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Cultural Resource Management CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CRM VOLUME 22 NO. I 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE VOLUME 22 NO. I 1999 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contents ISSN 1068-4999 Information for parks, federal agencies, Indian tribes, states, local governments, and the private sectior that promotes and main­ Jamestown Island Revisited 1607- tains high standards for preserving and man­ aging cultural resources Five Years of Jamestown 3 DIRECTOR Karen G. Rehm Robert Stanton ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR The Jamestown Archeological Assessment 4 CULTURAL RESOURCE STEWARDSHIP AND PARTNERSHIPS Marley R. Brown III and David Orr Katherine H. Stevenson EDITOR Finding the Town in Jamestown Ronald M. Greenberg Archeology of the 17th-Century Capital 7 ASSOCIATE EDITOR Audrey J. Horning Janice C. McCoy GUEST EDITOR Jamestown Island's Documentary History Karen G. Rehm Clues to the Past 10 Martha W. McCartney ADVISORS David Andrews Editor, NPS Looking Beyond the Town Joan Bacharach Archeological Survey at Jamestown Island 13 Museum Registrar, NPS Randall J. Biallas Dennis B. Blanton Historical Architect, NPS John A. Bums Architect, NPS Continuing Jamestown's Military Tradition Harry A. Butowsky The Civil War Years 15 Historian, NPS David F. Riggs Pratt Cassity Executive Director, National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Muriel Crespi Lessons from the Past 17 Cultural Anthropologist, NPS Douglas W. Owsley Mary Cullen Director, Historical Services Branch Parks Canada Jamestown Rediscovery Mark Edwards Executive Director, DC. Preservation League Archeological Cultural Resources Management for the New Millennium 19 Roger E. Kelly William M. Kelso Archeologist,NPS Antoinette J. Lee Historian, NPS Cultural Resource Management and Interpretation A Cooperative Venture 22 ASSISTANTS Karen G. Rehm and Diane G. Stallings Denise M. Mayo Jessica Oliveri An electronic version of this issue of CRM can be accessed through the CRM home­ page at <http://www.cr.nps.gov/crm>. This site features a database of CRM articles from the past 21 years, and an online comment and subscription form. Submit your email address to be included on our electronic mailing list. You will receive notices of new issues and links to articles and supplementary information available only online. Cover: The NewTowne site is clearly discernible in a recent aerial photograph.This photograph was taken by Aerial Survey Corporation, digitized, and will be used for plotting archeological sites and land plat information and for monitoring shoreline erosion. Upper photo, Dr. Audrey Horning revealing the new discoveries and understandings of NewTowne during one of the two Jamestown archeology weekends. Lower photo, Dr. Audrey Horning and the field school uncovering portions of NewTowne. Photos by Tony belcastro. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advi­ sors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles and correspondence to the Editor; CRM, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, 1849 C Street, NW, Suite 350NC,Washington, DC 20240; 202-343-8164, fax 202-343-5260; email: <[email protected]>. 2 CRM No 1—1999 Karen G. Rehm From time to time over the past half cen­ tury or so, my late old friend Pinky Harrington and I have eyed the Jamestown archeological potential in the perspective of archeology accom­ Five Years of Jamestown plished and to come, and spoken of our hopes for future research and investigation. The theme his issue of CRM focuses on the has always been conservation, caution in ground Jamestown Archeological investigation, employing state-of-the-art technol­ Assessment that began in 1992. The ogy, recognizing that it will be infinitely articles represent the major aspects improved in the future, and a comprehensive, of thiTs five-year project that focused on a holistic holistic, interdisciplinary address to all research, approach to taking a third look at an archeologi­ above and below ground, archival and living his­ cal site of international significance. Testing inno­ tory resources included. vative methodologies and applying an analysis of The accomplished five-year investigations the natural environment to the understanding of and studies have addressed these needs. The the historical events were primary objectives of whole island has been surveyed, and the whole the Assessment, as presented in the first article archeological potential has been conserved for written by Marley Brown and David Orr. Although future and more sophisticated and complete major archeology was conducted in the 1930s and research resources. I personally thank all those 1950s, reopening the town sites and examining who have participated in this effort, and welcome the historical documentation with the current generations of future investigations that will con­ knowledge of the time period, as discussed in Audrey Homing's article and Martha McCartney's tinue to tell the story of Jamestown Island from essay, provide greater insight into a time period the Paleoindian to the ever-arriving present. that is essential to understanding Jamestown and John L. Cotter Don Linebaugh its role in establishing British North America. (The College of Conducting a Phase I survey of the entire Virginia Antiquities in rediscovering the very early William and Mary Jamestown Island was critical to this understand­ years of Jamestown. Center for ing. Dennis Blanton's article on this aspect of the Finally, the application of these new findings Archaeological survey emphasizes the need for all parks to take a and providing this information to the public is Research), comprehensive look at their history. The discovery examined in the article by Karen Rehm and Diane Superintendent Alec of the Clovis points pushes back the timeline of Stallings. Americans are fascinated by the process Gould, and Greg Brown (Colonial human occupation to 10,500 BP. The tree ring of uncovering the past and how the new discover­ Williamsburg study drastically alters the basic facts of those ies provide a fuller and maybe a different twist to Foundation) at the early years at Jamestown and enables us to under­ what they learned so many years ago in school. ground breaking stand the relationship between the English settlers Through this new appreciation, support for contin­ ceremony for the and Powhatans in a different light. David Riggs' ued research and preservation will grow. survey, spring of examination of the Civil War and its impact on The establishment of Colonial National 1993. Photo cour­ tesy NPS. Jamestown demonstrates the need to push the Historical Park in 1930* marked a turning point for the cultural resource management program in timeline forward as the National Park Service. Nearly 70 years later, it well. is still demonstrating the need for sound resource The articles by management guided by scholarly research and Douglas Owsley and investigation. Colonial wishes to thank Kate William Kelso look at Stevenson, Associate Director, Cultural Resource other aspects of arche­ Stewardship and Partnerships, NPS, for her sup­ ology and challenges port of this project. federal policies and methodologies. Dr. Owsley presents the * Originally designated Colonial National Monument. findings of re-examin­ ing skeletal remains Karen G. Rehm is Chief Historian at Colonial discovered at National Historical Park. She is the guest editor of Jamestown more than this issue of CRM. 40 years ago. Dr. Kelso provides a view of John L. Cotter, Ph.D., was the Jamestown archeolo- archeology as applied gist from 1953-1957. He developed a grid system for by the Association for New Towne that identified all the known structural the Preservation of ruins, resulting in a historical base map that is still used today and was essential to the Jamestowm Archeological Assessment. CRM No 1 — 1999 3 Marley R. Brown III and David Orr The Jamestown Archeological Assessment amestown and Williamsburg, the first his days at Jamestown is the emergence of cultural and second capitals of the Colony of resources management as a recognized profession. Virginia, are close rivals as the most Both developments are evident in the intellectual excavated historic sites in the United perspective guiding the current round of archeolog­ StatesJ. But it was at Jamestown that modern his­ ical study of the National Park Service property on torical archeology was born when J.C. Harrington Jamestown Island, a project that began officially in was lured there in 1936 while still a graduate stu­ the fall of 1992 with the negotiation of a coopera­ dent in anthropology at the University of Chicago. tive agreement between the National Park Service Harrington, who died at the age of 96 in April and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. This 1998, reflected on his work at Jamestown in a agreement was based on a scope of work distrib­ reminiscence published a few years ago. He uted in June of that year which identified a number acknowledged that his and subsequent excava­ of interrelated studies needed to properly evaluate tions of the town site emphasized architectural and manage the island's cultural resources. These remains at the expense of other physical evi­ included a detailed bibliographic survey of all dence, but he stressed that he did recognize the sources—written, photographic, and drawn—that importance of archeology as a way of understand­ shed light on Jamestown's history, a series of inter­ ing
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