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Downloaduid%5D=23 (Last Accessed 31 May 2019) Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/83277 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Berlo, P. van Title: Human rights elephants in an era of globalisation : commodification, crimmigration, and human rights in confinement Issue Date: 2020-01-21 Human Rights Elephants in an Era of Globalisation Human Rights Elephants in an Era of Globalisation Commodification, Crimmigration, and Human Rights in Confinement PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 21 januari 2020 klokke 16.15 uur door Patrick van Berlo geboren te Deurne in 1990 Promotores: prof. dr. J.P. van der Leun prof. dr. M.A.H. van der Woude Promotiecommissie: prof. dr. M.M. Boone mr. dr. M. den Heijer (Universiteit van Amsterdam) prof. dr. B.M. Oomen (Universiteit Utrecht) Omslagontwerp: Primo!Studio, Delft Opmaak binnenwerk: Anne-Marie Krens – Tekstbeeld – Oegstgeest © 2020 P. van Berlo ISBN 978 94 6240 565 3 Behoudens de in of krachtens de Auteurswet gestelde uitzonderingen mag niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voor zover het maken van reprografische verveelvoudigingen uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16h Auteurswet dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 3051, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, www.reprorecht.nl). Voor het overnemen van (een) gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (art. 16 Auteurswet) kan men zich wenden tot de Stichting PRO (Stichting Publicatie- en Reproductierechten Organisatie, Postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, www.stichting-pro.nl). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher. Dankwoord (acknowledgments) Wie het laatste woord van de conclusie van dit boek bereikt, zal zien: ik heb mijn proefschrift met liefde afgerond. Dat is letterlijk zo, maar ook figuurlijk, en op deze plek wil ik graag mijn dank uiten aan allen die daaraan hebben bijgedragen. Allereerst wil ik mijn promotoren bedanken. Joanne, jouw bewonderens- waardige optimisme heeft me aldoor gemotiveerd tijdens dit avontuur. Maartje, je bevlogenheid voor onderzoek is inspirerend. Jullie lieten me vrij om te doen waar mijn hart lag en spoorden me aan over grenzen heen te kijken. Dank voor jullie onvoorwaardelijke vertrouwen. Dankzij jullie is dit proefschrift qua omvang tot een ‘struisvogelei’ beperkt gebleven! I would like to express my gratitude to all interview respondents. This research could not have been performed without your input and cooperation, and I would like to thank all of you for your time, effort, and thoughtfulness. I am greatly indebted to the Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law and the Border Crossing Observatory for hosting me on various occasions and for welcoming me to Australia. Ik wil het Meijers Instituut, het Leids Universitair Fonds en het EP-Nuffic danken voor financiering van dit onderzoek. Pinar Ölçer, Kelly Pitcher, Maarten den Heijer, Mariana Gkliati en Thijs Beumers: bedankt voor jullie consciëntieuze commentaar op concepthoofdstuk- ken. Dankzij jullie bleef ik scherp. De collega’s van Strafrecht & Criminologie en het VVI dank ik voor de fijne samenwerking. Ik heb mogen ervaren hoe speciaal deze plek is – ik ken geen betere omgeving om mijn quasi-idool Caroline Tensen te bespreken, en dat zegt veel. In het bijzonder dank ik de mede-strafrechtpromovendi. Jelle en Danny, dankzij jullie werd de werkomgeving dag in dag uit zoveel gezelliger. Mojan en Lucas, jullie zijn oprechte steunpilaren en uitmuntende chefs maar bovenal mijn lievelingsdraka’s – ik zie reikhalzend uit naar onze gezamenlijke kersenboerderij-taartenbakkerij-boekenwinkelonderneming. Ik ben enorm blij met mijn fantastische paranimfen. Renée, wie anders had ik als paranimf kunnen vragen dan de persoon die me ruim tien jaar geleden aanspoorde mijn eerste boek te schrijven en die me al bijna achttien jaar met een half woord begrijpt? Jelmer, ik ben blij dat we dit avontuur samen door- lopen hebben, van het delen van een appartement in Melbourne en het bijna vast komen te zitten tussen hordes kangoeroes op de legendarische Telegraph Road tot onze talloze IPA-sessies en het indienen van onze manuscripten op exact dezelfde dag. VI Dankwoord (acknowledgments) Het geeft me een rijk gevoel terug te kunnen vallen op (schoon)familie en vrienden. Er zijn te veel mensen om uitgebreid te bedanken, maar ik wil allen – in het bijzonder de families Van Berlo, Liebeek, Macquoy, Van Domme- len en Versnel, Else, Evie, Karin, Natanja, Bastiaan, Gareth, Paul André, Esmee, Michiel – bedanken voor de interesse, steun en vriendschap. Pap en mam, dank dat ik van jullie altijd heb kunnen en mogen zijn wie ik ben, ook toen ik daar zelf nog naar zocht; weet dat ik enorm trots op jullie ben. Jullie hebben gelijk: ook halverwege de berg kan het uitzicht al prachtig zijn. Marco, bedankt dat je als grote broer altijd voor me klaarstaat en dat je onverminderd geïnteresseerd blijft in waar ik me mee bezighoud. Oma Christa Liebeek, ik ben dankbaar voor de manier waarop u en opa mij naar de wereld hebben leren kijken – de allerlaatste zin van de conclusie van dit proefschrift verwijst naar uw trouwgelofte en draag ik op aan u. Lieve Sander, je gelooft onophoudelijk in mijn kunnen, ook waar dat in mijn ogen niet altijd gerechtvaardigd is, en neemt mijn eigengereidheid op de koop toe. Met jou voelt alles zo veel completer. Het volgende hoofdstuk in mijn leven draag ik, iedere keer weer, op aan jou. Table of contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XV 1INTRODUCTION:HUMAN RIGHTS ELEPHANTS IN A GLOBALISING WORLD 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Focus of this research 3 1.2.1 Focusing on contexts of confinement 3 1.2.1.1 A choice for confinement 3 1.2.1.2 Some remarks on confinement in migration control 5 1.2.2 Focusing on the ‘glocal’ level 7 1.3 Research questions 10 1.4 Research design 13 1.4.1 Case study selection 13 1.4.2 Methods 14 1.4.2.1 Review of literature and documents 15 1.4.2.2 Doctrinal legal analysis 16 1.4.2.3 Semi-structured interviews 16 1.4.3 Qualitative interviews: RPC Nauru 17 1.4.3.1 Access to the research site 17 1.4.3.2 Ethical considerations 19 1.4.3.3 Before the interviews 19 1.4.3.4 During the interviews 24 1.4.3.5 After the interviews 26 1.4.4 Qualitative interviews: PI Norgerhaven 27 1.4.4.1 Access to the research site 27 1.4.4.2 The interviews 28 1.5 Introducing the case studies: from Nauru to Norgerhaven 29 1.5.1 Offshore processing in the Pacific: an Australian-Nauruan immigration detention setting 31 1.5.1.1 The lead-up to Operation Sovereign Borders 31 1.5.1.2 The introduction of Operation Sovereign Borders 34 1.5.1.3 Controversies relating to offshore processing 36 1.5.2 Offshore imprisonment in Northern Europe: a Norwegian-Dutch penal experiment 47 1.5.2.1 Background of the Norwegian-Dutch cooperation: a novel Belgian-Dutch penal construction 47 1.5.2.2 ‘The Garden of Norway’: Norwegian-Dutch penal cooperation 48 1.5.2.3 PI Norgerhaven: from extensive compliments to the occasional controversy 49 VIII Table of contents 1.6 Definitional issues 51 1.7 Roadmap 52 PARTI–THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM Commodification & crimmigration as challenges to international human rights law accountability, effectiveness, and legitimacy 57 2BARS WITH BARCODES: THE COMMODIFICATION OF CONFINEMENT 59 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Theorising commodification: nodal governance and anchored pluralism 62 2.3 Commodification in confinement on a global level 66 2.3.1 Privatisation 66 2.3.1.1 Privatising prisons 67 2.3.1.2 Privatising immigration detention 75 2.3.1.3 The private actors 78 2.3.2 Offshoring 81 2.3.2.1 Offshoring immigration detention 81 2.3.2.2 Offshoring prisons 84 2.4 Commodification in confinement on a local level: examining the case studies 87 2.4.1 RPC Nauru: a nodal perspective 87 2.4.1.1 The Australian Government and the Nauruan Government 87 2.4.1.2 Construction services 90 2.4.1.3 Service providers for garrison, welfare, security, health services, and claims assistance 90 2.4.1.4 Health care: IHMS and the Republic of Nauru Hospital 97 2.4.1.5 Policing and incidents: The Nauru Police Force and the Australian Federal Police 97 2.4.1.6 Resettlement 98 2.4.1.7 RPC Nauru: a nodal picture 98 2.4.2 PI Norgerhaven: a nodal perspective 104 2.5 The commodification challenge to international human rights law from a ‘glocal’ perspective 109 2.5.1 The first fundamental tenet: the ‘rights’ aspect of human rights 110 2.5.2 The commodification challenge to international human rights law 117 2.5.2.1 The commodification challenge to international human rights law accountability 118 2.5.2.2 The commodification challenge to international human rights law effectiveness 121 2.5.2.3 The commodification challenge to international human rights law legitimacy 122 2.6 Conclusion 127 Table of contents IX 3LOCKED UP, LOCKED OUT, LOCKED AWAY: CRIMMIGRATION IN CONFINEMENT 129 3.1 Introduction 129 3.2 Theorising crimmigration: the merger of criminal justice and migration control 132 3.3 Crimmigration in confinement on a global level 139 3.3.1 The ‘criminalisation of immigration
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