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Italy Officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), Is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic in South-Central Europe

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Italy Officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), Is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic in South-Central Europe Italy Italy officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia—the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea—and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world. Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries the political centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire. After its decline, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of the Renaissance,[7] an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought. Through much of its post-Roman history, Italy was fragmented into numerous kingdoms and city-states (such as the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Duchy of Milan), but was unified in 1861,[8] following a tumultuous period in history known as "Il Risorgimento" ("The Resurgence"). In the late 19th century, through World War I, and to World War II, Italy possessed a colonial empire, which extended its rule to Libya,Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Albania, the Dodecanese and a concession in Tianjin, China.[9] Modern Italy is a democratic republic. It has been ranked the world's 23rd most-developed country[10] and its Quality-of-life index has been ranked in the top ten in the world.[11] Italy enjoys a very high standard of living, and has a high nominal GDP per capita.[12][13] It is a founding member of what is now the European Union and part of the Eurozone. Italy is also a member of the G8, G20 and NATO. It has the world's eighth-largest nominal GDP, tenth highest GDP (PPP)[14] and the sixth highest government budget in the world.[15] It is also a member state of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, the Council of Europe, the Western European Union and the United Nations. Italy has the world's ninth-largest defence budget and shares NATO's nuclear weapons. Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power.[16][17] The country has a high public education level and is a highly globalised nation Climate The climate of Italy is highly diverse and can be far from the stereotypical Mediterranean climate, depending on location. Most of the inland northern regions of Italy, for example Piedmont, Lombardyand Emilia-Romagna, have a climate variously described as humid continental or temperate. Adriana Rigutti (in Meteorologia, Giunti 2005) states that the climate of the ―Po valley region [is] continental ... with harsh winters and hot summers‖.[61] The coastal areas of Liguria and most of the peninsula south of Florence generally fit the Mediterranean stereotype (Köppen climate classification Csa). Conditions on peninsular coastal areas can be very different from the interior's higher ground and valleys, particularly during the winter months when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions have mild winters and warm and generally dry summers, although lowland valleys can be quite hot in summer. Facts And Figures About Italy Conventional long form: Italian Republic Country Name: Conventional short form: Italy Location: Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia Total: 301,230 sq km Land: 294,020 sq km Area: Water: 7,210 sq km Note: includes Sardinia and Sicily Land Total: 1,932.2 km Boundaries: Irrigated Land: 27,500 sq km (2003) Arable land: 26.41% Permanent crops: 9.09% Land Use: Other: 64.5% (2005 Border Border countries: Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 232 km, Switzerland 740 km Countries: Coastline: 7,600 km Climate: Predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south Terrain: Mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands Strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Geography: Western Europe Population: 58,133,509 (July 2006 est.) Age Structure: 0-14 Years: 0-14 years: 13.8% (male 4,147,149/female 3,899,980) 15-64 Years: 15-64 years: 66.5% (male 19,530,512/female 19,105,841) 65 Years and 65 years and over: 19.7% (male 4,771,858/female 6,678,169) (2006) Over: Average Age: Total: 42.2 years Male: 40.7 years Female: 43.7 years (2006 est.) Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian- Ethnic Groups: Italians and Greek-Italians in the south) Approximately 90% Roman Catholic (about one-third regularly attend services); mature Protestant and Religions: Jewish communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community General Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority Languages: in the Trieste-Gorizia area Government Republic Type: Name: Rome Capital: Geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E 15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions* (regioni autonome, singular - Administrative regione autonoma); Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia*, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna*, Sicilia*, Toscana, Divisions: Trentino-Alto Adige*, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta*, Veneto Independence: 17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1870) Economy Currency: Euro (EUR) Exchange Euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005) Rates: GDP Growth 0.1% (2005 est.) Rate: Agriculture: 5% Labour Industry: 32% Occupations: Services: 63% (2001) Unemployment 7.7% (2005 est.) Rate: Inflation Rate: 2% (2005 est.) Agriculture Fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; beef, dairy products; fish Produce: Transportation Total: 19,459 km Standard gauge: 18,037 km 1.435-m gauge (11,354 km electrified) Railways: Narrow gauge: 123 km 1.000-m gauge (122 km electrified); 1,299 km 0.950-m gauge (161 km electrified) (2005) Total: 479,688 km Roads: paved: 479,688 km (including 6,478 km of expressways) (2004) Total: 98 Over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 30 Airports: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 31 Under 914 m: 14 (2006) Ports & Augusta, Genoa, Livorno, Melilli Oil Terminal, Ravenna, Taranto, Trieste Harbours: Requirements to obtain VISA to enter Italy Passport Information U.S. Passport or passport of any other nationality, must have at least 6 months remaining validity from the day of entry into the country for which VISA has been applied for. If validity is less than 6 months ETS will renew your passport (Fee's apply). US citizens do not need a tourist or business visa to enter Italy for a period of 90 days. VISA REQUIREMENTS FOR NON US CITIZENS Italy Tourist Visa Applicants must submit the following documents (1 original plus 1 copy) : o Passport or travel document accepted by the Schengen countries valid for a period of 3 months beyond the applicant's last day of stay abroad. The passport must have a blank page on which the visa will be affixed. In your passport, your complete birthdate must be mentioned: day, month and year. o Proof of permanent residence in the United States: U.S. Alien Registration Card or valid U.S. longterm U.S. visa. U.S. visas B1/B2 visas are not acceptable for this purpose. o Students must have a valid I-20 Form and exchange visitors a valid I-66 Form. o One recent passport size photograph (2x2 inches in size,full face,front view, color). o One application form completely and clearly filled out, to be signed by the applicant in the presence of a Consular Officer. o Proof of sufficient funds to cover the expenses of your planned stay: most recent bank statement(s) of saving, checking, or travelers checks in an amount of approximately $100 per day for the total number of days of your stay. o Employment verification: . Letter from employer, on letterhead, stating position, salary and that the vacation/leave has been approved. The letter must be signed and dated. If self-employed: valid business license, certificate of incorporation, and latest tax return concerning business. Flight reservation from travel agent. o The round trip ticket, plus one copy, MUST BE PRESENTED when picking up or mailing out the passport. If it applies, present eurail tickets, car rental reservations, internal flight reservations. o Lodging: . If staying at hotels, present letter from travel agent or from hotel itself stating the reservation dates and confirmation number. (The name of applicant/s must be mentioned on the reservation.) . If you are traveling with an organized tour, present a letter from your travel agent stating that you are a member of the group, and a copy of the tour itinerary. o Proof of health insurance with medical and emergency coverage valid for the entire trip abroad. provide a letter from your U.S.
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