KasetsartKasetsart Journal Journal of ofSocial Social Sciences Sciences 41 (2020) 395–400e

40 (2019) 1 9 Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences

journal homepage: http://kjss.kasetsart.org

Forecasting equilibrium quantity and price on the world

natural rubbera, market FigurativeMohammad Harun language*, Yunisrina used inQ a novel by Arafat Nur on the Aceh conflict a Indonesian Language and Literature Department,a, Teacher* Training and Educationb Faculty, Universitas Syiah aKuala,b Jalan Tgk. Hasan Krueng Kale No. 3 DaSuratwadeerussalam, Banda Aceh Arunwarakorn 23111, , Kamonchanok Suthiwartnarueput , c, 1 ismullah Yusuf , Muhammad Karnafi bPongsa English Education Pornchaiwiseskul Department, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Tgk. Hasan Krueng Kale No. 3 Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia a Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand b ArticleDepartment Info of Commerce, Chulalongkorn Business School,Abstract Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand c Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Article history: Burung Terbang di Received 23 April 2018 Revised 19 October 2019 Kelam Malam (hereafter, BTKM, or translated as ‘A Bird Flies in The Dark of Night’), AcceptedArticle 19 Info October 2019 writtenThisAbstract paper by aimsArafat to Nurdescribe in 2014. the figurative BTKM is languageone of the used ten in novels the novel by this author whose Available online 13 March 2020 Article history: Natural rubber on the world market has had small increases in demand and big increases in Received 27 March 2017 Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement. The research data are the languagesupply. Therefore, style is demand strongly and influenced supply are imbalancedby the 32-year and this long impacts conflict the between natural rubber the Keywords:Revised 2 July 2017 price of the world market causing a decline. This study aimed: (1) to develop de-mand and Accepted 25 July 2017 andsupply paragraphs; models to predictbe it a thepart world of the natural descriptions, rubber quantity the monologues, using simultaneous or the dialogues equations; Available online Burung Terbang di Kelam Malam, betweenfigurative(2) to predict characters. language all explanatory The used data in variables arethe analyzed novel in the in using demandthe form the andstylistic of supply words, analysis. models phrases, The using result sentences, the simpleof the Aceh conflict, 1 2017 researchmoving average shows technique;that the novel and(3) uses to estimatesimile most the equilibrium(32 occurrences), quantity followed and price by for satire world novelKeywords: September natural rubber during 2017e2026. First, in the demand model, there was a positive figurativeequilibrium language, price, (22), hyperbole (18), (16), metaphor (13), sarcasm (11), synecdoche (9), relationship of the explanatory variables of world natural rubber production quantity, equilibrium quantity, synthetic rubber price, percentage year of year (%YOY) of gross domestic product (GDP), natural rubber, and the exchange rate, while the negative relationship variable was natural rubber price. In simultaneous equation becamepersonification powerful and language irony (each tools towith represent 8 occurrences), the social, and political, with litotesand cultural (6) as problems the least usedthe supply figurative model, language. the positive These relationship results imply variables that the were most natural used rubberfigurative price, language mature area, rainfall, and crude oil price, while the negative relationship variables were world charactersnatural rubber is presented stock and through urea language price. Second, that associates the predicted with variablesfear, sensitivity, indicated anxiety that inproduction, Acehnese %societyYOY of during GDP, exchange the conflict rate, and amount the post of stock, conflict and era. the The mature psychology area tended of the to gradually increase, while the synthetic rubber price, urea price,© 2020 rainfall, Kasetsart and crude University. oil price andtended insecurity to slowly in the decrease middle fromof the 2017 conflict to 2026.and among Finally, people the equilibrium with power quantity who are forecastpitiless. tended to gradually increase from 953.75 to 957.15 thousand tonnes, and the equilibrium price tended to fluctuate and decrease from 169.78 to 162.05 thousand yen from 2017 to 2026. Consequently, this study may be helpful to the governments of the world's impor- Introduction tant natural rubber producingBitter experiences countries to plansuch policiesas rape toand reduce sex slavery, natural illegitimate rubber pro- duction costs and stabilize the natural rubber price in the future, such as by setting suitable Indonesian novelist Arafat Nur has writtenareas a ofnumber world naturalof rubberparanoia, plantation severe in traumas, each country, and children and defi ningbeing appropriate forced out and of compelling novels with an Acehnese background.sustainable The plots alternative of cropschoolchildren, areas color inarson, each the novels country.torture, by sadisticArafat Nur. killings, abandoned fields, © 2017 Kasetsart University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. his ten latest novels are closely linked to the various social, Arafat Nur was born in Lubuk Pakam, North Sumatra on December 22, 1974. Even though he has written many poems the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement and short stories since he was young, he began his debut as cultural, and political issues arising from the conflict between a writer in 1997 when he had his works published in a number after the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) of mass media in Indonesia, such as in North Sumatra, Aceh ofwhich Peace started in Helsinki, in 1973 Finland(Shaw, 2008). on August The conflict 15, 2005 finally (Ronnie, ended and Jakarta. Nur has lived most of his life all over Aceh and was 2016). However, war crimes committed by both parties during Introduction the Acehnese rebellions and the Indonesian government that the* Acehnese.Corresponding Those author. crimes are partially depicted in the novels. startedliterallyThe exposed naturalin 1973 to rubber until the effects 2005. market of He the of haspolitical the experienced world conflict is primarily between being the E-conflictmail addresses:are [email protected] imprinted in the collective, [email protected] memory of kidnapped,concentrated tortured in , and had , his house India, burned USA, down and till Japan, his (S. Arunwarakorn). familyrespectively, had nowhere which were to live. the This top fibackgroundve countries ultimately of natural Peer* Corresponding review under author. responsibility of Kasetsart University. rubber consumption in 2015 (International Rubber Study 1 Co-first authors. [email protected] (M. Harun). Peer review under responsibility of Kasetsart University. E-mail address: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.07.013 influenced the themes of his works, raising the life of the 2452-3151/© 2017 Kasetsart University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2020.41.2.12 2542-3151/© 2020 Kasetsart University. 396 M. Harun et al. / Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 41 (2020) 395–400

Acehnese people during those times. Besides having worked as part of literary stylistics. In relation to this, Endraswara (2008) explains that this style is meant to achieve beauty in many to produce quality works has led Nur to win several awards in literary works. Therefore, authors use and play the language to Indonesia.an honorary teacher, Nur also served as a journalist. His ability neatly wrap their ideas with the intention of creating exquisiteness favored by readers. by Nur’s decades of empirical evidence involving trial and In the case of language in novels, the style may be personal error; The that use he of hasvarious lived figurative through languages this is enough seems experience to be caused of and social. A personal style is when the author’s language is living in a sadistic, sarcastic, and ironic setting of the Aceh distinctive. Even when he or she dies, such distinctive work shall live within the hearts of readers. Meanwhile, the use of by Nur, almost all of his works are known to use ironic, satirical, social style can change depending on the context of the story conflict. Based on our preliminary study of the novels written and it is not always sustained. language. Nevertheless, we found the novel Burung Terbang di Kelamand sarcastic Malam language, (hereafter, in BTKM, addition or translatedto other forms as ‘A ofBird figurative Flies in ( and The Dark of Night’), to be the most powerful of his novels in its totum The pro main parte) types (Junus, of figurative1989). Simile, language sarcasm are and metaphors, satire are metonymy, personification, and synecdoche novel is published by PT. Yogyakarta Library in 2014. Additionally, there are dramatic elements of language, which is use Inof Nur’svarious BTKM, kinds it canof figurative be said that language. the setting This of the376 story pages is comparisonalso other types (Sikana, of figurative 2008), and language irony, (Endraswara,sarcasm, litotes 2008). and after the signing of the Helsinki MoU (Memorandum of hyperbole (Fananie, 2002). And so, it can be concluded that the Understanding), which was on August 15, 2005 (Ronnie, 2016). The beginning of the story starts with the condition of the people who are mostly in poverty due to the remnants of simile,major litotes, forms and of synecdoche. figurative language are hyperbole, personification, irony, sarcasm, satire, metaphor, metonymy, progress of Mr. Beransyah’s (the antagonist) election as mayor an exaggerated statement by levitating something (Keraf, ofthe Lamlhok, war that ahas city just in endedAceh. By (p. the 1). Thevillagers, story hethen is wellfocuses known on the to 2005) Hyperbole in terms ofis quantity,a form of size, figurative or nature language in order that to emphasize contains be depraved but acts and pretends to be pious. He has many a statement or situation to intensify or enhance the implication wives and mistresses, sells drugs, and maintained good and measurement. The aim is to enhance additional picture to relationship with corrupt armed forces. Fais (the protagonist), a situation, even for the drive of propaganda. Additionally, there writings in the newspapers. This leads Mr. Beransyah’s properties that are exclusive to humans. This is called resentmenta journalist, reveals towards the Fais, mayor’s and corrupt secretly endeavors orders histhrough men his to is also a figurative language that gives inanimate objects assassinate Fais. Referring to the real situation in Aceh at the (Nurgiyantoro,personification. Here,2002; there Siswantoro, is a similarity 2010) between or an equation the nature of Aceh was on December 11, 2006, and they were inaugurated of inanimate objects with the nature of human beings ontime, February the election 8, 2007 period (this of is regents for northern and mayors Aceh inand post-conflict the city of are made to do, think, see, hear, and so forth like humans do Lhokseumawe) (Hasan, 2011). Therefore, despite the story inanimate objects with humans. And so, inanimate objects does not provide the exact date of its setting, it can be said that Irony, on the other hand, is something that contradicts its the time of the story in this novel is between early December (Al-Ma’ruf, 2009). 2006 to late February, 2007. that states things with little effort at generating a realistic Consequently, language is considered as a system of signs picture.references. Black This (2006,means thatp. 110) irony explains is a kind ofirony figurative as “a languagemarked that deliver ideas and the printed language is a powerful force disparity between what is said and the situation is often indicative of irony”. This is in accordance with the opinion of Keraf (2005) who expresses that irony is an allusion or workthat can can influence determine the the opinions quality andof the even literary emotions work of itself the (Endraswara,readers (Sari & 2008). Yusuf, Therefore, 2012). The in use order of figurative to further language understand in a thancontempt irony. toSarcasm insinuate may somethingbe either ironic non-realistically. or not, but it is Thus, clear thatsarcasm it is spiteful is a type to of hear figurative (Keraf, language 2005). Its with aim a is greater to mock, reference ridicule thatthe use triggered of figurative suffering, language hatred, in revenge, BTKM inand the lust context for power of Aceh are or teases someone or something. Similar to satire, most of the conflict would be an interesting study to conduct. The situation sarcasm in the novel is towards the government or corporations conductedpresented inbefore an enthralling (Faricha, 2015; language. Noor Various & Santoso, studies 2017), on butthe employing humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to uncover noneuse of has figurative focused languageon the work in Indonesian by Arafat Nur. novels Therefore, have been this andof the criticize country. people’s Meanwhile, irrationality Baldick or (2008)depravities, defines especially satire asin the context of politics and topical issues. It is further seen as Figurative language is giving an effect to language that is humor used to communicate a political and critical social study intends to fill in the gap. message (Hamukwaya, 2016). to the way we think and perceive the world. According to considered ordinary or standard and these figures are essential thing in terms normally denoting another with which it may be and Athe metaphor vehicle (the is the thing comparison that it is compared between to). two According objects orto regardedSakadolskis as (2003,analogous” p. 24), and “figurative it further language refers toexpresses the style one of Minderopideas that each(2005), act aas metaphor the tenor is(the a force object that being compares compared) one language (Ratna, 2009). Therefore, figurative language can be a object to another directly where one functions as the source 396 M. Harun et al. / Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 41 (2020) 395–400 M. Harun et al. / Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 41 (2020) 395–400 397

Acehnese people during those times. Besides having worked as part of literary stylistics. In relation to this, Endraswara (2008) and the other as the target. Meanwhile, in novels, metaphors type of analysis is to assist in endorsing how words are explains that this style is meant to achieve beauty in many are usually divided into two types, explicit and implicit expended to generate interpretation of the text. Additionally, it to produce quality works has led Nur to win several awards in literary works. Therefore, authors use and play the language to metaphors (Siswantoro, 2010). Implicit metaphors are further uncovers the writer’s meaning or style in writing. Indonesia.an honorary teacher, Nur also served as a journalist. His ability neatly wrap their ideas with the intention of creating metaphors that make comparisons, while metaphors that exquisiteness favored by readers. make comparisons in the clear form are known as explicit Results and Discussion by Nur’s decades of empirical evidence involving trial and In the case of language in novels, the style may be personal metaphors. Then there is metonymy that is used as a substitute error; The that use he of hasvarious lived figurative through languages this is enough seems experience to be caused of and social. A personal style is when the author’s language is for another name (Ratna, 2009) or a style that indicates a close living in a sadistic, sarcastic, and ironic setting of the Aceh distinctive. Even when he or she dies, such distinctive work link or linkage (Keraf, 2005; Nurgiyantoro, 2002). It is somewhat the most used to the least is shown in Table 1. shall live within the hearts of readers. Meanwhile, the use of analogous to metaphor because both describe a connection by The figurative language found in the novel BTKM from by Nur, almost all of his works are known to use ironic, satirical, social style can change depending on the context of the story replacing one term for another. Nevertheless, metaphor is language in the novel is simile; meanwhile the least used one is conflict. Based on our preliminary study of the novels written and it is not always sustained. based on similarity and metonymy expresses relations Based on Table 1, the most used type of figurative language. Nevertheless, we found the novel Burung Terbang di Kelamand sarcastic Malam language, (hereafter, in BTKM, addition or translatedto other forms as ‘A ofBird figurative Flies in (pars pro toto and litotes. Each of these types of figurative language with The Dark of Night’), to be the most powerful of his novels in its totum The pro main parte) types (Junus, of figurative1989). Simile, language sarcasm are and metaphors, satire are comparedbetween objects, together such using as part-whole, words such cause-effect, as ‘like’, ‘as’, andand so forth.on. definitions and examples found in the novel is presented in the metonymy, personification, and synecdoche Sometimes Simile is thean explicit comparative and direct words comparison; are not theused, objects but are Tablefollowing 1 Types sub-sections. of Figurative Language in the Novel BTKM novel is published by PT. Yogyakarta Library in 2014. Additionally, there are dramatic elements of language, which is No Occurrences Percentage use of various kinds of figurative language. This 376 pages also other types of figurative language (Endraswara, 2008). 1 Simile 32 21.62 In Nur’s BTKM, it can be said that the setting of the story is comparison (Sikana, 2008), and irony, sarcasm, litotes and between things that do not always resemble essentially” Types of figurative language after the signing of the Helsinki MoU (Memorandum of hyperbole (Fananie, 2002). And so, it can be concluded that the implied (Al-Ma’ruf, 2009) because it is “a direct comparison 2 Satire 22 14.87 Understanding), which was on August 15, 2005 (Ronnie, 3 Hyperbole 18 12.16 2016). The beginning of the story starts with the condition of (Minderop, 2005, p. 52). On the contrary, a form of figurative 4 Metonymy 16 10.81 the people who are mostly in poverty due to the remnants of simile,major litotes, forms and of synecdoche. figurative language are hyperbole, language in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative 5 Sarcasm 16 10.81 personification, irony, sarcasm, satire, metaphor, metonymy, of its opposite”.contrary isThis called style litotes. is more Yuan likely (2017, to describe p. 253) something defines it 6 Metaphor 13 8.78 progress of Mr. Beransyah’s (the antagonist) election as mayor an exaggerated statement by levitating something (Keraf, not“a trope good inor whichbad in ana contrary affirmative manner, is expressed which is goodby the or negation not bad. 7 Synecdoche 9 6.08 ofthe Lamlhok, war that ahas city just in endedAceh. By (p. the 1). Thevillagers, story hethen is wellfocuses known on the to 2005) Hyperbole in terms ofis quantity,a form of size, figurative or nature language in order that to emphasize contains It can be interpreted as an expression of understating a fact 8 8 5.41 be depraved but acts and pretends to be pious. He has many a statement or situation to intensify or enhance the implication with the intent to humble it. Finally, synecdoche means 9 Irony 8 5.41 Personification wives and mistresses, sells drugs, and maintained good and measurement. The aim is to enhance additional picture to belonging together and being a part of a linkage, using a piece 10 Litotes 6 4.05 relationship with corrupt armed forces. Fais (the protagonist), a situation, even for the drive of propaganda. Additionally, there of something to represent the whole thing or using the whole Total 148 100.00 thing to represent a part of it (Keraf, 2005; Nurgiyantoro, writings in the newspapers. This leads Mr. Beransyah’s properties that are exclusive to humans. This is called 2002). It can be said that its function is to replace a whole by the resentmenta journalist, reveals towards the Fais, mayor’s and corrupt secretly endeavors orders histhrough men his to is also a figurative language that gives inanimate objects assassinate Fais. Referring to the real situation in Aceh at the language under discussion are presented in the results section Simile (Nurgiyantoro,personification. Here,2002; there Siswantoro, is a similarity 2010) between or an equation the nature of topart strengthen or the part the by meaning the whole. of Examplesthose terms. for each of the figurative Aceh was on December 11, 2006, and they were inaugurated of inanimate objects with the nature of human beings ontime, February the election 8, 2007 period (this of is regents for northern and mayors Aceh inand post-conflict the city of are made to do, think, see, hear, and so forth like humans do Methodology Lhokseumawe) (Hasan, 2011). Therefore, despite the story inanimate objects with humans. And so, inanimate objects Simile was found to be the most frequently-occurring type does not provide the exact date of its setting, it can be said that Irony, on the other hand, is something that contradicts its The source of data from this descriptive qualitative research novelof figurative are as shown language below in the(D refers novel, to with data, 32 while occurrences D1 refers orto the time of the story in this novel is between early December (Al-Ma’ruf, 2009). is a document in the form of novel entitled Burung Terbang di 21.62 percent. An example for this figure extracted from the 2006 to late February, 2007. that states things with little effort at generating a realistic Kelam Malam (or BTKM) by Arafat Nur. The data of this (D1) Terdengar suara berisik bercampur tawa, sesekali Consequently, language is considered as a system of signs picture.references. Black This (2006,means thatp. 110) irony explains is a kind ofirony figurative as “a languagemarked teriakanthe first data tertahan, displayed tak in ubah this sub-section, seperti suasana and so forth).pasar atau that deliver ideas and the printed language is a powerful force disparity between what is said and the situation is often language. Data can be in the form of words, phrases, sentences, pesta di perkampungan. indicative of irony”. This is in accordance with the opinion of andresearch paragraphs, is the sequences whether of in the the novel description, which contains the monologues, figurative were heard, with occasional suppressed screaming, like the Keraf (2005) who expresses that irony is an allusion or as well as the dialogues between the characters in the novel. situation in a market or a [Loud party noisesin the village.filled with] (Nur, laughter 2014, workthat can can influence determine the the opinions quality andof the even literary emotions work of itself the To collect data in this research, the documenter technique p. 35). (Endraswara,readers (Sari & 2008). Yusuf, Therefore, 2012). The in use order of figurative to further language understand in a is used in accordance with Satori and Komariah (2011) who The verdict in D1 is said by Fais, the protagonist and main thancontempt irony. toSarcasm insinuate may somethingbe either ironic non-realistically. or not, but it is Thus, clear state that a document study is one of qualitative research data character of the story. The noise and laughter are from thatsarcasm it is spiteful is a type to of hear figurative (Keraf, language 2005). Its with aim a is greater to mock, reference ridicule collection techniques, besides interview and focus group Mr. Beransyah’s guests who visit his house. Fais describes them thatthe use triggered of figurative suffering, language hatred, in revenge, BTKM inand the lust context for power of Aceh are or teases someone or something. Similar to satire, most of the discussion. Thus, the data are collected by the following steps. conflict would be an interesting study to conduct. The situation sarcasm in the novel is towards the government or corporations 1. Reading the novel Burung Terbang di Kelam Malam The word seperti ‘like’ is used to compare the noises that Fais multiple times, ashears greedy-looking to sounds commonly people who heard take in aadvantages busy market of or the a partypoor. conductedpresented inbefore an enthralling (Faricha, 2015; language. Noor Various & Santoso, studies 2017), on butthe employing humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to uncover in a village. In the Acehnese context, when a family holds noneuse of has figurative focused languageon the work in Indonesian by Arafat Nur. novels Therefore, have been this andof the criticize country. people’s Meanwhile, irrationality Baldick or (2008)depravities, defines especially satire asin language, a wedding party at their home, the whole village is invited, and the context of politics and topical issues. It is further seen as 2. Marking the parts of the novel that use figurative even some neighboring villages and relatives who lives farther. Figurative language is giving an effect to language that is humor used to communicate a political and critical social language found in the novel. And so, a typical Acehnese wedding party in a village can be study intends to fill in the gap. message (Hamukwaya, 2016). The3. Sorting data of thisthe studymarked were data analyzed by the using kind stylistic of figurative analysis, said to be noisy with hundreds (and sometimes even thousands to the way we think and perceive the world. According to of guests attending it), plus traditional dances and music for the considered ordinary or standard and these figures are essential explains that “stylistic analysis is used as an analytical tool to newlyweds and guests (Yusuf, 2002). The image created in this thing in terms normally denoting another with which it may be and Athe metaphor vehicle (the is the thing comparison that it is compared between to). two According objects orto especially of figurative language. Varghese (2012, p. 46) event is that noises heard in the terminal (with people talking, regardedSakadolskis as (2003,analogous” p. 24), and “figurative it further language refers toexpresses the style one of Minderopideas that each(2005), act aas metaphor the tenor is(the a force object that being compares compared) one data that validate how language, vocabulary and syntax are laughing and music turned on in some shops or stands) are usedsee textual to bring patterns about and interpretation its significance. of the It istext”. based Therefore, on statistical this similar to the noises heard in parties or a busy market. language (Ratna, 2009). Therefore, figurative language can be a object to another directly where one functions as the source 398 M. Harun et al. / Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 41 (2020) 395–400

Satire related to reality during the time in which the novel is set, wheredefines mandatory himself as “nightif he almost watch” did was die. held This by situationthe military can and be novel, with 22 occurrences or 14.87 percent. Most of the satire civilian militia groups in villages of the province. Individuals employed Satire wasin the the novel second is to most ridicule used the figurative Indonesian language government in the who were accused of being involved in rebellion or having any connections with the rebellions were caught, tortured and (D2) Ketika hujan turun, langsung muncul kubangan di even be shot to death on sight (Melvin, 2018). Seeing the mana-mana.and corporations. Tiga An bulan example selanjutnya, from the badan novel jalanis: pun sudah situation, the author of the story described how even romance tumbuh rumput, dan rumput semakin subur manakala tumpah darah manusia di atasnya. [When it rains, there are the Acehnese were not even free to visit their neighbor’s house puddles everywhere. Three months later, the road has withoutbetween having a man andthe feara woman of being could accused be difficult falsely at andthe timecaught since by grown grass, and the grass is more fertile when human the military. blood spills on it.] (Nur, 2014, p. 70). The statement in D2 is Fais’ testimony about the poor Metonymy quality of the main roads in his city. During construction, most A number of 16 occurrences of metonymy or 10.81 percent were found in the novel. In the novel, metonymy illustrates ofa result, the money it is the from people the government who suffer withproject the are condition compensated of the illegallyroad being for quickly the army, damaged. rebels, Again, officials, this storyand contractors.uses the setting As commit sins, are hypocritical and vicious, and good people who inner conflicts of the characters that live among people who Acehnese rebellions and the Indonesian government between theof the years Acehnese 1973–2005. condition It illustrates during the the conflict perversion between of the patiently(D4) endureMasalah tyranny. ini memang Therefore, buruk these sekali. injustices Aku sudah and terlanjur tyranny government’s lack of social and administrative responsibility werememulai depicted lagi, melumuri in the story diriku through dengan metonymy. lumpur, For example:noda-noda in Aceh (Ronnie, 2016). Therefore, ridicule in the story is to yang mengotori dan merusak. [This problem is indeed very bad. criticize the development of the province and political issues at I already started doing it again, smearing myself with mud, those times and is frequently found in the story. D2 contains stains that are tainting and tarnishing.] (Nur, 2014, p. 25). satire for ridiculing the country’s government. The government In D4, Fais describes his affairs with Nana, one of the wives is known to always propose new development programs for of Mr. Beransyah, which are done repeatedly over time. Even though he feels guilty, but when his desire rises, his feeling of remains the same. The war between the Acehnese rebellions sin disappears. The excerpt in this example contains metonymy andchange, the militarysuch as alsofixing caused the roads, many but deaths, the stateand thus of the the country phrase because it uses another name to describe someone who “when human blood spills on it” refers to this condition. commits sins. The concept attached is “smearing myself with Although the essential function of the government is to ensure mud, stains that are tainting and tarnishing”. The phrase or encourage its people’s safety and prosperity, the Acehnese “smearing with mud, stains” is the same as sinning because the felt that they did not receive any of those from the Indonesian word mud to the Acehnese is a thing that can pollute someone’s government. This condition is also described in reality by many body (i.e. make dirty).

Melvin, 2018; Reid, 2006; Ronnie, 2016). Sarcasm reports who studied the conflict in Aceh (see Aspinall, 2008; Hyperbole A number of 16 occurrences or 10.81 percent are also

(D5) Namun, katanya, dia tidak suka membaca koran. hyperbole, with 18 occurrences or 12.16 percent. Hyperbole Landokfound for tua sarcasm itu akan in the menjadi novel. walikota?In the novel, Yang an examplebenar saja? is: Apa The third most used figurative language in the novel is kamu tidak salah dengar? Tanyanya heran [However, he said, (D3) Aku juga memikirkanmu, balasku berusaha menutupi he did not like to read newspapers. That old billy-goat will be kesalahan.in the novel Makanya, is as in this hari example: itu aku berusaha setengah mati the new mayor? Are you kidding me? Did you hear it correctly? untuk menemuimu. [I think about you, too, I replied, trying to She asked with disbelief.] (Nur, 2014, p. 59). cover up (my) mistake. So, that day I nearly died trying to The fuss in D5 is uttered by Haliza, one of Mr. Mr. meet you.] (Nur, 2014, p. 23). Beransyah’s wives who he has not slept with for quite a while and ignored. Haliza has even thought that Mr. Beransyah is dead. When Fais informs her that Mr. Beransyah is one of the He lovesD3 expresses her very Fais’ much conversation for she is with gentle, Safira understanding in a clothing store. and modest.Safira is Thethe useshopkeeper of hyperbole who in later the storybecomes has much Fais’ girlfriend.to do with in this story tells sarcasm of how some men in Aceh at the time the psychology of the characters, especially with the existence candidates for mayor, she had a fit. The hidden circumstances of their pride and suffering from severe anxiety and fear of the situation, in addition to having a strong life spirit to go through rightscould easily were harass committed, women leaving because a thelasting laws resentmentwere not well- in the tough condition of their living. The phrase “tried half to Acehnesedefined in societya conflicted (Aspinall, area. 2008),Many uncivilized and this included abuses rapesof human and death to meet you” in D3 implies that the speaker had tried sexual harassments towards women (Ronnie, 2016). Similarly, the novel also exhibits this situation in the plot. The excerpt in almost die by doing so, yet his efforts were vigorous so that he D5 contains sarcasm for describing Mr. Beransyah as a landok with great difficulty and challenges to meet the girl. He did not 398 M. Harun et al. / Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 41 (2020) 395–400 M. Harun et al. / Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 41 (2020) 395–400 399

Satire tua Personification related to reality during the time in which the novel is set, associated with their carnal desire to mate with many female wheredefines mandatory himself as “nightif he almost watch” did was die. held This by situationthe military can and be goats, ‘billy-goat’. so this expression In the Acehneseis considered culture, very harsh, billy-goats because are it novel, with 22 occurrences or 14.87 percent. Most of the satire civilian militia groups in villages of the province. Individuals directly describes men who are promiscuous or who harass were found in the novel. An example in the novel is shown employed Satire wasin the the novel second is to most ridicule used the figurative Indonesian language government in the who were accused of being involved in rebellion or having any A number of 8 occurrences or 5.41 percent of personification connections with the rebellions were caught, tortured and the society. (D8) Bus terus melaju kencang, bergoyang-goyang, (D2) Ketika hujan turun, langsung muncul kubangan di even be shot to death on sight (Melvin, 2018). Seeing the women. This act is considered ill-mannered and offensive by mengguncangbelow: halus tubuh penumpang oleh banyaknya andmana-mana. corporations. Tiga An bulan example selanjutnya, from the badan novel jalanis: pun sudah situation, the author of the story described how even romance Metaphor lubang di jalan. [The bus kept on going fast, rocking, and tumbuh rumput, dan rumput semakin subur manakala shaking the passengers’ bodies by the number of holes in tumpah darah manusia di atasnya. [When it rains, there are the Acehnese were not even free to visit their neighbor’s house the road.] (Nur, 2014, p. 106). puddles everywhere. Three months later, the road has withoutbetween having a man andthe feara woman of being could accused be difficult falsely at andthe timecaught since by Here, Fais describes the terrible road conditions when he is grown grass, and the grass is more fertile when human the military. (D6)The sixth Tak jauhused beda figurative dengan language Aida, begitulah in the novel kira-kira. is metaphor, Hanya on the bus and made the other passenger feel upset, too, with him. blood spills on it.] (Nur, 2014, p. 70). saja,with Haliza13 occurrences menjadi or perempuan 8.78 percent. kota For yang example lebih in majuthe novel: dan The statement in D2 is Fais’ testimony about the poor Metonymy terbuka, tapi bukan dalam artian binal. [Not much different nature of a car like a human that can shake, but the car is an quality of the main roads in his city. During construction, most Haliza became a more The excerpt in D8 displays personification by describing the A number of 16 occurrences of metonymy or 10.81 percent developed and open city woman, but not in a wild sense.] bodies” mean as if the car can shake passengers in a polite way. were found in the novel. In the novel, metonymy illustrates (Nur,from Aida,2014, that’s p. 50). about it. It’s just that inanimate object. Likewise, the phrase “shaking the passengers’ aof result, the money it is the from people the government who suffer withproject the are condition compensated of the In D6, Fais describes Haliza as not much different from criticism to the condition of the government’s development roadillegally being for quickly the army, damaged. rebels, Again, officials, this storyand contractors.uses the setting As commit sins, are hypocritical and vicious, and good people who Aida, another one of Mr. Beransyah’s wives. Both are innocent. programsAgain, the personificationthat is not improving in this example because is offollowed the terrible by another road inner conflicts of the characters that live among people who conditions that are not established across the province. Acehnese rebellions and the Indonesian government between in Mr. Beransyah’s life and her house before moving on to Haliza. theof the years Acehnese 1973–2005. condition It illustrates during the the conflict perversion between of the patiently(D4) endureMasalah tyranny. ini memang Therefore, buruk these sekali. injustices Aku sudah and terlanjur tyranny Thus,As a journalist, in D6, the Faismetaphor has first is in investigated explaining thethe statepresence of two of of Aida Mr. Irony government’s lack of social and administrative responsibility memulaiwere depicted lagi, melumuri in the story diriku through dengan metonymy. lumpur, For example:noda-noda Beransyah’s wives. Aida and Haliza are both village girls and in Aceh (Ronnie, 2016). Therefore, ridicule in the story is to yang mengotori dan merusak. [This problem is indeed very bad. criticize the development of the province and political issues at I already started doing it again, smearing myself with mud, made a comparison between the two women, that even though 5.41 percent of irony that were found in the novel. An example those times and is frequently found in the story. D2 contains stains that are tainting and tarnishing.] (Nur, 2014, p. 25). theyHaliza both has came moved from to similar the city places during for the their conflict. upbringing, The author Haliza Similar to personification, there were also 8 occurrences or satire for ridiculing the country’s government. The government In D4, Fais describes his affairs with Nana, one of the wives is now more developed and open minded compared to Aida (D9) Air sirop itu bukannya meredakan, melainkan malah is known to always propose new development programs for of Mr. Beransyah, which are done repeatedly over time. Even who still lives in the village. Besides that, the author tacitly menambahin the novel is: gatal tenggorokanku. [The syrup (drink) did not though he feels guilty, but when his desire rises, his feeling of heal me, but instead it made my throat itch even more.] remains the same. The war between the Acehnese rebellions sin disappears. The excerpt in this example contains metonymy (Nur, 2014, p. 121). andchange, the militarysuch as alsofixing caused the roads, many but deaths, the stateand thus of the the country phrase because it uses another name to describe someone who largestdescribe contributor the conditions to Indonesia‘s of villages national in Aceh revenue during in the the conflict 1980s, The expression above is described by Fais when he visited “when human blood spills on it” refers to this condition. commits sins. The concept attached is “smearing myself with thuswere in very the under-developed;following decade, Acehdespite was Aceh the seventhbeing the poorest third Rahmah to seek information on Mr. Beransyah. Rahmah is also Although the essential function of the government is to ensure mud, stains that are tainting and tarnishing”. The phrase province out of the 27 provinces in Indonesia (Ronnie, 2016). one of Mr. Beransyah’s wives who sincerely accepted polygamy or encourage its people’s safety and prosperity, the Acehnese “smearing with mud, stains” is the same as sinning because the Almost half of the Acehnese people lived in poverty, and almost and prayed for her husband to live quietly with his other wives. felt that they did not receive any of those from the Indonesian word mud to the Acehnese is a thing that can pollute someone’s half of villages were categorized as underdeveloped (Ronnie, She gives him some syrup water that is described by Fais as in government. This condition is also described in reality by many body (i.e. make dirty). 2016) and most had no electricity (Reid, 2006). Aspinall D9. And so, the excerpt in D9 contains irony directed at Rahmah, who is considered by Fais, to have serve him a drink Melvin, 2018; Reid, 2006; Ronnie, 2016). Sarcasm were economic inequality and underdevelopment in which the that is distasteful. Instead of relieving thirst, the drink made reports who studied the conflict in Aceh (see Aspinall, 2008; Acehnese(2008) have did reported not receive that fromthat the the central central issues government of conflict of Fais throat itches. In other words, the drink is disliked or does Hyperbole A number of 16 occurrences or 10.81 percent are also Indonesia. not have the proper taste to be served to the guest. The Acehnese are known for their hospitality (Fata, Yusuf, & Sari, (D5) Namun, katanya, dia tidak suka membaca koran. Synecdoche 2018), as seen in their saying “mulia jamee ranub lam puan, hyperbole, with 18 occurrences or 12.16 percent. Hyperbole Landokfound for tua sarcasm itu akan in the menjadi novel. walikota?In the novel, Yang an examplebenar saja? is: Apa mulia rakan mameh suara” [honor (your) guests by presenting The third most used figurative language in the novel is kamu tidak salah dengar? Tanyanya heran [However, he said, (D3) Aku juga memikirkanmu, balasku berusaha menutupi he did not like to read newspapers. That old billy-goat will be synecdoche, with only nine occurrences or 6.08 percent. words]. Therefore, for guests, only the best food and drink shall kesalahan.in the novel Makanya, is as in this hari example: itu aku berusaha setengah mati the new mayor? Are you kidding me? Did you hear it correctly? Among the least used of figurative language in the novel is bebetel served in a by fine the container; host. honor (your) friends with good untuk menemuimu. [I think about you, too, I replied, trying to She asked with disbelief.] (Nur, 2014, p. 59). (D7) Sebelum menjadi wartawan, aku tidak tahu cover up (my) mistake. So, that day I nearly died trying to The fuss in D5 is uttered by Haliza, one of Mr. Mr. apa-apaAn example tentang from the dunia, novel apalagiis: mengenal sosok lelaki itu. Litotes meet you.] (Nur, 2014, p. 23). Beransyah’s wives who he has not slept with for quite a while [Before becoming a journalist, I do not know anything and ignored. Haliza has even thought that Mr. Beransyah is about the world, let alone be acquainted with that man.] dead. When Fais informs her that Mr. Beransyah is one of the (Nur, 2014, p. 69). language found in the novel, with only 6 occurrences or 4.05 He lovesD3 expresses her very Fais’ much conversation for she is with gentle, Safira understanding in a clothing store. and In D7, Fais is describing his innocent being before becoming Finally, litotes is the least frequently used types of figurative modest.Safira is Thethe useshopkeeper of hyperbole who in later the storybecomes has much Fais’ girlfriend.to do with in this story tells sarcasm of how some men in Aceh at the time (D10) Tidak ada lelaki baik-baik yang bersedia the psychology of the characters, especially with the existence candidates for mayor, she had a fit. The hidden circumstances this world there are depraved humans, such as Mr. Beransyah, mengawiniku.percent. For example Jadi, in aku the memilih novel: jalan hidup seperti ini of their pride and suffering from severe anxiety and fear of the whoa journalist. shows othersAfter becoming that he is a pious, journalist, but is he actually found outlecherous. that in saja, mungkin hanya untuk sementara waktu atau bisa jadi situation, in addition to having a strong life spirit to go through rightscould easily were harass committed, women leaving because a thelasting laws resentmentwere not well- in Hence, D7 contains synecdoche in the use of the phrase, ‘I know selama-lamanya. [No good man is willing to marry me. the tough condition of their living. The phrase “tried half to Acehnesedefined in societya conflicted (Aspinall, area. 2008),Many uncivilized and this included abuses rapesof human and nothing about the world’; it does not mean the whole world, So, I chose this way of solitary life, maybe it is just temporary death to meet you” in D3 implies that the speaker had tried sexual harassments towards women (Ronnie, 2016). Similarly, but only Aceh (totem pro parte) in accordance with the context or it could be forever.] (Nur, 2014, p. 142). the novel also exhibits this situation in the plot. The excerpt in of the novel. D10 is Nana’s expression to Fais. Nana is one of the wives of almost die by doing so, yet his efforts were vigorous so that he D5 contains sarcasm for describing Mr. Beransyah as a landok with great difficulty and challenges to meet the girl. He did not Tuan Beransyah. She is judged as a “bad girl” from her behavior 400 M. Harun et al. / Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 41 (2020) 395–400 who likes to accept any man who can provide her with money Black, E. (2006). Pragmatic stylistics. and expensive things. Through the use of litotes, the language Endraswara, S. (2008). Metodologi penelitian sastra: Epistemologi, model, teori, dan aplikasi Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. presents the act of desperation of the Acehnese men and women who are insecure. This trait illustrates the condition of Fananie, Z. (2002). [Literary Telaah research sastra methodology: Epistemology, models, theory, andGramedia applications]. Pustaka Yogyakarta, Utama. Indonesia: Media Presindo. Faricha, N. Z. (2015). Penggunaan diksi[Literature dan gaya review]. bahasa Jakarta,pada novel Indonesia: ‘Daun yang PT. these traits are replaced with anxiety and fear in the midst of Jatuh Tak Pernah Membenci Angin’ karya Tere Liye [The use of diction and the people who have lost self-confidence, trust and dignity, and style of language in the novel Leaves that Fall Never Hate the Wind by Tere intention to abase herself by saying that that she does not Liye]. Nosi, 2(9), 146–152. attractembers any of conflict. good men The so excerpt none wants in D10 to shows marry that her. Nana has the Acehnese traditional song lyrics. Humanities Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Fata,Humanities, I. A., Yusuf, 15 Y. (1),Q., &30–56. Sari, L. N. (2018). Figuring the figures of speech in the Conclusion and Recommendation Hamukwaya, L. A. (2016). Satire as a tool for socio-political commentary: A case of The Rambler’s selected articles in The Namibian newspaper, 2015 (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Namibia, Windhoek.

Forum Ilmiah, 8 simile,The satire, study foundhyperbole, 10 types metonymy, of figurative metaphor, language sarcasm, in the Hasan,Junus, U. E. (1989). (2011). Stilistik Demokratisasi satu pengantar di Aceh: [An Analisis introduction hasil pilkada to stylistic]. 2006 Kuala [Democracy Lumpur, novel BTKM, which appears from the most to the least as: in Aceh: Analysis of the election results 2006]. (3), 239-245. Keraf, G. (2005). Diksi dan gaya bahasa [Diction and language styles]. Jakarta, hyperbole, metonymy, metaphor and sarcasm become Malaysia: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. powerfulsynecdoche, language personification, tools to represent irony, and the litotes. social, Simile, political, satire, and Melvin, J. (2018). The army and the Indonesian genocide: Mechanics of mass murder.Indonesia: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Minderop, A. (2005). Metode karakterisasi telaah fiksi New York, NY: Routledge. throughcultural problemslanguage thatin Acehnese associates society with fear,during sensitivity, the conflict anxiety and [MethodAnak Semua of fictional Bangsa the post conflict era. The psychology of the characters is presented characterization]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Noor, R., & Santoso, J. (2017). Pemakaian majas dalam novel with power who are pitiless. in the novel Children of All Nations study].karya Pramoedia Caraka, 3(2), Ananta 16–35. Toer: Studi stilistika [The use of figurative language and Althoughinsecurity this in thepaper middle has attempted of the conflict to answer and among the research people Nur, A. (2014). Burung terbang di kelam bymalam Pramoedia [Flying Anantabirds in Toer:the dark A stylistic night]. questions of the study, there are also some limitations that are necessary to put forward. First, for the sake of focus and Nurgiyantoro, B. (2002). Teori pengkajian fiksi Yogyakarta, Indonesia: PT Bentang Pustaka. Ratna, N. K. (2009). Stilistika: Kajian puitika bahasa, [Theory sastra dan of fictionalbudaya studies]. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadjah Mada University Press. concision, we chose to focus on just one of Arafat Nur’s novels [Stylistics: that are written with the Acehnese conflict background, by Reid,The A. study(2006). of poems,Verandah literature of violence: and culture]. The background Yogyakarta, to Indonesia:the Aceh problem. Pustaka generalize the results, future research should also involve his Pelajar. otherchoosing novels the andmost even well-known related novels one among written them. by other As a result, authors. to Ronnie, D. (2016). Ripe for rivalry or ready for peace: Understanding the reasons forSingapore: the success Singapore and failure University of the peace Press. process in Aceh (Unpublished doctoral language in novels, and so future researchers should consider dissertation). University of Helsinki, Helsinki. Second, there are more types/or examples of figurative Satori, D., & Komariah, A. (2011). Metodeologi penelitian kualitatif [Qualitative Sakadolskis, E. A. (2003). The use of figurative language in the construction of adding more of the figures to more novels under study to musicalresearch meaning: methodology]. A case Bandung, study of Indonesia: three sixth Alfabeta. grade General Music classes situation.expand the analysis of figurative language use in novels which (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Sari, D. F., & Yusuf, Y. Q. (2012). Different representations and semiotics analysis narrates about the lives of people living in a political conflict of web news texts. International Journal of Language Studies, 6(3), 17–36. Conflict of interest in a separatist. Al Nakhlah, Fall issue, 1–14. Shaw,Sikana, R. M. (2008). (2008). Aceh’s Teori struggle sastra kontemporarifor independence: [Contemporary Considering literarythe role theory].of Islam

Siswantoro. (2010). Metode penelitian sastra: Analisis struktur puisi [Research References There is no conflict of Interest. Bandar Baru Bangi, Indonesia: Pustaka Karya.

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