Inside Stories: Agency and Identity Through Language Loss

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Inside Stories: Agency and Identity Through Language Loss INSIDE STORIES: AGENCY AND IDENTITY THROUGH LANGUAGE LOSS NARRATIVES IN NUNATSIAVUT by © Martha MacDonald A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Interdisciplinary Program Memorial University of Newfoundland June 2015 ABSTRACT This thesis examines narratives told about language loss in the Inuit territory of Nunatsiavut in Northern Labrador, NL, based on forty-five interviews carried out in 2002/2003 and in 2013/2014. (These are narratives in the folkloristic sense of a text that tells a story.) Language shift in Nunatsiavut has progressed rapidly since the mid- twentieth century until the current population of active speakers is low enough to cause concern about the survival of Inuttitut. The following questions were addressed: what people think caused the decline of the language; what the effect of Inuttitut language retention or shift has been on Labrador Inuit identity; and how these narratives have changed in their character and use over time. Analysis of the interviews and accompanying research on Moravian education, literacy, and the use of narrative revealed that people’s explanations for language loss varied according to their age, and, accordingly, they had different ideas on the importance of Inuttitut retention as a part of Inuit identity. The oldest generation of people interviewed, most of them Inuttitut speakers, identified a combination of circumstances that arose from community decisions, but they retained their feeling that the language was a vital part of identity. The next generation felt that Inuttitut had been removed from their communities through the combined forces of school, church and government, and felt that it was possible to be Inuit without the language, but that it continues to be important. The youngest generation of informants, who saw the settling of land claims while in their teens, are still interested in the language but have begun to look beyond traditional symbols in identity formation for what it means to be Inuit. ii The set of narratives about language loss presents the dominant explanations of language loss, in an era when the collective Inuit identity of Canada informs popular conceptions of the trajectory of language loss, and the counter-narratives present the contrasting ones from the same group that are much less often shared now, but which have much to say about the autonomy Labrador Inuit had over language for most of their history. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As I near completion of my thesis I realize anew that what can at times seem like a very solitary task is in fact one only possible with legions of supporters behind the writer. My thanks are due to many people who have made this project a real pleasure as well as a learning experience. The people of Nunatsiavut who spoke to me about their language over the years have been supportive and gracious, and I have benefitted greatly from their wisdom. My thesis incorporates forty-five interviews, but beyond those are years of reflection and conversation with people, and I am grateful for every one of those talks. All were helpful, but I would like particularly to thank Mrs. Miriam Lyall, Mrs. Hilda Lyall, Mrs. Fran Williams and the late Dr. Beatrice Watts for all they taught me. I would also like to thank the local interviewers, Mary Webb, Nancy Flowers and David Igloliorte, who collected information for me, no doubt connecting with people I might never have met. Carla Pamak and Michele Wood, who administer the ethics procedures of Nunatsiavut, were of great assistance in helping me obtain permission for my research, and I thank them as well. I owe a great debt to my university. Memorial is my employer as well as my institution of learning and has helped me in many ways. I would very much like to thank Dr. Noreen Golfman, who as Dean of Graduate Studies gave me permission to undertake my program entirely by distance from my home in Labrador. With my work and family commitments I could not have undertaken this if it had required a move, and I thank her iv for that vision which has now extended to other graduate students. I am also thankful for the generous financial assistance program for employees, which subsidized my program fees. The Interdisciplinary PhD program has proven to be the right fit for the way I wanted to approach my topic, and I would like to thank all those involved in setting it up and maintaining it, particularly Dr. Scott MacKinnon, who helped me a great deal in getting started. My sister-in-law Debby Andrews deserves much praise for finding me whatever I needed at the Centre for Newfoundland Studies, and for extending her hospitality on my many trips to St. John’s. I have been extremely fortunate in the people I have worked with as my committee. My supervisor, Dr. Philip Hiscock, was supportive, quick to respond, helpful with advice and encouraging in every way. His understanding of language and folklore is vast and his generosity in sharing his knowledge made my task much easier than it would otherwise have been. It is impossible to imagine help beyond what I have received from him. Dr. Hans Rollmann has been my colleague for many years and has always been more than generous in his contributions to my work. As the acknowledged expert on the Moravians in Labrador, his knowledge of that compendium of archival sources and his interpretation of them are awe-inspiring. When I began my PhD program in 2011, he kindly gave me permission to use the interviews that we undertook during the 2002/2003 SSHRC research project for which he was principal investigator, and in addition supplied v me with the collection of excerpts on education from the Periodical Accounts which he compiled. I am also grateful for his translation of Bishop Martin’s curriculum from German, and for his support and encouragement. Dr. Doug Wharram taught me everything I have learned about Inuttitut, not least of which is an understanding of the meaning it carries for Nunatsiavut people. Our many conversations on language loss sharpened my interest in this topic, and his help with scholarly references has been invaluable. I would also like to thank Dr. Robin McGrath for her generosity in sharing resources on Inuttitut with me. As a student pursuing a degree by distance it might be thought that a scholarly community would have been absent from my life. This possible deficit was more than made up for by my colleagues at the Labrador Institute, and my good fortune in working with a group of people whose dedication to their jobs is only equalled by their extensive knowledge is a daily blessing. Dr. Keith Chaulk, Director of the Institute, has been unfailingly supportive since the beginning of the program, and without his initial encouragement I would never have begun the process. Hallway conversation with many of my colleagues inspired me with new thoughts and interpretations of my material, and their reflections have been immensely valuable. I would like to acknowledge Nathaniel Pollock, Dr. Andrea Procter, Dr. Ron Sparkes, Ruby Best, Dr. John Thistle, Dr. Sylvia Moore and Dr. Scott Neilsen, and would especially like to give my thanks to Beatrice Dickers, who accompanied me on some of the interviews, and to Morgon Mills, who not only gave me immense help in producing a finished product, but who amazed me daily with his insight and reflections. vi My previous colleagues have also provided much inspiration and encouragement; Dr. Mark Turner and Jennifer Butler were my hallway companions and champions early on and their support is much appreciated. I would also particularly like to thank Dr. Tim Borlase, previous Director of the Labrador Institute, who accompanied me on interviews, shared his thoughts on Labrador history and provided many references and ideas. Dr. John Kennedy and Dr. Larry Smith also contributed much through our correspondence on Labrador language and identity in the 1970s. The three examiners of my thesis, Dr. Amy Shuman, Dr. Martin Lovelace, and Dr. Angela Robinson, provided insightful comments and reflections that enhanced the final version of this thesis, and I would like to thank them for their generosity in sharing their expertise. I would very much like to thank my family for all their encouragement. My parents, Jessie Cameron MacDonald and the late Bob MacDonald, exemplify the values of the culture I grew up in: veneration for education, hospitality, and good works. I thank them for their excellent example and their unwavering support through all the years of my education. My children, Lucy, Tom and Ellen Niles, were all at university themselves during this process, and I thank them for their encouragement, their reflections on what it means to be a Labradorian, and the sheer delight they continue to bring to us. And finally, but of course first, last and always, I thank my husband, Al Niles, for every good thing. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iv Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Literature Review ..................................................................................... 13 Chapter Two: Language Shift in Nunatsiavut ...............................................................
Recommended publications
  • Introduction Inuit
    TOPIC 6.5 When Newfoundland and Labrador joined Confederation in 1949, whose responsibility was it to make provisions for Aboriginals? Will modern technology help or hinder Aboriginal groups in the preservation of their culture? 6.94 School children in front of the Grenfell Mission plane, Nain, 1966 Introduction When Newfoundland and Labrador joined and other services to Inuit communities. But unlike Confederation in 1949, the Terms of Union between the Moravians, who tried to preserve Inuit language the two governments made no reference to Aboriginal and culture, early government programs were not peoples and no provisions were made to safeguard their concerned with these matters. Teachers, for example, land or culture. No bands or reserves existed in the new delivered lessons in English, and most health and province and its Aboriginal peoples did not become other workers could not speak Inuktitut. registered under the federal Indian Act. Schooling, which was compulsory for children, had a Inuit huge influence on Inuit culture. The curriculum taught At the time of Confederation, at least 700 Inuit lived students nothing about their culture or their language, so in Labrador. Aside from their widespread conversion both were severely eroded. Many dropped out of school. to Christianity, many aspects of Inuit culture were Furthermore, young Inuit who were in school in their intact – many Inuit still spoke Inuktitut, lived on formative years did not have the opportunity to learn their traditional lands, and maintained a seasonal the skills to live the traditional lifestyle of their parents subsistence economy that consisted largely of hunting and grandparents and became estranged from this way and fishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Exclusion and the Labrdor Experience: Shaping
    SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND THE LABRDOR EXPERIENCE: SHAPING THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE By LISA DENSMORE Integrated Studies Project submitted to Dr. ANGELA SPECHT in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – Integrated Studies Athabasca, Alberta FEBRUARY, 2013 Social Exclusion and the Labrador Experience: A Culture of Indifference Abstract This study began because I observed that many people in Labrador were forming specific interest groups in order to do three things: to counter the intent of government especially when government intent did not align with specific group intent; to hinder the advancement of other groups with whom one might have differing goals; and, to compete for potentially scarce resources. Formation of specific interest groups did aim to achieve social change but the competitive nature of group formation did not seem healthy, reasonable, or productive in achieving broader community goals. In this paper, I examine the complex historical, social and political relationships in Labrador to understand how complex and varied governance structures and social exclusion have contributed to this challenging political and social landscape in Labrador. In particular, this study has three goals: first, it examines how the political and social landscapes of Labrador have been shaped historically. Second, explores how varying levels of government responded to the many challenges created by community organizations and group affiliation; and third it critically interrogates the role that social exclusion has played in creating a political and social landscape that encompasses so many different groups and organization. Through careful review of the Labrador through the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s conference proceedings and the Provincial Northern Strategic Plan, I examine the complex relationships between historical, social, and political exclusion that has shaped and continues to shape Labrador’s social, political, cultural and economic landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • January 2007
    Volume XXV111 Number 1 January 2007 IN THIS ISSUE... VON Nurses Helping the Public Stay on Their Feet Province Introduces New Telecare Service New School Food Guidelines Sweeping the Nation Tattoos for You? Trust Awards $55,000 ARNNL www.arnnl.nf.ca Staff Executive Director Jeanette Andrews 753-6173 [email protected] Director of Regulatory Heather Hawkins 753-6181 Services [email protected] Nursing Consultant - Pegi Earle 753-6198 Health Policy & [email protected] - Council Communications Pat Pilgrim, President 2006-2008 Nursing Consultant - Colleen Kelly 753-0124 Jim Feltham, President-Elect 2006-2008 Education [email protected] Ann Shears, Public Representative 2004-2006 Nursing Consultant - Betty Lundrigan 753-6174 Ray Frew, Public Representative 2004-2006 Advanced Practice & [email protected] Kathy Watkins, St. John's Region 2006-2009 Administration Kathy Elson, Labrador Region 2005-2008 Nursing Consultant - Lynn Power 753-6193 Janice Young, Western Region 2006-2009 Practice [email protected] Bev White, Central Region 2005-2008 Project Consultant JoAnna Bennett 753-6019 Ann Marie Slaney, Eastern Region 2004-2007 QPPE (part-time) [email protected] Cindy Parrill, Northern Region 2004-2007 Accountant & Office Elizabeth Dewling 753-6197 Peggy O'Brien-Connors, Advanced Practice 2006-2009 Manager [email protected] Kathy Fitzgerald, Practice 2006-2009 Margo Cashin, Practice 2006-2007 Secretary to Executive Christine Fitzgerald 753-6183 Director and Council [email protected] Catherine Stratton, Nursing Education/Research
    [Show full text]
  • Hagenbeckallee.Pdf
    33 | Biographien von A bis Z Hagenbeckallee mus befriedigen, zudem kolonialrassistisches Stellingen, seit 1928, benannt nach Carl Überlegenheitsgefühl gegenüber „fremden Völ - Hagenbeck (1844–1913), Tierhändler, „Völker- kern“ bestätigen, die als vermeintlich „primi- schau“-Ausrichter sowie Gründer und Zoodirek- tiv“ und „naturnah“ vorgeführt wurden, un- tor des Hagenbeck Tierparks geachtet ihrer tatsächlichen Lebensumstände. Siehe auch: Hagenbeckstraße, Stellingen (1949) Entsprechend hatte etwa die Schau 1899 den Siehe auch: Jacobsenweg, Stellingen, seit 1964, marktschreierischen Titel „Wildes Afrika“. Die benannt nach Adrian Jacobsen (1853–1947), gewollte Dramatik der Darbietungen beschrieb Forschungsreisender im Auftrag vom Tierpark Hagenbeck in seinen Lebenserinnerungen: Hagenbeck und Anwerber für die „Völker- „So ,überfielen‘ plötzlich zu Beginn des Spiels schauen“ Sklavenhändler dieses friedliche Dorf. Araber hoch zu Dromedar umritten mit Geschrei und 1866 übernahm Carl Gottfried Wilhelm Heinrich Gewehrgeknatter die eben noch schmausen- Hagenbeck von seinem Vater, dem ehemaligen den Dorfbewohner. (…) Dann erschienen euro - Fischhändler Gottfried Claes Carl Hagenbeck, päische Tierfänger, verjagten in einem Feuer- dessen Tierhandlung auf dem Spielbudenplatz gefecht die räuberischen Beduinen und an- in Hamburg-St. Pauli. In dieser Zeit wurden schließend gab es ein großes Friedensfest, bei zahlreiche zoologische Gärten gegründet; die dem unter heimischer Musikbegleitung ge- Nachfrage nach exotisch wirkenden Schau- tanzt und alle Riten
    [Show full text]
  • Center for Performance Studies
    Sarah Bay-Cheng Sarah Bay-Cheng [pronounced Bay-JUNG, rhymes with “sung”] is the Dean of the School of the Arts, Media, Performance and Design at York University in Toronto, Canada. She was formerly Chair and Professor of Theater and Dance at Bowdoin College, teaching theater history and theory, dramatic literature, and intermedia performance. Her research focuses on the intersections among theater, performance, and media including cinema history, social media, and digital technologies in performance. Recent publications include Performance and Media Taxonomies for a Changing Field (2015) and Mapping Intermediality in Performance (2010) as well as essays in Theater, Contemporary Theatre Review, and Theatre Journal, among others. She edits the Palgrave book series, 1 of 4 Avant-Gardes in Performance and is a co-host for On TAP: A Theatre and Performance Studies podcast. Bay- Cheng frequently lectures internationally and in 2015 was a Fulbright Visiting Scholar at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. She has served on the boards of Performance Studies international and the Association for Theatre i Higher Education, and is currently a member of the Executive Committee for the American Society for Theatre Research (ASTR). Bay-Cheng has also worked as a director and dramaturg with particular interest in intermedial collaborations and a fondness for puppetry. Daphne A. Brooks (https://afamstudies.yale.edu/people/daphne- brooks) Daphne A. Brooks is William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of African American Studies, American Studies, Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies & Music at Yale University. She is the author of two books: Bodies in Dissent: Spectacular Performances of Race and Freedom, 1850-1910 (Durham, NC: Duke UP), winner of The Errol Hill Award for Outstanding Scholarship on African American Performance from ASTR, and Jeff Buckley's Grace (New York: Continuum, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Social, Economic and Cultural Overview of Western Newfoundland and Southern Labrador
    Social, Economic and Cultural Overview of Western Newfoundland and Southern Labrador ii Oceans, Habitat and Species at Risk Publication Series, Newfoundland and Labrador Region No. 0008 March 2009 Revised April 2010 Social, Economic and Cultural Overview of Western Newfoundland and Southern Labrador Prepared by 1 Intervale Associates Inc. Prepared for Oceans Division, Oceans, Habitat and Species at Risk Branch Fisheries and Oceans Canada Newfoundland and Labrador Region2 Published by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador Region P.O. Box 5667 St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1 1 P.O. Box 172, Doyles, NL, A0N 1J0 2 1 Regent Square, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 7K6 i ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2011 Cat. No. Fs22-6/8-2011E-PDF ISSN1919-2193 ISBN 978-1-100-18435-7 DFO/2011-1740 Correct citation for this publication: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2011. Social, Economic and Cultural Overview of Western Newfoundland and Southern Labrador. OHSAR Pub. Ser. Rep. NL Region, No.0008: xx + 173p. ii iii Acknowledgements Many people assisted with the development of this report by providing information, unpublished data, working documents, and publications covering the range of subjects addressed in this report. We thank the staff members of federal and provincial government departments, municipalities, Regional Economic Development Corporations, Rural Secretariat, nongovernmental organizations, band offices, professional associations, steering committees, businesses, and volunteer groups who helped in this way. We thank Conrad Mullins, Coordinator for Oceans and Coastal Management at Fisheries and Oceans Canada in Corner Brook, who coordinated this project, developed the format, reviewed all sections, and ensured content relevancy for meeting GOSLIM objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Death and Life for Inuit and Innu
    skin for skin Narrating Native Histories Series editors: K. Tsianina Lomawaima Alcida Rita Ramos Florencia E. Mallon Joanne Rappaport Editorial Advisory Board: Denise Y. Arnold Noenoe K. Silva Charles R. Hale David Wilkins Roberta Hill Juan de Dios Yapita Narrating Native Histories aims to foster a rethinking of the ethical, methodological, and conceptual frameworks within which we locate our work on Native histories and cultures. We seek to create a space for effective and ongoing conversations between North and South, Natives and non- Natives, academics and activists, throughout the Americas and the Pacific region. This series encourages analyses that contribute to an understanding of Native peoples’ relationships with nation- states, including histo- ries of expropriation and exclusion as well as projects for autonomy and sovereignty. We encourage collaborative work that recognizes Native intellectuals, cultural inter- preters, and alternative knowledge producers, as well as projects that question the relationship between orality and literacy. skin for skin DEATH AND LIFE FOR INUIT AND INNU GERALD M. SIDER Duke University Press Durham and London 2014 © 2014 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Arno Pro by Copperline Book Services, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Sider, Gerald M. Skin for skin : death and life for Inuit and Innu / Gerald M. Sider. pages cm—(Narrating Native histories) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978- 0- 8223- 5521- 2 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978- 0- 8223- 5536- 6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Naskapi Indians—Newfoundland and Labrador—Labrador— Social conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • (PL-557) for NPA 879 to Overlay NPA
    Number: PL- 557 Date: 20 January 2021 From: Canadian Numbering Administrator (CNA) Subject: NPA 879 to Overlay NPA 709 (Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada) Related Previous Planning Letters: PL-503, PL-514, PL-521 _____________________________________________________________________ This Planning Letter supersedes all previous Planning Letters related to NPA Relief Planning for NPA 709 (Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada). In Telecom Decision CRTC 2021-13, dated 18 January 2021, Indefinite deferral of relief for area code 709 in Newfoundland and Labrador, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved an NPA 709 Relief Planning Committee’s report which recommended the indefinite deferral of implementation of overlay area code 879 to provide relief to area code 709 until it re-enters the relief planning window. Accordingly, the relief date of 20 May 2022, which was identified in Planning Letter 521, has been postponed indefinitely. The relief method (Distributed Overlay) and new area code 879 will be implemented when relief is required. Background Information: In Telecom Decision CRTC 2017-35, dated 2 February 2017, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) directed that relief for Newfoundland and Labrador area code 709 be provided through a Distributed Overlay using new area code 879. The new area code 879 has been assigned by the North American Numbering Plan Administrator (NANPA) and will be implemented as a Distributed Overlay over the geographic area of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador currently served by the 709 area code. The area code 709 consists of 211 Exchange Areas serving the province of Newfoundland and Labrador which includes the major communities of Corner Brook, Gander, Grand Falls, Happy Valley – Goose Bay, Labrador City – Wabush, Marystown and St.
    [Show full text]
  • Hagenbecks „Völkerschauen“
    AB SEK II Anders sein / Internationale Beziehungen / Macht und Ohnmacht / SEK II: Imperialismus Kultur und Vergnügungen /Kolonialismus / Kaiserzeit Hagenbecks „Völkerschauen“ Schon im römischen Reich und wieder im Absolutismus wurden in Europa Menschen aus entfernten Weltgegenden wegen ihrer fremden Lebensweise und ihres anderen Aussehens ausgestellt. Es waren meistens Menschen aus Ethnien, deren Gebiet erobert wurde. Eine Blüte erfuhren diese „Menschenzoos“ in der Zeit des Kolonialismus. Im deutschen Reich war der Hamburger Carl Hagenbeck ein Großunternehmer in diesem Gewerbe. Seine Anwerber begaben sich in Kolonien und abgelegene Weltgegenden und versuchten, möglichst große Gruppen der dortigen Einwohner zu einem Aufenthalt in Europa zu bewegen – mit Überredungskraft, finanziellen Anreizen und auch mittels Druck. Carl Hagenbeck eröffnete seine erste Menschenausstellung mit Lappländern 1874 in Hamburg, dann folgten Berlin und Leipzig. 1876 kamen drei „Nubier“ nach Deutschland. 1880 folgten die Inuit, von deren Aufenthalt die untenstehenden Schriftquellen stammen (Siehe auch „Zeitgenosse“ Abraham Urikab). 1884 organsierte Hagenbeck eine „Kalmücken“ (richtig Oiraten) – Schau, darauf folgte eine Ceylonschau. Alle Schauen wurden so inszeniert, dass künstliche Gebäude im „Stil“ des Herkunftslands als Behausungen zu sehen waren und die Fremden „ihre“ Handwerke, Gesänge und Tänze vorführten. Den ganzen Tag lang wurden sie bei einem künstlich wiedererschaffenen Alltagsleben angeschaut. Hagenbecks Erfolg war überragend. 1908 konnte er den Zoo
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Relationship Between Indigenous Agency and Museum Inventories
    Revisiting the Relationship between Indigenous Agency and Museum Inventories: An Object-Centered Study of the Formation of Lübeck's Jacobsen Collection (1884/1885) from the Northwest Coast of America By Angela Hess Cover: Objects from Lübeck’s Jacobsen collection. Photo: Angela Hess, July 2019 Revisiting the Relationship between Indigenous Agency and Museum Inventories: An Object-Centered Study of the Formation of Lübeck's Jacobsen Collection (1884/1885) from the Northwest Coast of America Author: Angela Hess Student number: s2080087 MA Thesis Archaeology (4ARX-0910ARCH) Supervisor: Dr. M. De Campos Françozo Specialization: Heritage and Museum Studies University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, June 5, 2020, final version 1 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 5 Chapter One: Introduction .................................................................................................. 6 Defining the Research Scope: Aims and Objectives, Hypotheses, Limitations ............. 10 Methodology and Theoretical Frameworks .................................................................. 12 Working Definitions ...................................................................................................... 14 Outline of Chapters ....................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Two: Contexts and Concepts for the Study of the 1884/85 Jacobsen Collection19 2.1
    [Show full text]
  • Exerpt from Joey Smallwood
    This painting entitled We Filled ‘Em To The Gunnells by Sheila Hollander shows what life possibly may have been like in XXX circa XXX. Fig. 3.4 499 TOPIC 6.1 Did Newfoundland make the right choice when it joined Canada in 1949? If Newfoundland had remained on its own as a country, what might be different today? 6.1 Smallwood campaigning for Confederation 6.2 Steps in the Confederation process, 1946-1949 THE CONFEDERATION PROCESS Sept. 11, 1946: The April 24, 1947: June 19, 1947: Jan. 28, 1948: March 11, 1948: Overriding National Convention The London The Ottawa The National Convention the National Convention’s opens. delegation departs. delegation departs. decides not to put decision, Britain announces confederation as an option that confederation will be on on the referendum ballot. the ballot after all. 1946 1947 1948 1949 June 3, 1948: July 22, 1948: Dec. 11, 1948: Terms March 31, 1949: April 1, 1949: Joseph R. First referendum Second referendum of Union are signed Newfoundland Smallwood and his cabinet is held. is held. between Canada officially becomes are sworn in as an interim and Newfoundland. the tenth province government until the first of Canada. provincial election can be held. 500 The Referendum Campaigns: The Confederates Despite the decision by the National Convention on The Confederate Association was well-funded, well- January 28, 1948 not to include Confederation on the organized, and had an effective island-wide network. referendum ballot, the British government announced It focused on the material advantages of confederation, on March 11 that it would be placed on the ballot as especially in terms of improved social services – family an option after all.
    [Show full text]
  • Heather Igloliorte, Ed. Sakkijâjuk: Art and Craft from Nunatsiavut Charlotte Jones
    Document generated on 09/29/2021 3:16 p.m. Newfoundland and Labrador Studies Heather Igloliorte, ed. SakKijâjuk: Art and Craft from Nunatsiavut Charlotte Jones Volume 33, Number 2, 2018 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1058082ar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1058082ar See table of contents Publisher(s) Faculty of Arts, Memorial University ISSN 1719-1726 (print) 1715-1430 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this review Jones, C. (2018). Review of [Heather Igloliorte, ed. SakKijâjuk: Art and Craft from Nunatsiavut]. Newfoundland and Labrador Studies, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.7202/1058082ar All Rights Reserved ©, 2019 Newfoundland and Labrador Studies This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ book reviews Heather Igloliorte, ed. SakKijâjuk: Art and Craft from Nunatsiavut. Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions, and St. John’s: The Rooms Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador, Provincial Art Gallery Division, 2017. ISBN 978-0-86492-974-7 SakKijâjuk: Art and Craft from Nunatsiavut was published as a cata- logue to accompany the exhibition of the same name at The Rooms Provincial Art Gallery from October 2016 to January 2017 (currently on view at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia and touring across the country).
    [Show full text]