The Modifiable Neuronal Network of the Cerebellum
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Ultrastructural Study of the Granule Cell Domain of the Cochlear Nucleus in Rats: Mossy Fiber Endings and Their Targets
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 369~345-360 ( 1996) Ultrastructural Study of the Granule Cell Domain of the Cochlear Nucleus in Rats: Mossy Fiber Endings and Their Targets DIANA L. WEEDMAN, TAN PONGSTAPORN, AND DAVID K. RYUGO Center for Hearing Sciences, Departments of Otolaryngoloby-Head and Neck Surgery and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 2 1205 ABSTRACT The principal projection neurons of the cochlear nucleus receive the bulk of their input from the auditory nerve. These projection neurons reside in the core of the nucleus and are surrounded by an external shell, which is called the granule cell domain. Interneurons of the cochlear granule cell domain are the target for nonprimary auditory inputs, including projections from the superior olivary complex, inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex. The granule cell domain also receives projections from the cuneate and trigeminal nuclei, which are first-order nuclei of the somatosensory system. The cellular targets of the nonprimary projections are mostly unknown due to a lack of information regarding postsynaptic profiles in the granule cell areas. In the present paper, we examined the synaptic relationships between a heterogeneous class of large synaptic terminals called mossy fibers and their targets within subdivisions of the granule cell domain known as the lamina and superficial layer. By using light and electron microscopic methods in these subdivisions, we provide evidence for three different neuron classes that receive input from the mossy fibers: granule cells, unipolar brush cells, and a previously undescribed class called chestnut cells. The distinct synaptic relations between mossy fibers and members of each neuron class further imply fundamentally separate roles for processing acoustic signals. -
FIRST PROOF Cerebellum
Article Number : EONS : 0736 GROSS ANATOMY Cerebellum Cortex The cerebellar cortex is an extensive three-layered sheet with a surface approximately 15 cm laterally THE HUMAN CEREBELLUM (‘‘little brain’’) is a and 180 cm rostrocaudally but densely folded around significant part of the central nervous system both three pairs of nuclei. The cortex is divided into three in size and in neural structure. It occupies approxi- transverse lobes: Anterior and posterior lobes are mately one-tenth of the cranial cavity, sitting astride separated by the primary fissure, and the smaller the brainstem, beneath the occipital cortex, and flocculonodular lobe is separated by the poster- contains more neurons than the whole of the cerebral olateral fissure (Fig. 1). The anterior and posterior cortex. It consists of an extensive cortical sheet, lobes are folded into a number of lobules and further densely folded around three pairs of nuclei. The folded into a series of folia. This transverse organiza- cortex contains only five main neural cell types and is tion is then divided at right angles into broad one of the most regular and uniform structures in the longitudinal regions. The central vermis, named for central nervous system (CNS), with an orthogonal its worm-like appearance, is most obvious in the ‘‘crystalline’’ organization. Major connections are posterior lobe. On either side is the paravermal or made to and from the spinal cord, brainstem, and intermediate cortex, which merges into the lateral sensorimotor areas of the cerebral cortex. hemispheres. The most common causes of damage to the cerebellum are stroke, tumors, or multiple sclerosis. -
The Stellate Cells of the Rat's Cerebellar Cortex*
Z. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 136, 224--248 (1972) by Springer-Verlag 1972 The Stellate Cells of the Rat's Cerebellar Cortex* Victoria Chan-Palay and Sanford L. Palay Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Received February 18, 1972 Summary. Stellate cells were studied in rapid Golgi preparations and in electron micro- graphs. These small neurons can be classified on the basis of their position in the molecular layer and the patterns of their dendritic and axonal arborizations as follows: (1) superficial cells with short, contorted dendrites and a circumscribed axonal arbor (upper third of the molecular layer) ; (2) deep stellate cells with radiating, twisted dendrites and with long axons giving rise to thin, varicose collaterals (middle third of the molecular layer); (3) deep stellate cells with similar dendrites and long axons giving collaterals to the basket around the Purkinje cell bodies (middle third of the molecular layer). An important characteristic of the stellate cell axon is that it generates most of its collaterals close to its origin. Even in long axon cells, only a few collaterals issue from the more distant parts of the axon. These forms contrast with the basket cell, which sends out long, straighter dendrites, and an extended axon that first emits branches at some distance from its origin. Furthermore, basket cell axon collaterals are usually stout in contrast to the frail, beaded collaterals of the stellate cell axon. The two cell types are considered to be distinct. In electron micrographs stellate cells display folded nuclei and sparse cytoplasm with the characteristics usual for small neurons. -
Cerebellar Cortical Neuron Responses Evoked from the Spinal Border Cell Tract
Cerebellar cortical neuron responses evoked from the spinal border cell tract. Geborek, Pontus; Spanne, Anton; Bengtsson, Fredrik; Jörntell, Henrik Published in: Frontiers in Neural Circuits DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00157 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Geborek, P., Spanne, A., Bengtsson, F., & Jörntell, H. (2013). Cerebellar cortical neuron responses evoked from the spinal border cell tract. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 7, [157]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00157 Total number of authors: 4 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 08 October 2013 NEURAL CIRCUITS doi: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00157 Cerebellar cortical neuron responses evoked from the spinal border cell tract Pontus Geborek, Anton Spanne, Fredrik Bengtsson and Henrik Jörntell* Neural Basis of Sensorimotor Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Edited by: Spinocerebellar systems are likely to be crucial for cerebellar hallmark functions such Egidio D’Angelo, University of Pavia, as coordination. -
Homo Sapiens (445) MEDIUM (=IQR) HIGH
Dataset: 445 anatomical parts from data selection: HS_mRNASeq_HUMAN_GL-1 Showing 2 measure(s) of 2 gene(s) on selection: HS-0 TMPRSS2 ACE2 Level of expression Homo sapiens (445) MEDIUM (=IQR) HIGH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 samples avg. expr. Tissue 3435 1.42 gestational structure 4 1.92 extraembryonic tissue / fluid 4 1.92 placenta 4 1.92 alimentary system 721 3.93 gastrointestinal tract 519 4.83 mouth (oral cavity) 7 0.87 oral mucosa (unspecified) 4 1.13 salivary gland 3 0.54 stomach 34 2.82 gastric (stomach) region 31 2.90 stomach cardia 11 2.13 stomach body 11 4.06 pyloric antrum 9 2.42 intestine 463 5.14 large intestine 294 3.48 caecum (cecum) 7 3.17 apex of caecum (appendix) 3 1.96 colorectum 287 3.49 colon 207 3.60 colonic mucosa 84 3.43 proximal colon 35 3.20 proximal colonic mucosa 35 3.20 ascending colon 30 3.32 transverse colon 5 2.53 distal colon 31 2.94 distal colonic mucosa 31 2.94 descending colon 6 2.51 sigmoid colon 25 3.05 rectosigmoid colon 5 2.33 rectosigmoid junction 6 3.47 rectum 62 3.00 small intestine 168 8.07 ileum 157 8.36 ileal mucosa 76 8.78 esophagus (oesophagus) 15 1.60 liver and biliary system 130 1.50 liver 119 1.36 gall bladder 3 6.94 bile duct 8 1.56 intrahepatic bile duct 8 1.56 pancreas 72 1.83 pancreatic islet (islet of Langerhans) 70 1.87 circulatory system 791 0.21 cardiovascular system 26 3.51 heart 19 3.39 heart muscle (myocardium, cardiac muscle) 7 4.10 heart ventricle 3 3.88 heart left ventricle 3 3.88 left ventricle free wall 3 3.88 vascular system 7 3.83 blood vessel 7 3.83 artery 7 3.83 coronary -
Cerebellum and Activation of the Cerebellum IO ST During Nonmotor Tasks
Cerebellum (Kandel & Schwartz & Jessell, 4th ed.) Granule186 cells are irreducibly smallChapter (6-8 7 μm) stellate cell basket cell outer synaptic layer PC rs cap PC layer grc Go inner 6 μm synaptic layer Figure 7.15 Largest cerebellar neuron occupies more than a 1,000-fold greater volume than smallest neuron. Thin section (~1 μ m) through monkey cerebellar cortex. Purkinje cell body (PC) and nucleus are far larger than those of granule cell (grc). The latter cluster to leave space for mossy fiber terminals to form glomeruli with grc dendritic claws and space for Golgi cells (Go). Note rich network of capillaries (cap). Fine, scat- tered dots are mitochondria. Courtesy of E. Mugnaini. brain ’ s most numerous neuron, this small cost grows large (see also chapter 13). Much of the inner synaptic layer is occupied by the large axon terminals of mossy fibers (figures 7.1 and 7.16). A terminal interlaces with multiple (~15) dendritic claws, each from a different but neighboring granule cell, and forms a complex knot (glomerulus ), nearly as large as a granule cell body (figures 7.1 and 7.16). The mossy fiber axon fires at an unusually high mean rate (up to 200 Hz) and is therefore among the brain’ s thickest (figure 4.6). To match the axon’ s high rate, a terminal expresses 150 active zones, 10 per postsynaptic granule cell (figure 7.16). These sites are capable of driving … and most expensive. 190 Chapter 7 10 4 8 3 9 19 10 10 × 6 × 2 2 4 ATP/s/cell ATP/s/cell ATP/s/m 1 2 0 0 astrocyte astrocyte Golgi cell Golgi cell basket cell basket cell stellate cell stellate cell granule cell granule cell mossy fiber mossy fiber Purkinje cell Purkinje Purkinje cell Purkinje Bergman glia Bergman glia climbing fiber climbing fiber Figure 7.18 Energy costs by cell type. -
The Long Journey of Pontine Nuclei Neurons : from Rhombic Lip To
REVIEW Erschienen in: Frontiers in Neural Circuits ; 11 (2017). - 33 published: 17 May 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2017.00033 doi: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00033 The Long Journey of Pontine Nuclei Neurons: From Rhombic Lip to Cortico-Ponto-Cerebellar Circuitry Claudius F. Kratochwil 1,2, Upasana Maheshwari 3,4 and Filippo M. Rijli 3,4* 1Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, 2Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, 3Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland, 4University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland The pontine nuclei (PN) are the largest of the precerebellar nuclei, neuronal assemblies in the hindbrain providing principal input to the cerebellum. The PN are predominantly innervated by the cerebral cortex and project as mossy fibers to the cerebellar hemispheres. Here, we comprehensively review the development of the PN from specification to migration, nucleogenesis and circuit formation. PN neurons originate at the posterior rhombic lip and migrate tangentially crossing several rhombomere derived territories to reach their final position in ventral part of the pons. The developing PN provide a classical example of tangential neuronal migration and a study system for understanding its molecular underpinnings. We anticipate that understanding the mechanisms of PN migration and assembly will also permit a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of cortico-cerebellar circuit formation and function. Keywords: pontine gray nuclei, reticulotegmental nuclei, precerebellar system, cortico-ponto-cerebellar circuitry, Hox genes Edited by: Takao K. Hensch, INTRODUCTION Harvard University, United States Reviewed by: The basal pontine nuclei (BPN) (also known as basilar pons, pontine gray nuclei or pontine nuclei Masahiko Takada, (PN)) and the reticulotegmental nuclei (RTN) (also known as nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis) Kyoto University, Japan are located within the ventral portion of the pons. -
Spontaneous Activity Signatures of Morphologically Identified Interneurons in the Vestibulocerebellum
712 • The Journal of Neuroscience, January 12, 2011 • 31(2):712–724 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Spontaneous Activity Signatures of Morphologically Identified Interneurons in the Vestibulocerebellum Tom J. H. Ruigrok,1 Robert A. Hensbroek,2 and John I. Simpson2 1Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and 2Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016 Cerebellar cortical interneurons such as Golgi cells, basket cells, stellate cells, unipolar brush cells, and granule cells play an essential role in the operations of the cerebellum. However, detailed functional studies of the activity of these cells in both anesthetized and behaving animals have been hampered by problems in recognizing their physiological signatures. We have extracellularly recorded the spontane- ous activity of vestibulocerebellar interneurons in ketamine/xylazine-anesthetized rats and subsequently labeled them with Neurobiotin using the juxtacellular technique. After recovery and morphological identification of these cells, they were related to statistical measures of their spontaneous activity. Golgi cells display a somewhat irregular firing pattern with relatively low average frequencies. Unipolar brush cells are characterized by more regular firing at higher rates. Basket and stellate cells are alike in their firing characteristics, which mainly stand out by their irregularity; some of them are set apart by their very slow average rate. The spontaneous activity of interneurons examined in the ketamine/xylazine rabbit fit within this general pattern. In the rabbit, granule cells were identified by the spontaneous occurrence of extremely high-frequency bursts of action potentials, which were also recognized in the rat. -
Stellate Cell Computational Modeling Predicts Signal Filtering in the Molecular Layer Circuit of Cerebellum
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Stellate cell computational modeling predicts signal fltering in the molecular layer circuit of cerebellum Martina Francesca Rizza1, Francesca Locatelli1, Stefano Masoli1, Diana Sánchez‑Ponce3, Alberto Muñoz3,4, Francesca Prestori1,5 & Egidio D’Angelo1,2,5* The functional properties of cerebellar stellate cells and the way they regulate molecular layer activity are still unclear. We have measured stellate cells electroresponsiveness and their activation by parallel fber bursts. Stellate cells showed intrinsic pacemaking, along with characteristic responses to depolarization and hyperpolarization, and showed a marked short‑term facilitation during repetitive parallel fber transmission. Spikes were emitted after a lag and only at high frequency, making stellate cells to operate as delay‑high‑pass flters. A detailed computational model summarizing these physiological properties allowed to explore diferent functional confgurations of the parallel fber—stellate cell—Purkinje cell circuit. Simulations showed that, following parallel fber stimulation, Purkinje cells almost linearly increased their response with input frequency, but such an increase was inhibited by stellate cells, which leveled the Purkinje cell gain curve to its 4 Hz value. When reciprocal inhibitory connections between stellate cells were activated, the control of stellate cells over Purkinje cell discharge was maintained only at very high frequencies. These simulations thus predict a new role for stellate cells, which could endow the molecular layer with low‑pass and band‑pass fltering properties regulating Purkinje cell gain and, along with this, also burst delay and the burst‑pause responses pattern. Te stellate cells (SCs) are inhibitory interneurons of the cerebellum molecular layer (ML) that were frst identi- fed in histological preparations by Golgi 1 and Cajal2,3. -
C-Kit Receptor and Ligand Expression in Postnatal Development of the Mouse Cerebellum Suggests a Function for C-Kif in Inhibitory Interneurons
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1992, 72(12): 4663-4676 c-kit Receptor and Ligand Expression in Postnatal Development of the Mouse Cerebellum Suggests a Function for c-kif in Inhibitory Interneurons Katia Manova,1~2~a Rosemary F. Bachvarova,* Eric J. Huang,’ Sandra Sanchez,’ Stephen M. Pronovost,l Eric Velazquez,113 Barbara McGuire,*v3 and Peter Besmerl ‘Molecular Biology Department, Sloan Kettering Institute and Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10021, *Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, and 3Laboratory of Neurobiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021 The c-kit receptor and its cognate ligand, KL, are encoded Increasing evidence implicates several tyrosine kinase receptor at the white spoffjng locus (IW) and the steel locus (9) of systems in neurogenic processes.NGF, brain-derived neuro- the mouse, respectively. S/and Wmutations affect the same trophic factor, and neurotrophin-3 were recently shown to be cellular targets in melanogenesis, gametogenesis and he- ligandsof the c-trk, c-trkB, and c-trkC tyrosine kinase receptors, matopoiesis during embryonic development and in adult life. respectively (Kaplan et al., 1991; Lamballe et al., 199 1; Squint0 c-kit is expressed in cellular targets of Wand SI mutations, et al., 1991). These factors regulate cell survival, differentiation, whereas KL is expressed in the microenvironment of these and neurotransmitter synthesisof distinct sets of neurons (for targets. c-kitand KL, however, are also expressed in tissues a review, seeBarde, 1989). In vitro, basicfibroblast growth factor and cell types that are not targets of W and Sl mutations, enhancesthe survival and differentiation of granule neurons including the brain. -
Subcortical Motor Systems: Cerebellum
NN 23 Outline Anatomy Subcortical Motor Cerebellar cortex Neuronal circuitry Systems: cerebellum Cerebellar connections 陽明大學醫學院 腦科所 Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum 陳昌明 副教授 Neocerebellum Other cerebellar functions Motor Loops Pyramidal Tract and Associated Circuits Cortex ---> Subcortex ---> Cortex ---> Spinal cord upper motor neuron UMN Cerebellum coordination of movement Cerebellum BASAL Basal Ganglia GANGLIA pyramidal tract selection & initiation of voluntary movements ~ lower motor neuron UMN Cerebellar functions Cerebellum: Anatomy The main functions: Coordinating skilled voluntary movements by influencing muscle activity, Controlling equilibrium and muscle tone through connections with the vestibular system and the spinal cord and its gamma motor neurons. 1. Found in the posterior Cranial fossa 2. Forms a roof over the 4th ventricle 3. Lies above and behind the medullar and pons 1 NN 23 Cerebellum: Anatomy Cerebellum: External features Folia & lobules Longitudinal division analogous to gyrus Vermis, Paravermal Vermis - along midline Region, Cerebellar Hemisphere output ---> ventromedial pathway Transverse division Hemispheres Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe output ---> lateral pathway Flocculonodular Deep cerebellar nuclei Lobe fastigial, interposed, & dentate Major output structures ~ Functional divisions of cerebellar cortex Lobes Superior surface External Features Two deep fissures Primary fissure Posterosuperior fissure Three lobs Flocculonodular lobe 絨球小結葉 flocculus and nodule Anterior lobe -
The Cerebellum
2014/4/11 General View of Cerebellum 10 % total volume of the brain, but >50% of all its neurons The Cerebellum Provided with extensive information (40 times more axons project into the cerebellum than exit from it) Not necessary to basic elements of perception or movement. 陽明大學醫學院 腦科所 Damage to the cerebellum disrupts the spatial accuracy 陳昌明 副教授 and temporal coordination of movement. It impairs balance and reduces muscle tone and motor learning and certain cognitive functions. Position Lies above and behind the medullar and pons and occupies posterior cranial fossa Cerebellum Cerebellum external configuration • Located in posterior cranial fossa • Tentorium cerebelli (cerebrum), 4th ventricle (brain stem) • Communicate with other structure via •superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncle 1 2014/4/11 External features External features Consists of two cerebellar hemisphere united in the Three peduncles midline by the vermis Inferior cerebellar peduncle 下小腦脚 -connect with medulla and with spinal cord, contain both afferent and efferent fibers Middle cerebellar peduncle 中小腦脚-connect with pons, contain afferent fibers Superior cerebellar peduncle 上小腦脚-connect with midbrain, contain mostly efferent fibers Cerebellum Lobes Anterior lobe corpus of Primary fissure cerebellar Longitudinal division Posterior lobe Vermis, Paravermal Region, Cerebellar Hemisphere Transverse division Flocculonodular lobe Anterior Lobe Posterolateral fissure Posterior Lobe Flocculonodular Lobe Lobes External features Superior surface Two deep fissures Primary fissure Tonsil of cerebellum 小腦扁桃体 two elevated Posterosuperior fissure masses on inferior Three lobs surface of hemispheral Flocculonodular lobe 絨球小結葉 portion just nearby flocculus and nodule foramen magnum Anterior lobe Corpus of cerebellar Posterior lobe Tonsil View from below 2 2014/4/11 External features Cerebellum & Brainstem, Inferior Surface, Anterior View Internal structures Deep Nuclei Gray matter Cerebellar cortex Cerebellar nuclei Dentate nucleus 齒狀核 1.