ICCROM COnseRvatIOn studIes 6 Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery iCCROM COnSeRvatiOn StUdieS 6 Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery Papers from the iCCROM FORUM held on October 4-6, 2005 EditEd by nicholas Stanley-Price Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery. Papers from the ICCROM FORUM held on October 4-6, 2005, edited by Nicholas Stanley-Price. ICCROM Conservation Studies 6, ICCROM, Rome. ISBN 92-9077-201-8 © 2007 ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property Via di San Michele, 13 00153 Rome, Italy www.iccrom.org Designed by Maxtudio, Rome Printed by Ugo Quintily S.p.A. Contents Preface v NICHOLAS STANLEY-PRICE the thread of continuity: cultural heritage in 1 postwar recovery 1 NICHOLAS STANLEY-PRICE Cultural destruction by war, and its impact on 17 2 group identities NEAL ASCHERSON Postwar reconstruction and the recovery of cultural 26 3 heritage: critical lessons from the last fifteen years SULTAN BARAKAT divided cities and ethnic conflict in the urban domain 40 4 JON CALAME Hmong postwar identity production: heritage maintenance 51 5 and cultural reinterpretation GARY YIA LEE Recovering a family heritage: a personal experience in east 60 6 Germany HERMANN GRAF VON PÜCKLER Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery. Papers from the ICCROM FORUM held on October 4-6, 2005, edited by Nicholas Stanley-Price. Political conflict and recovery of cultural heritage in Palestine 68 ICCROM Conservation Studies 6, ICCROM, Rome. 7 SUAD AMIRY AND KHALDUN BSHARA ISBN 92-9077-201-8 Armed conflict and culture change in Chiapas, Mexico 75 © 2007 ICCROM 8 VALERIE MAGAR International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property Via di San Michele, 13 the restoration of the temple of the tooth Relic in Kandy, 87 00153 9 Sri Lanka: a post-conflict cultural response to loss of identity Rome, Italy GAMINI WIJESURIYA www.iccrom.org Armed conflicts, peace culture and protection of cultural 98 10 heritage in West Africa Designed by Maxtudio, Rome BOUREIMA TIÉKORONI DIAMITANI Printed by Ugo Quintily S.p.A. Promoting cultural heritage in a postwar environment: 107 11 the Côte d’ivoire HORTENSE ZAGBAYOU Promoting cultural heritage in postwar recovery: El Salvador 114 12 HÉCTOR ISMAEL SERMEÑO List of illustrations FigURe 1 the Pückler family home of Schloss Branitz, germany, from the southwest. 4 FigURe 2 the national Library in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, hit by shells and set on fire, august 1992 (© aFP). 6 FigURe 3 Culture does not await reconstruction. the re-established Sarajevo Orchestra rehearsing for a concert proposed by a French television channel in the ruins of the Sarajevo national Library, September 1993 (© aFP). 7 FigURe 4 Palestinians waiting to have their id checked at a checkpoint incorporated into the separation barrier outside Bethlehem in the hope of attending Friday prayers at the al-aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, October 2006 (© aFP). 8 FigURe 5 Coventry Cathedral, 15 november 1940 by John Piper. Commissioned by the government as a war artist, Piper painted the burning ruins of the Cathedral the morning after its bombing. 10 FigURe 6 Renovation of streets and facades, arabahmet Quarter, nicosia. Far end of the street is blocked by the green Line dividing the city. Photo 2005. 11 FigURe 7 the reconsecration of the Frauenkirche in dresden took place in 2005. the blackened stone blocks are those recovered from the ruins of the church. 12 FigURe 8 national Museum, Beirut, façade restored after damage sustained during the civil war when located on the green Line between the warring factions and occupied by the military. its collections were saved, thanks to prior planning by the staff. Photo 1995. 14 FigURe 9 the Cathedral of notre-dame de Reims in France after being shelled, October 1918. 20 FigURe 10 the search for priority, ayodhya 1992. Hindu extremists demolish the 16th century Babri mosque, insisting that a temple marking the birthplace of the god Ram lies beneath (© aFP). 23 FigURe 11 a Jain temple in Lahore, Pakistan, collapses after being attacked by Muslim protestors in reprisal for the destruction of the Babri mosque at ayodhya, december 2002(© aFP). 23 FigURe 12 a Palestinian refugee displays a key to his house as he marks the 58th anniversary of nakba (day of catastrophe) at the Shati refugee camp in gaza, May 14, 2006 (© Reuters/Mohammed Salem). 30 FigURe 13 a Palestinian girl in al-Hussein refugee camp, outside amman, holding the key to her grandfather’s house in Jaffa (©Reuters). 30 FigURe 14 Relationships between media attention and ability/need to respond. at point a, a major disaster results in more media attention which attracts many resources, but there is little capacity and few needs at this time. at point B, the media attention has dwindled so that there are no resources, but capacity is greater and needs are increasing. 32 FigURe 15 the old city in Kabul–Bala Hissar, once a thriving neighbourhood, was destroyed by twenty years of war and neglect, prompting its population to desert the area. 35 FigUReS 16 and 17. the village of Pocitelj in Bosnia Herzegovina was devastated in 1993, and its mosque destroyed. the village has now been successfully reconstructed. 37 FigURe 18 the main boulevard of Mostar forming the dividing-line between Bosnian and Croatian forces in 1993 (© aFP). 41 iv Cultural Heritage in Postwar reCovery FigURe 19 the old bridge under reconstruction (July 2003). the Stari Most (old bridge) at Mostar was destroyed by tank-fire during the 1992–5 war. it was reconstructed over a two-year period and reopened in July 2005 (photo July 2003, © aFP). 41 FigURe 20 One of the main gates on the peaceline in west Belfast. this particular gate is used to seal a road that runs between the Catholic Falls Road area and the Protestant Shankill district (image courtesy of and copyright Cain (cain.ulst.ac.uk). 45 FigURe 21 Cupar Street in the Falls area of Belfast. at the rear of the houses is the tall brick wall topped with a sheet metal partition that forms the peace line (image courtesy of and copyright Cain (cain.ulst.ac.uk). 45 FigURe 22 traditional White Hmong and green Hmong skirts worn by girls performing Hmong dances in Sydney, australia. 53 FigURe 23 Hmong embroidery used as decoration for women’s traditional costumes. 54 FigURe 24 Hmong funeral in the West held indoors since outdoor rituals are no longer practiced. in the foreground, the Hmong reed pipe typically used for funeral music. 55 FigURe 25 Strong yearnings in the diaspora for the old homeland are depicted in Hmong embroidery. 56 FigURe 26 Modern Hmong costumes adopt a lighter version of the traditional skirt and blouse for everyday wear. 56 FigURe 27 the young generation of Hmong with multiple identities. 58 FigURe 28 new Hmong postmodern costume and new identity representation? 58 FigURe 29 Portrait of Prince Hermann v. Pückler by Franz Krüger (1779–1857), painted in 1819 when Pückler was aged 34. Most of the decorations shown in the portrait were added later as he received them. 61 FigURe 30 Schloss Branitz and pergola from the east. 62 FigURe 31 Part of the Schilfsee lake in the landscaped gardens at Branitz. 62 FigURe 32 the Pyramid on water designed by Prince Pückler as his tomb at Branitz. 63 FigURe 33 Prince (Fürst) Pückler’s library in the Schloss Branitz. 64 FigURe 34 the diploma awarded to Prince Pückler by King Friedrich Wilhelm iii of Prussia in 1822. 65 FigURe 35 Old City of nablus, destruction in april 2002 (photo: Rula Halawani). 69 FigURe 36 Hosh al Hilu residential courtyards rehabilitated by the OCJRP (photo: aga Khan photo archive). 70 FigURe 37 Hebron Old town, rehabilitated quarters (photo: Riwaq archive). 70 FigURe 38 Bethlehem vegetable market, rehabilitated in 1998 and destroyed in 2002 (photo: Matthias Konsgen/Riwaq archive). 71 FigURe 39 an israeli tank in the Old City of nablus, april 2002 (photo: Rula Halawani). 72 FigURe 40 Job creation through restoration projects, 2002–6 (photo: Khaldun Bshara/Riwaq archive). 72 FigURe 41 Recovery under fire: community activity in the renovated building of Beit Reema Cultural Centre (photo: Maher Saleh/Riwaq archive). 73 FigURe 42 Map of Mexico showing location of Chiapas. 76 FigURe 43. Zapatista army (© aFP). 76 FigURe 44 Subcomandante Marcos with tzotzil women (© aFP). 77 FigURe 45 tzotzil women and children wearing traditional clothiing. 78 FigURe 46 Mural painting of taniperla, before its destruction in 1998. 82 FigURe 47 Mural painting on the border wall between the US and Mexico, copying the mural painting of taniperla. 82 FigURe 48 Palenque, templo del Conde. 83 FigURe 49 Mural painting, Bonampak. 84 List of illustrations v FigURe 50 Women blocking their entrance to the village (© aFP). 85 FigURe 51 Painting of a Zapatista woman. 85 FigURe 52 the temple before the bombing. 88 FigUReS 53 and 54 the temple in the aftermath of the bombings. 89 FigURe 55 damaged paintings undergoing restoration. 90 FigUReS 56 and 57 Stone carving of an elephant before and after the bombing. 91 FigURe 58 newly carved stone sculpture of the same elephant. 91 FigURe 59 new stone carvings being done. 92 FigURe 60 the President of Sri Lanka, Mrs Chandrika Kumaratunga, and the Minister of Culture, Lakshman Jayakody, visit the temple of the tooth after its restoration, august 1999. 93 FigURe 61 decorative timber elements of the inner shrine before the bombing. 95 FigURe 62 Building of the national institute of Studies and Research (ineP) in Conakry, guinea-Bissau, after occupation by the military and subsequent abandonment. 100 FigURe 63 documentation centre of ineP, guinea-Bissau, after its destruction.