be as high as 80%. followed by a dramatic flying/stinging light trap records and field collec­ attack if molestation persists. In tions indicate large seasonal fluctua­ Polybia nidulatrix, a forest understory tions and/or activfty in populations of nesting wasp with very small colonies, Scapteriscus spp. and N. hexadacty/a workers from two nests rushed out at CIMCA. When populations of and raised their wings, bull seemed Scapteriscus spp. are scarce, females 16 SPHECOS21 of La"a spp. are forced to seek out N. formed cocoons was very staggered males, possibly the same individuals, hexadacty/a and expend their biotic po­ and we seldom had newly emerged have been observed to restrict them­ tential by ovipositing on this unsu~able males and females at the same time. salves to one or two flower clusters lor host. The effect on the Larra popula­ During May 1989 several males and fe­ several successive days. Females of tion would be much more detrimental n males of Larra spp. of Bolivian origin L. bicolor, when visHing early In the emergence from the pupal stage was emerged from cocoons held in the DPI, specnied period, arrive swiftly and dart not so staggered. Our studies in qua­ Gainesville, Florida quarantine labora­ into the foliage where the males seek rantine in Florida indicate that emer­ tory over a period of a lew days. These them out. Apparently large numbers of gence of two Larra aduHs developing were placed in a 8"X8"x16" metal-framed males frequenting the same sHe (up to from eggs laid on individuals of the screened cage containing a flowering 5 have bean observed in a 1 X 10 me­ same stage and species of Scapteriscus plant of Spermococe vertici/lata and held tar area in 10 minutes) serve to attract on the same day may occur three to in the laboratory in subdued light. In a continuous flow of females that are lour weeks apart. Consequently in Bo­ the late afternoon, the cage was placed not primarily interested In feeding. Fe­ livia when populations of Scapteriscus in lull sunlight. This induced rapid flight males of L bicolor also lurk In the foli­ reappear both species of Larra are able w~hin the confines of the cage and age especially on warm days when ~ is to re-establish and maintain host popu­ feeding of several aduHs at the flowers overcast . However, feeding at nectar­ lations at non-economic levels. of S. vetticillata. Coupling by pairs of las is the principal activHy of females, There are occasional reports of mole La"a species was observed on three at least those of L. praedatrix, for a cricket outbreaks, which damage rice, successive afternoons w~h lour of three hour period, starting from midday, pastures etc. in the Santa Cruz area. more couplings being noted on the first and during this period males insistently During two of these outbreaks, which day. Coupling is of such short duration pounce on feeding females many of occurred on sandy soil a lew km west that ~ is almost a non-eventl A male in which presumably have already mated. of CIMCA in 1980 and 1987 respective­ flight lands on a female that is momen­ Castner (1988), on the basis of de­ ly, aduH N. hexadactyla were collected tarily stationary. II receptive, the fe­ tailed studies in Puerto Rico and Flori­ at lights. These collections suggest male raises the tip of her abdomen and da, noted that females of L. bicolor that N. hexadactyla was the culpr~ , but the male engages her copulatory or­ foraging at flowers were never ap­ definitive proof (collections of speci­ gans lor less than live seconds, disen­ proached by males. Our observations mens from the soil around the dam­ gages and then flies off and settles in Bolivia suggest that there may be be­ aged plants) is lacking. Elsewhere N. nearby. The female grooms herself havioral dnlerences between geograph­ hexadactyla has been the only species passing the posterior tarsi over the tip ic strains of L. bicolor. collected at light where nearby damage of her abdomen and the male performs Females of La"a have been ob­ was caused by Scapteriscus (J.H. a similar task. Both then resume flight. served patrolling the ground, actively Frank pars. comm. 1991 ). Behavioral observations in Bolivia digging after and chasing mole crickets were in~iated in 1986 and continued to the surface from 8 or 9 am until mid­ "Use of the name praedatrix is a presumptive iden­ until the end of 1988 w~h more fre­ day and again alter 4 pm. tification by A. S. Menke. quent observations being made from Large numbers of aduHs emerged in May through October, 1988. The two early October 1988, a few days after most abundant species, Larra bicolor heavy rains ended a 6-month drought. Observations on copulation In and L. praedatrbt are identical in ap­ Males were observed flying above hunt­ Florida and on the behavior of male pearance and can only be reliably ing females frequently darting after and female wasps of the genus separated by male genitalia (A.S. them and attempting to follow them un­ Larrs In Santa Cruz, Bolivia Menke pars. comm. 1991 ). Both sexes derground. Copulation per se has not by of both species of Larra vis~. in order of been observed, however, during this F. D. Bennett preference, Cissus sp., Spermacoce activ~y where the male lands on the fe­ (Dept. of Entomology and Nematology vetticillata, Euphorbia spp., and occa­ male, alba~ briefly, ~ may have oc­ 970 Hull Road, Univ. of Florida sionally Mikania micrantha and several curred particularly in view of the brief Gainesville, FL 32611 USA) other unidentified weeds. Cissus is copulation time described above. It and visited almost exclusively if it is fk>wer­ seems likely that mating may occur on C. J. Pruett ing followed by S. verticil/ala and the ground as well as among the foli­ (Centro de lnvestigacion Y Meijora­ Euphorbia heterophy/la. Generally the age of nectar producing plants. Cissus miento de Ia Cana de Azucar, Casilla males appear at flowers as soon as the sp. is particularly suitable because of 2731, Santa Cruz, Bolivia) dew has dried: i.e. from 8:30 to 10:00 ~s abundant foliage, and high density am, depending on the time of year, un­ of flowers where males aggregate, During his studies on the biology of til late afternoon. Females of Larra visit qu~e possibly maintaining individualler­ La"a bicolor Castner (1963) did not flowers from 10:00 am onwards with an r~ories, and possibly releasing a sex give details on copulation and there is activ~y peak between 12:00 and 3:00 pheromone. H so, it would be advisa­ little mention in the l~erature of court­ pm.; those of L. bicolor vis~ flowers ble to release males as well as females ship or mating. During our investiga­ from about 11 :00 onwards w~h a peak in areas where establishment of Larra tions, we had not observed copulation of activ~y from 12:30 to 3:30. Cissus is to be attempted This practice would w~h certainty until May 1989, mainly sp., a sprawling vine, occurs in dense also enhance the probabil~ that fe­ because emergence of adults from lab- mats w~h many flowers, yet Larra males would be mated. APRIL91 17

References Happel! (UK), P.T. Lehtinen (Finland), Wfthout question the most signHicant A. Minelli (haly), C. Nielsen (Denmark), and revolutionary changes adopted at that will se­ Castner, J.L 1983. Biology and ecolo­ W.D.L. Ride (Australia), J.M. Savage these meetings were those application of gy of the mole cricket parasftoid (USA), R. Schuster (Australia), and verely constrain the strict giving heaviest weight to the Larra bico/orFabricius. Univ. Florida F.C. Thompson (USA). Clearly the priorfty by of current usage as the deter­ MS Thesis. 80 p. Commission undertook the new inftia­ crfterion to minant for establishing the validfty of Castner, J.L 1988. Evaluation of Larra tive for code revision in response of the user communfty names. The first and interim step in bico/or as a biological control agent changing needs requirements for this process will be the bringing togeth­ of mole crickets. Univ. Florida PhD and the burgeoning data bases. Their er of materials in Articles 23c, 79 and Thesis. 139 p. stable biodiversfty goal was to retain the most essential 80 of the Code making ft manditory that features of previous codes while de­ senior synonyms that have not been ~se of the name praedatrix is a presumptive iden­ a foundation for the nomencla­ used in the 50 years prior to the date of tification bf A. S. Menke. signing ture of the future. publication of their rediscovery are to Underlying all of the Commision ac­ be rejected and are not to be used to ICZNNEWS tions were three primary principles. upset a long accepted nama. No appli­ First, that as emphasized in the Pream­ cation to the Commissions will be nec­ (3rd ed.) the essary (contrary to the present Code) Meetings of the International ble to the present Code of the Code is ,o to maintain current usage. Much more Commission on Zoological overriding purpose The important than this Improvement, in Nomenclature• promote stability and universalfty." this goal is what might be called the statute of limi­ by Commission agreed that tations for the resurrection of old names, Jay M. Savage best achieved by adopting procedures in current use rath­ are a sequence of decisions that the (Department of Biology that validate names strict priority. Commission believes will provide a Universfty of Miami, P.O. Box 249118 er than through following stated by both stable and universal zoological nomen­ Coral Gables, Florida 33124) Second, as succinctly Linnaeus and Strictland (the promulga­ clature for the 21st century. The first of Code of Zoological No­ these involves the early establishment What will doubtless be recorded as tor of the first the names given to by the commission of a List of Available the most momentous meeting in the menclature) that symbols repre­ Generic Names in Zoology. The list history of the International Commission organisms are simply communica­ would be developed substantially from on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) senting taxa that enhance allow development of infor­ Neave's Nomenclator Zoologlcus and took place July 4-5, 1990, at the Inter­ tion about, them. Conse­ the Zoological Record wfth additions national Congress of Systematic and mation bases regarding decided that and corrections. At the time of publica­ Evolutionary Biology, held at the Uni­ quently the Commission to details of othogra­ tion (e.g. 1996) the dates in the list (re­ versfty of Maryland, USA. At these matters relating strict adherence to gardless of any subsequent findings) sessions the Commission developed a phy, transliteration, grammar, determina­ would be the final determinants of prior­ series of fundamental principles to be the rules of Latin spelling are secon­ fty. In addftion and most importantly. adopted for the preparation of the forth­ tions of gender and and maintaining a only the generic names on this list would coming 4th edition of the International dary to establishing and stable name for be available for use! Any other name, Code of Zoological Nomenclature unique, distinctive Third, that the previ­ subsequently discovered or not, would that will revolutionize both the theory each valid taxon. must be simplified not exist for nomenclatural purposes. and practice of zoological nomencla­ sions of the Code to insure easy and auto­ Obviously new names proposed after ture. Significantly these principles and desigined of them by practicing 1996 would be available from their date were first enunciated as the resuh of an matic application minimum need to pe­ of publication. ali-day session of the Commission held systematists, with for use of its Ple­ A second step in this process will be America's celebration of the anniver­ tition the Commission on to ask the appropriate specialist com­ sary of the signing of fts Declaration of nary Powers. paragraphs I will mittees (e.g. Nomenclature Committees Independence, July 4. Like the state­ In the following important proposals of the lntemational Congress of various ments in that document, these historic mention the most during the Commis­ taxonomic groups) to prepare lists of changes in the Code promise to free for change adopted a meet­ family-group, genus-group and species­ systematic biology from the tyranny of sion's deliberations, including of the zoologi­ group names in current usage. These the past and provide sound and com­ ing open to all members These matters might be based on up-dated versions prehensive guidance for the future. cal communfty on July 5. in what I per­ of the lists of living mammals and am­ Members of the ICZN in attendance will be presented below order of signHicance phibians prepared by the Association at these meetings all contributed to a ceive to be their order in which they were con­ for Systematic Collections, for exam­ series of exciting and productive ex­ not in the be noted that the ple. Alter appropriate consideration the changes of ideas that led to over­ sidered. It should through-out Commission would certify such a list as whelming support for the fundamental commission reaffirmed the Linnean classi­ an Official List of Names in Current and revolutionary revisions in the Code these meetings that its hierarchy of taxa Use (LNCU). Names not on this list described below. They included: 0. fication system, system of nomencla­ would not be available and would not Kranus (FR Germany, President), H.G. and the binomial irreducible exist for nomenclatural purposes. Ob­ (Australia, Vice-President), W.J. ture are fundamental and Cogger viously new names proposed for taxa Bock (USA), J.D. Corliss (USA), D. bulwarks of the Code. 18 SPHECOS21

alter the publication of the LNCU would The area of what consmutes publica­ ed names in these categories in zoolo­ become available from their date of tion and the crheria of availability were gy. Hopefully this will encourage uni­ publication. This procedure means that revisited. Clearly wfth development of versality of usage of order-, class- and for a particular group there will be no new methods of electronic publication phyla-group names as kay words, in ti­ necessity to search for any names pub­ and printing unintentional, accidental, tles and in abstracts. lished prior to the appearance of the personal or even mischievous propo­ An edhorial committee chaired by F. LNCU thus completely freeing the sys­ sals of new names for taxa are possi­ Christian Thompson is in the process tematist from the past. Essentially each ble. The Commission favored the no­ of drafting these dramatic changes into LNCU will be a new (dhough mini-) tion that to be published for purposes of definitive form for action at the meeting Syatema Naturae and will serve as the zoologicel nomenclalure a new name of the International Union of Biological new starting point for nomenclature in must appear in one of a substantial Sciences at Amsterdam, the Nether­ that particular major group. In poorly number of approved scientHic journals lands, in September 1991. k is Impor­ known groups ~ may be sometime be­ or In books from an extensive fist of tant that systematists voice their sup­ fore LNCU's will be prepared. For publishers thai were registered with the port of these changes, which are based these taxa the revised Article 23c and ICZN. logistics for such a plan are upon the Commission's response to the List of Available Generic Names in complex and need further investigation the demands of both taxonomists and Zoology will provide maximum stabilhy but the aim is to insure publication in other members of the biodiversity com­ until LNCU's are available. the primary scientHic lherature as op­ munity. Your comments may be direct­ In another signHicant area the Com­ posed to privately printed and/or uned­ ed to the Executive-s-etary, Interna­ mission recognized the inherent incon­ Ited sources. In the area of availability tional Commission on Zoological Nomen­ gruity between the absence of knowl­ h is proposed thai in order to be availa­ clature, c/o Museum of Natural History, edge of classical languages by most ble (alter a certain date) a new name Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5BD, practicing systematists and the require­ must be accompanied by an abstract Great Britain. It is vital to the weHare ments of the Code. It was agreed that and/or diagnosis purporting to distin­ and future of systematic biology that scientHic names are only symbols for guish It from other similar taxa in a lan­ the progressive and exciting Innova­ taxa in themselves carrying no special guage using Letin letter, preferably •a tions in zoological nomenclature devel­ meaning and under the current Code language of the Code. • A language of oped by the ICZN al Maryland become may even be arbhrary combinations of the Code being any language so desig­ implemented. Your individual aid, letters. Consequently, while the Com­ nated in the Coda. Candidate languag­ through endorsement of the major prin­ mission believes that names for taxa es are to be determined at a later date. ciples described above, in bringing this should continue to be based primarily The Commission agreed that provi­ great enterprise to fruition of biologists on words of Latin and Greek derivation, sions should be added to the Coda so and biology generally is an essential in­ the pertinent articles on name forma­ that in cases where a type genus of a gredient in adoption of a Coda of Zoo­ tion in the Code will be re-written with­ family-group name has been misidenti­ logical Nomenclature that emphasiz­ out reference to the rules of Latin gram­ fied the first available name for the es stability based on current usage and mar. SpecHically a simple and unHorm same taxon is to become the type ge­ is designed for the needs of systema­ method will be devised for forming fam­ nus and 2) similarly a misidentified type tists in the 21st century. ily-group names for the future. The ac­ species of a genus-group name should cepted spellings of older family-group be replaced by the first available name •Reprinted from Insect Cdlection News, 1990, names will be established by current for the same taxon. Another change 4:1&18. usage not Latin grammar! would require all future species-group Two other specffic issues in the area descriptions to include a designation of of grammar were considered. It was a holotypa, syntypes or hapantotypa or agreed that in the case of species­ in certain cases of ephemeral organ­ group patronyms that terminate in -II or isms, an illustration that may be com­ -1, either spelling would be admissable posite (some special designation will regardless of the original spelling (e.g. be required for these). Such types BOOK REVIEWS petersii or petersi; boylii or boy I~. Less must be deposited in a museum or sim­ clearly resolved was the matter of ilar insthution. Alter a stated date no agreement in gender between generic new species-group name would be avail­ Rovarkalauz. LBszl6 M6czar. 1990. and species-group names based on ad­ able H ft does not meet these require­ Budapest: Gondola!, Budapest. 260 pp jectives. The idea that generic names ments. + plates. Price: 240 Forint. should be without gender received con­ Although the Code does not treat Distributed by: KULTURA Kereske­ siderable support, however, there was names of order-, class- or phyla-groups, delmi Vallalat, Budapest 1., Fii u. 32 no agreement on how to establish fixed the Commission is often thought to (12), Hungary. spellings for the adjective-based spe­ have authority in this area. There cies-group names. One alternative seems to be some advantage to the Uszl6 M6czar continues to produce might be to make all generic names community H the ICZN could provide a works of edHication for the hard-working feminine for purposes of zoological no­ list of such names in current use, whh entomophilous public. His latest is a menclature. Certainly it would be best some indication of preference in usage. lovely little guide to the insects of Eu­ H all members of a particular genus had Consequently the ICZN will undertake rope. Its slightly elongate format, solid, the same adjectival terminations. the preparation of a list of recommend- flexible binding and user-friendly organ- APRIL91 19 ization show that tt is truly designed lor chitecture, behavior of several steno­ A response to "A request for Clarifi­ field use. Physically, it is in all respects gastrine species, and the biology of cation •••etc., etc. ad lnt" posed by first-rate. three species of Vespa. Byron A. Alexander The core of the book is a 120-page by section of plates, comprising 350 excel­ E- Eric Grlssell lent color photos, 69 of them of hyme­ noptera. I lind the bee pictures espe­ Well, Byron, you do pose a most in­ is cially pleasing. The text is in Hungarian, teresting question. And my -r that mysterious language which gets an unequivocal "maybe" basad upon the involved. lumped together wtth Finnish and Es­ relative time-frames (RTE) in the tonian just because nobody has much You see, as I write this I am Zone idea of their affinities. Some might con­ Eastern Daylight Savings Time you wm sider this a drawback, but the surrealist (EDSlZ), but when you read ft Region sees incomprehensibiltty as an invita­ most likely be in the Central tion to the delights of free interpretation. Analegous Zone out-Yonder (CRAZY), course, Still, ft is a puzzle to me that this or perhaps not, depending, of a rel­ book exists. The number of Hungarian on where you are (which, ilsalf, is you answer (and surrealist) bug-watchers must be ative question that only can at that). quite small, and it is hard to believe and then maybe not very well (Non­ that such a production is economically It is a well-established feet (WEF) creat­ feasible. Yet the price is less than a ymous, 1974) that not all time is is more valuable day's pay for a skilled worker in Hun­ ed equal. Some time follows gary. With (expensive) postage, the to­ than other time and it thusly SAY WHAT? differ in value then tal cost to foreigners should still be less (TF) that ~ time can and then than US$10. tt must have different values It A Request for Clarification time has are re­ Anyone desiring a copy should con­ TF that the only values Concernlng the Scientific Note related to time teet either the distributor (address above) lated to time and being by Grlssell et aL, 1990, As has or the author (H-114 Budapest, Sza­ must be considered relatives. An Observation in the Well-Known bolcska Mihaly u. I. IIVI, Hungary). Con­ been demonstrated In which the Unknown Prey end Well1986a, tacting the author will probably be quick­ Theory (WNT) (Known (really just a Gummy Brown Mass) different less trouble. 1986b, Well and Known 1986) er and of an Unknown Species of Pol/stes among you will values of time (DVT) are (or am) the re­ The stamp collectors (possibly axc/amans VIereck Hungary issues an sult of relative time (RT) and HTF that have noticed that (Hymenoptera: Vespldae), A.S. number of insect stamps time is relative. The following equation unusually large Manke, personal communication) than those of makes this clear: and or greater originality was Robbed I suspect that many other countries. when It was Knocked to the Ground may have something to Laszl6 M6czar by an Unknown Species of Vsspula do with this. (possibly squamosa (Drury), Chris Starr (but Who Really Knows) Taichung, Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Vespldae), Now to directly answer your question E-E- Grlssell, personal so that even you can understand H, we communication) of relative time Natural history of social wasps must factor in the degree during an In-Flight Battle the observations of and bees In equatorial Sumatra. (DRT) based upon that Lasted Approximately (1989) who proved Sh6ichi F. Sakagami, Ryoh-ichi Ohgushi Ruth and Brothers Twenty Seconds (EDST) different places at and David W. Roubik (edit.), 1990. that any 2 people in In the VIcinity of Colesville, could not likely be the Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, different times Montgomery County, Maryland in the same place at the Japan. 312 p. Order from: Maruzen same person on 11 August 1990 (this is also called the Schiz­ Co., Ltd., Export Dept., P.0. Box 5050, same time at about 11 :30 a.m. Theory of Many Tokyo International 100-31, Japan. oid Theory (ST) or the on a Relatively Warm, Windless Day. your pick). Thus, Sea mail, $148 in U.S. currency (air Facies (TMF) -- take Sphecos 20:35 depends upon where we mail, $176). relative time by H I am EDST and This book contains 14 chapters, are. For example Byron A. Alexander then tt becomes only most of which are studies of various you are CRAZY (Snow Entomological Museum clear what the problem is. We vespid and bee taxa, but it also in­ too Lawrence, Kansas 66045) we are 2 people in different cludes a chapter on a lady bird beetle, know that must follow on the basis of and one on a bug. The chapters are places so tt Are twenty seconds of Eastern Day­ R & B hypothesis that we are in dH­ written by a variety of specialists. Sub­ the light Savings Time different from twenty times. ject matter of interest to readers of ferent seconds anywhere else in the universe? Now, taking the first part of the puz­ Sphecos includes a key to the Suma­ Or have I misinterpreted the intended i.e., that time is relative, and then tran species of Vespinae and Polisti­ zle, meaning of the abbreviation (EDST) in puzzle nest ar- putting the second part of the nae, a review of stenogastrine your publication? Please explain. 20 SPHECOS21 w~h ~. i.e., we are in different times, we BIG BLUE BOOK ERRATA p. 402, LC, L 18 from bottom: are left w~h one inescapable conclu­ Part 16 /eucostoma is correct. sion: the puzzle has 2 parts. I think p. 402, RC, insert as synonym after L this· pretty much answers your ques­ p. 115, LC, insert after L 10 as species: 11: daisetsuzanusTsuneki,1947 tion, doesn, n? h amply demonstrates gil>ertiTurner, 1908; Australia. (Crabro). that 20 seconds of EDST is different p. 390, LC, L12: rolotum is correct. p.403, RC, L 11-12: sugiharaiiscor­ than 20 seconds of CRAZY. h only re­ p. 390, LC, L10 from bottom: ze/andum rect. Transfer as synonym of mains to be seen "How much differ­ is correct. pauxi/lus. ent?" And that is a question for anoth­ p. 400, RC, L 1 : Thomson is correct. p. 403, RC, insert as species after L er time because ~ is not relative to this p. 400, RC, L 10 from bottom: add 19: la/ceuchiiTsuneki, 1957;'Korea. discussion. (Crabro) after Dalla Torre. p. 403, RC, insert as synonym after L p. 400, RC, L 27: 1958 is correct, not 12 from bottom: bojus Schrank, 1802 L~erature C~ed 1956. (Crabro). p. 401, LC, L 38: add after ( Crabro): Change 1879 to 1880 for the following Known, R. U. and I. M. Well. 1986a. nee Vander Linden, 1829. names in Philanthus: The Known-Well Theory of relative p. 401, LC, L43: 1959 is correct, not califomicus & sublimus Cresson time. Time Magazine 178: 35-36. 1964. (synonyms of crabronilormis, p.564) Known, R. U. and I. M. Well. 1986b. A p. 401, RC, L 9: 1970 is correct, not sce/estus Cresson (synonym of reassessment of the Known-Well 1960. bilunatus on p. 564) Theory. Time Magazine, 178:38-45. p. 401, RC, L 27: 1945 is correct, not pacificus Cresson on p. 566 Nonymous, A. 1974. When is 20 sec­ 1944. scute/laris Cresson (synonym of onds not 20 seconds. World Book of p. 401, RC, L 15from bottom: 1959 is sanbomii on p. 566) Near Facts and Distant Fantasies. correct, not 1964. zebratus Cresson (p. 567) Dubious Publishing Co., Inc., Lim~­ p. 402, LC, insert as species after L 8: basi/aris Cresson (as synonym of ed, Scranton, N.J. 346 pp. /(opensileclercq, 1958; Zaire. zebratus Cresson on p. 567, but Ruth, Dr. and Joyce Brothers. 1989. p. 402, LC, insert at end of L 14: new now recognized as species by Two shrinks in time; where are we at name lor Blepharipus maculatus Ferguson, 1984) this point. Psychic Today, 34: 27-28. Lepeletier and Brulle, 1834. Well, I. M. and R. U. Known. 1986. p. 402, LC, change L 18: new name for The Well-Known Theory restated. B/epharipus macu/atus Lepeletier Time Magazine, 178:55-72. and Brulle, 1834.

Ampulex cana/iculata Say APRIL91 21

RECENT LITERATURE (Hym., Dryinidae). Ent Mon. Mag. 126:186. Callan, E. McC. 1990. Biological notes on Trachypus petiolatus (Spinola) (Worth a look: Darling & Sharkey, 1990; Gilbert & Hamitton; (Hym., Sphecidae) in Trinidad. Ent. Mon. Mag. 126:111- 1990 Matthews, 1991; Piek, 1990; van der Vecht & Carpen­ 112. ter, 1990; Yamane, 1990) Carpenter, James M. 1990. Of genetic distances and social wasps. Syst. Zool. Aberdrabbo, S., J. Kathir~hamby and M. Olmi 39:391-397. 1990. Contribution to the knowledge of the Elenchidae Carpenter, James M. and Alexander P. Rasn~syn (Strepsiptera) and Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) 1990. Mesozoic Vespidae. Psyche 97:1-120. of the Galapagos Islands. Boll. 1st. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Castro, Leopoldo Bologna 45:121-128. 1989. Sabre los Eumenidae de las Sierra de Ronda: Akre, Roger D. and Arthur L Antonelli (Hym.). E 0 S 65:15-23. 1989. Yellowjackets and paper wasps. Washington State Chandran, S. and R. Gadagkar Cooperative Extension. 6 p. 1990. 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Evans, Howard, E. Paleont. 64:482-483. (Pompilidae) 1990. New distribution records for spider wasps (Hyme­ Gerber, H.S. noptera, Pompilidae) from the Rocky Mountain states. 1990. Note on the occurrence of Paravespu/a germanica Great Basin Nat. 50:193-195. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) In the lower Fraser Valley of Fritz, Manfredo A. Br~ish Columbia J. Ent. Soc. Br~. Columbia 87:73-74. 1989. Las especies Argentinas y Paraguayas del genero Gilbert, Pamela and Chris J. Hamitton CBrceris Latreille, des los grupos "po//ens" y •rugu/osa" 1990. Entomology: a guide to information sources. (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Insecta Mundi 3:261·270. Mansell Publ. LJd., London and New York. 259 p. Gadagkar, Raghavendra Gordh, Gordon 1990. Evolution of eusociality: the advantage of assured 1990. Apenesla evansi sp.n. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) !~ness returns. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London (B) 329:17-25. from Australia whh comments on phoretic copulation in 1990. 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Zur Stechimmenbesiedlung Griiber­ (40):25-34. verwandten Blotropen am Beispiel des Pestruper (Hymenoptera Acu­ Smithers, C.N. feldes in Nordwest-Niedersachsen 1990. First record of Psocoptera as prey of Australian leata). Drosera '90 (112):55-76. Sphecidae (Hymenoptera). Aust. Ent. Mag. 17:42 Wahis, Raymond WoH, 1986. Pompilide Sohmen, WoKgang 1990. Aganioideus tasclnubecu/a Pompili­ 1990. Reaktionen von Arbeiterinnen und jungen nouveau pour Ia fauna franc;aise (Hymenoptera: Soc. R. Beige Ent. KOniginnen gestorter Fattenwespen-Nester - (Hymenop­ dae, Pompilinae). Bull. Annis. tera: Vespidae). Drosera '90 (112):43-54. 126:63-67. Soika, A. Giordani Wenzel, John W. cretaceous period, 1990. Revisione degli Eumenidi neotropicali appartenenti 1990. A social wasp's nest from the Psyche ai generi Pachymenes Sauss., Santamenes n.gen., Utah, USA, and ~s biogeographical sign~icance. Brachymenes G.S., Pseudacaromenes G.S., Stenosigma 97:21-29. G.S. e Gamma Zav. (Hymenoptera). Boll. Mus. Civ. 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Zwitter von Andrena bicolor (Schrank) seu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. lissonotum (Noskiewicz) und Osmia Be~r. 22:287-290. (includes Strejcek, Jaromir (Hym., Apid~e). Linzer Bioi. in Linzer Bioi. 1990. Beschreibung einer neuen Gattung und Art der Fam­ list of aculeate hermaphrod~es described lie Bethylidae aus der Tschechoslowakei: Acephalonomia Be~r. from 1982-1990) Gattung Agenioideus Ashmead cisidophaga gen. et sp. n. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Bethy­ 1990. Zur Kenntnis der Ill. Linzer Biol Beitr. loidea). Reichenbachia 28(8):47-50. 1902 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) Strassmann, Joan E., Colin R. Hughes and David C. Oueller 22:517-559. Gonaporus 1990. Colony defense in the social wasp, Parachartergus 1990. Zur Kenntnis der Wegwespen-Gattung Gattungen (Hym., Pom­ colobopterus. Biotropica 22:324-327. Ashmead 1902 und verwandter Strumia, Franco pilidae) Linzer Bioi. Beitr. 22:619-716. 1990. Gli imenotteri Chrysididi dell'ist~uto di Entomologia Yamane, Seiki of the world. Collecting and breeding deii'Univers~a di Pisa. Frustula Ent. N.S. 11:143-147. 1990. Paper wasps Theraulaz, Guy, Jacques Gervet and Sophie Semenoff Tian­ 52:236-240. (in Japanese) Collecting and breeding Chanski 1990. Paper wasps of Japan. 1991. Social regulation of foraging activ~ies in Po/istes 52:241-244. (in Japanese) Eumenidae (Hymenopte­ domlnulus Christ: a systematic approach to behavioural 1990. A revision of the Japanese organization. Behaviour 116:292-320. ra, Vespoidea). Ins. Matsum. N.S. 43:1-189. Togashi, lchiji Yeo, P.F. Cambridge in­ 1990. Hymenopterous insects settling in cottage w~h a 1990. Records of Sphecidae (Hym.) from 29. En!. Mon. thatched roof in Shiramine-mura, Ishikawa Prefecture cluding two species new to vice-county (Part 1). Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 45:111-116. Mag. 126:101-102. Vecht, J. van der and James M. Carpenter 1990. A catalogue of the genera of the Vespidae (Hyme­ noptera). Zool. Verh. Leiden (260):1-62. Venkataraman, A.B. and R. Gadagkar 1990. Evolution of eusocial~: Lessons form the mecha­ nism of nestmate discrimination in the prim~ively eusocial wasp Ropa/idia marginata, in: Social insects and the en­ vironment. Proc. XI lnternatl. Cong. IUSSI Bangalore, 26 SPHECOS21

ible countries. The author me­ thodical! y describes and evaluates select locations in each country. RAINFORESTS Data are provided on location, lo­ gistics, seasonality, forest types, A GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND TOURIST trail systems, and costs. Addi­ FACILITIES AT SELECTEDTROPICAL FOREST tional information allows readers to contact lodge owners and field SITES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA station directors or their represen­ tatives directly. Following the description of sites evaluated in each country is infomation re­ By James L. Castner garding books, maps, tourist in­ formation sources, conservation organizations, and scientific or­ ganizations[mstitutions. In addition, Rainforests con­ tains a partially anotated bibliog­ raphy of over 200 titles dealing with tropical jungles and the plant and animal life within them. These books are conveinently classified into sections for lay­ men, biologists, adventure and travel books, flora and fauna guides, and regional guides. An­ other chapter discusses 'Hands­ On' Organizations that allow lay­ men and biologts to work and study in the field together. The final chapter discusses Sources ofFunding available to biologists and other individuals interested in conducting research in rainforest habitats. Appendices contain in­ formation about traveling in Latin With Foreward by Dr. Peter Raven America, provide a useful list of specialized vocabulay in Spanish and English, and also present a Tropical rainforests are being sites and facilities for those inter­ list of the major companies, orga­ destroyed at the rate of appro xi­ ested in conducting research, or izations, and institutions that of­ mately 100 acres per minute. for those merely visiting rainfo­ fer natural history tours. Each day more of the irreplacea­ rests to enjoy their beauty and bi­ Order from: Feline Press, ble flora and fauna that lives ologic! diversity. The book P.O. Box 7219, Gainesville, FL within these complex ecosystems Rainforests: A Guide To Re­ 32605. Price: $21.95 (Florida disappears forever. Global con­ search and Tourist Facilities residents please add $1.32 sales cern for rainforests has prompted at Selected Tropical Forest tax) plus shipping ($1.50 within government support of tropical Sites in Central and South U.S. per book, add $2.50 to forest conservation and encour­ Canada, $3.50 to U.K. and Eu­ America attempts to fill that rope, all other add $3.50 for sur­ aged biologists to conduct re­ empty 'literay inche'. search in those rainforests re­ face delivery.) maining. Yet to date, there have Rainforests deals strictly with - I have seen this book and I highly rec­ been no references available eval­ the New World tropics, treating ommend it for anyone doing research uating and describing specifiic sites in seven of the most access- in the Neotropical region -edit APRIL91 27

2nd Quadrennial Meeting International Society ofHymenopterists August 11-17, 1991

Halifax Hall Univeristy ofSheffield Sheffield, England SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM (begins Monday morning, August 12)

Keynote Speaker: Ian Gauld, Natural History Museum, London "The Role of Taxonomic Studies ofHymenoptera in Costa Rica Conservation Biology"

Symposium: Phylogeny ofHymenoptera Organizers- Andy Austin, University ofAdelaide, Australia -Denis Brothers, University of Natal, South Africa level or above. Any submitted papers The above symposium will include several invited speakers and is aimed at the family symposium. on this or related topics phylogeny of Hymenoptera will be scheduled as part of this

Symposium: Biodiversity ofHymenoptera Organizer: John LaSalle, Natural History Museum, London to submit a paper for either Several speakers will be invited to present talks in this symposium. Hyou are planning symposium, you should contact the organizers.

Complete program will be mailed to registrants ~n June, 1991. Daily schedule (tentative): Schedule for the week (tentative): 8:45 am Breakfast Aug. 11 Sunday Arrival, registration 1-9 pm. 7:00 - 9:00- 10:30 am Meetings Aug. 12 Monday Registration, opening, keynote address,papers, social. 11:00 am Break 13 Tuesday Papers. 10:30 - Aug. 1:00pm Meetings Aug. 14 Wednesday Business meeting, posters, papers, banquet. 11:00- - 2:00 pm Lunch Aug. 15 Thursday Papers. 1:00 2:00 - 4:00 pm Meetings Aug. 16 Friday Papers. - 4:30 pm Break Aug. 17 Saturday Tour of Chatsworth House. 4:00 - 6:30 pm Meetings Aug. 18 Sunday Departure. 4:30 7:00 pm Dinner Evenings free

papers contact: For information concerning registration and For information about submitting accommodations contact: Paul M. Marsh Donald Quick Systematic Entomology Laboratory ofAgriculture Department ofAnimal & Plant Sciences U.S. Department History NHB-168 University ofSheffield c/o U.S. National Museum ofNatural 20560 Sheffield, England S10 2TN Washington, D.C. F}CK (202) 786-9422 Phone(0742)768555 F}CK(0742)760159 Phone (202) 382-1782