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Verhaltensmuster Von Frauen Im NS Alltag (1933-1945): Am Beispiel Denunziantinnen

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Verhaltensmuster Von Frauen Im NS Alltag (1933-1945): Am Beispiel Denunziantinnen Verhaltensmuster von Frauen im NS Alltag (1933-1945): am Beispiel Denunziantinnen von der Fakultät 1 - Geisteswissenschaften - der Technischen Universität Berlin genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie vorgelegt von Vandana Joshi aus Ranikhet, Indien Berlin, 2002 D 83 Berichterin: Prof. Dr. Karin Hausen Berichterin: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Karen Hagemann Tag der Wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 21 Dezember 2001 2 Women’s Modes of Behaviour in National Socialist Alltag (1933-1945): A Study of Denouncers Dissertation approved by the Faculty 1-Humanities- Technical University, Berlin, for obtaining the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Vandana Joshi, Ranikhet, India Berlin, 2002 D 83 3 Acknowledgements I started work on this thesis in October 1995 when I landed in Prof. Annette Kuhn's seminar on Lehrgebiet Frauengeschichte, University of Bonn as a DAAD fellow. Prof. Kuhn and Dr. Valentina Rothe never allowed me to feel home sick and often called me over to their place. Their generous helpings of good food and lots of affection kept me in good spirits. Prof. Kuhn put me on to various archivists to explore material for research and I finally settled in the State Archives of Düsseldorf where I worked for a year under her supervision. I began writing in Berlin the next year at Prof. Karin Hausen’s Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Women and Gender at the Technical University, Berlin. Her colloquium provided me with an intellectually stimulating and friendly atmosphere and I managed to write two important chapters during my stay there. Prof. Hausen personally has been extremely encouraging. She patiently listened to what I had to say not necessarily on my thesis alone but on other matters of life. She willingly agreed to continue supervising me even after my return to India in 1997, from where I kept mailing my chapters to her. This work could not have been completed without her feedback, constructive criticism and constant support. I had hoped to complete my thesis by the end of 1997 which was also the time my first baby was due. However, destiny proved that I was being over-ambitious. Complicated pregnancy confined me to bed and brought the writing work to a grinding halt. In December 1997, our first baby Baghira was born and soon after in February 1999, our second child, Chota brought further joy to our world. Bringing up our two sons took up most of my time and the slow progress of my work on the thesis gave me many sleepless nights. But then help came from many quarters. I was able to finish one chapter, thanks to my sister–in-law Tina, Jaya and their mother Asha who took Chota in their 4 custody for a month. In July 2000, I got an opportunity to visit Germany again on an invitation by the International Women’s University (ifu) at Hannover and Bremen. Leaving my elder son Baghira with my mother-in-law and husband, I took Chota with me. Thanks to the child-care facilities provided by ifu, I was able to write one more chapter apart from following the rigorous schedule of the “Body Project” from July to October 2000. Prof. Barbara Duden, the Dean of our Project at ifu, helped in many other ways. Apart from working as a committed academic and emotional healer to all of us at ifu, she read one of my chapters with great interest and gave useful suggestions. She also gave me the opportunity to visit the archives as well as put me on to experts in my field. Prof. Inge Marßolek at Bremen allowed me access to her departmental library and personal collection. She also gave me the opportunity to attend the conference on Denunziation: Zwischen Comparatistik und Interdisziplinarität at Rothenburg o. d. Tauber, where I learnt a great deal. K. M. Mallmann, a leading expert on denunciation, and feminist historians, Gabriele Czarnowski and Christel Wickert shared their expertise with me at various stages of my research. I benefited greatly from a lengthy discussion with Dr. Bernward Dörner on denouncers. He also provided me with the opportunity to be present at his doctoral defence at the Technical University, Berlin during my stay there. I am grateful to all of them. Prof. Richard J. Evans, my first contact in Europe, helped me in words and deeds throughout the period of research and writing. He made me aware of currents historiographical trends on Nazi Germany and gave useful tips on how to conduct research in the archives. At a time, when full time mothering had slackened my pace of writing, Prof. Evans showed his willingness to read whatever I had managed to write. His encouraging remarks became a source of moral support to me. He showered on me so many queries, references and suggestions that dealing with them I realised how much they helped me in fine-tuning, crafting and chiselling the rough edges of the draft chapters that I mailed to him from time to time. 5 I would like to take this opportunity to thank the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for giving me a long-term fellowship to carry out my research in Germany between 1995 and 1997. Thanks are also due to the archivists Dr. Anselm Faust, Dr. Peter Klefisch and his staff, who sometimes obliged me by reading illegible hand written denunciation letters and remarks of Gestapo functionaries, at the Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf and Dr. Stahlschmidt and his staff at the Schloß Kalkum branch. I acknowledge my gratitude to the ever-helpful staff at the numerous libraries I visited in Berlin and various Staatsbibliotheke all over Germany – in Bonn, Hanover, Bremen, East and West Berlin - and the Max Müller Bhavan Library, New Delhi. Heather McLean and Tulsi Bisht painstakingly went over the various drafts. Astrid Breith, Felicia Heindenreich, Gerhard Sälters, Heather Bonbon, Susanne Bauer and Neena Kainthola helped me in translating German texts, providing infratructural support and sending me materials after my return to India. Prema Gera gave me the final push, read the proofs and saved me from many errors. Any shortcomings in the final product are however mine. While my two sons, Baghira and Chota provided me with most challenging circumstances for writing my thesis, my biggest support came from my husband Ajay Bhardwaj who provided me with a room of my own while he had none left for his own creative pursuits. He stood by my side all along with moral, emotional and intellectual support. I am also indebted to my maid Ishwaria who took care of my children while I would hide in my room struggling with piles of material. I hope to repay this debt by making her do a vocational course in health and nutrition, which would help her get a job back at home. Lastly, I dedicate this work to my mother, Veenapani Joshi and father, Keshav Chandra Joshi, who is no more. I would not have reached where I am without their support. Vandana Joshi 6 Contents Introduction 10-39 Trajectory of women’s history writing on National Socialism 13-20 Women as victims of patriarchy 13-15 Women as accomplices 15-17 Women as perpetrators 17-21 Denunciation: definitions, historiographical trends and the 21-23 specific context of National Socialism The collapse of communist regimes 23-26 The context of Nazi Germany 27-30 Works on women denouncers 31-34 Further considerations for a study of denouncers 34-34 Who denounced? 34-35 Denunciation as an event-based participation in the power structure 35-36 A Brief Outline of Chapters 36-39 I Methodology and Sources 40-62 Setting the agenda 30-45 Defining the approach 45-47 The primary sources 47-50 Why a study of the Düsseldorf City? 50-52 The organisation of the Gestapo files in the Düsseldorf Archives 52-54 Selection criteria and various stages of sample collection 54-57 Critical assessment of the earlier evaluation of the source material 57-61 What counts as an act of denunciation in my evaluation 61-62 II The ‘Private’ became ‘Public’: 63-110 Wives as Denouncers in the Realm of the Family Wives as denouncers 65-68 Nature of denunciation reports on conjugal dramas 68-71 Battered wives 71-82 7 Divorced wives 82-87 Deserted wives 87-89 Deserter wives 89-98 An ‘Aryan’ wife of a Jew 98-99 Women relations as denouncers 100-101 The attitude of the Gestapo 101-104 Social milieu, the private and the public 104-110 III Fishing in Troubled Waters?: 111-173 Gender perspectives on Denouncers and their Jewish Victims Historiographical setting 111-112 Socio-economic, cultural and legal landscape of Jewish life 112-114 Düsseldorf case files and the denouncers 114-119 Quantitative participation of the Volksgenossen in denunciation 119-120 Gender differentiation and gender behaviour 120-123 Spheres of denunciation 123-126 Motives 126-147 Separate spheres, malicious gossip and its function in the Nazi Germany 147-151 Male denouncers’ preserve 151-160 The attitude of the Gestapo towards the Jews 159-162 Patterns of subversion and non-compliance in women 162-171 Accounting for the silence 171-172 IV Faces of Gender Oppression: 173-204 The ‘Aryan’ interface with ‘Racially Foreign’ Workers Reported cases of sexual and physical violence against female 174-180 foreign workers by camp directors Eindeuschungsfähige Women 180-183 Kriegerfrauen 183-196 Civilian ‘Aryan’ men and their relations with female foreign workers 196-198 The hierarchies of suffering 198-200 Statistical account of denouncers and denounced 200-204 8 Conclusion 205-219 Women as a category of analysis 205-208 Gender similarities and differences in denunciatory behaviour 208-209 Sexual and physical violence by ‘Aryan’ men 209-210 Denunciation: moral duty or citizens’ i.e.
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