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The Petrine Ministry at the Time of the First Four Ecumenical Councils

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The Petrine Ministry at the Time of the First Four Ecumenical Councils The Petrine ministry at the time of the first four ecumenical councils: relations between the Bishop of Rome and the Eastern Bishops as revealed in the canons, process, and reception of the councils Author: Pierluigi De Lucia Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1852 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2010 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AND MINISTRY WESTON JESUIT DEPARTEMENT The Petrine ministry at the Time of the First Four Ecumenical Councils Relations between the Bishop of Rome and the Eastern Bishops as revealed in the canons, process, and reception of the councils A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the S.T.L. Degree Of the School of Theology and Ministry By: Pierluigi De Lucia, S.J. Directed by: Francine Cardman Second Reader: Francis A. Sullivan, S.J. May 2010 © Copyright by Pierluigi DE LUCIA, S.J. 2010 Abstract The Petrine ministry of the bishops of Rome and relations with the eastern bishops at the time of the first four ecumenical councils are the focus of this thesis. It places the Church in the complex historical context marked by the public recognition of Christianity under Constantine (312) and the great novelty of the close interactions of the emperors with the bishops of the major sees in the period, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch and Constantinople. The study examines the structures of the church (local and regional synods and ecumenical councils) and the roles of bishops and emperors in the ecumenical councils of Nicaea (325), Constantinople I (381), Ephesus (431), and Chalcedon (451), including the “robber” council of 449. Attention is given to the most important and sometimes contested canons of those councils regarding the relationship of the eastern bishops and their sees to the bishop of Rome and his claims to exercise a Petrine ministry and authority for the whole Church: canon 6 (Nicaea), canon 3 (Constantinople), canon 7 (Ephesus) and canon 28 (Chalcedon). The method of the study is historical and draws on the contributions of major Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran and Catholic scholars. The concluding synthesis and ecclesiological reflection finds that no Roman bishop was present at these councils, but at all but Constantinople, where there was a western observer, he sent legates. Sometimes the bishop of Rome played an important role in the ecumenical councils, i.e., Leo in relation to Ephesus 449 and Chalcedon; Celestine and recognition of Ephesus 431, and in both cases, the emperor also supported the final decisions. Moreover, the bishops of Rome played a minor role in relation to Nicaea and Constantinople. Finally, in regard to canon 3 of Constantinople and 28 of Chalcedon they consistently asserted that their apostolicity and foundation on Peter was the source of the Roman bishop’s authority and precedence. At the name of Jesus Ev’ry knee shall bow, Ev’ry tongue confess Him King of glory now; ‘Tis the Father’s pleasure, We should call Him Lord, Who from the beginning Was the mighty Word. 1 With gratitude and fraternal affection in the Lord to: Fr. Tata, S.J., Fr. Casalone, S.J., Fr. Barretta, S.J., Fr. Schaeffer, S.J., Fr. Sullivan, S.J., Prof. Cardman, Fr. Bado, S.J. and my brethren of St. Edmund’s House. 1 Hymn taken from the Liturgy of the Hours of evening prayer I of the second Week. Text: C. Noel, d. 1877, alt. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................... I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: THE PETRINE MINISTRY AND THE STRUCTURES OF THE CHURCH AT THE TIME OF NICAEA ........... 4 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. SYNODS , COUNCILS AND MAIN CHARACTERS BEFORE NICAEA ....................................................................................... 5 2.1 Context .................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Victor I of Rome and the date of Easter .................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Cyprian of Carthage and Stephen of Rome ............................................................................................. 9 2.4 Dionysius of Alexandria, Dionysius of Rome, and Paul of Samosata: homoousios and the Logos theology ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 3. MILTIADES , SYLVESTER AND COUNCIL OF ARLES ...................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Pope Miltiades ....................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Pope Sylvester I and the council of Arles ............................................................................................... 14 4. THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA .................................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 The Arian Controversy ........................................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Constantine and the Church .................................................................................................................. 16 4.3 Convocation, composition, process ....................................................................................................... 17 4.4 Doctrinal decisions and the Creed ......................................................................................................... 18 5. CANONS OF NICAEA ON EPISCOPAL ORDER AND METROPOLITAN BISHOPS ..................................................................... 19 5.1 Canons 4, 5, 7. ....................................................................................................................................... 19 5.2 Canon 6 ................................................................................................................................................. 21 6. NICAEA AS A NEW KIND OF COUNCIL ...................................................................................................................... 24 6.1 The authority of Nicaea ......................................................................................................................... 24 6.2 Holy Spirit and holy council ................................................................................................................... 26 6.3 Nicaea as an ecumenical council ........................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 2: THE PETRINE MINISTRY AND THE STRUCTURES OF THE CHURCH AT THE TIME OF CONSTANTINOPLE I ....................................................................................................................................... 28 1. CONTEXT : DEVELOPMENTS BETWEEN NICAEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE I ........................................................................ 28 1.1 A Half-Century of Conflict after the Council of Nicaea .......................................................................... 28 1.2 Pope Julius and Athanasius ................................................................................................................... 30 1.3 The consequences of the Synod of Tyre ................................................................................................. 30 1.4 The canons of Serdica ............................................................................................................................ 31 1.5 Pope Liberius ......................................................................................................................................... 32 1.6 The Heresies of Macedonius and Apollinaris ......................................................................................... 33 1.7 Damasus ................................................................................................................................................ 36 1.8 Theodosius ............................................................................................................................................ 38 2. THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE I .................................................................................................................... 39 2.1 Convocation of a General Council for the East ...................................................................................... 39 2.2 The Bishop of Constantinople and the Presidency of the Council .......................................................... 39 2.3 Ascolius and Damasus ........................................................................................................................... 40 2.4 Constantinople I: an eastern council ..................................................................................................... 41 2.5 Doctrinal Decisions of the Council ........................................................................................................
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