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Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: the Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Honors Theses Student Research 5-6-2021 Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: The Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State Keeley Harris University of Richmond Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses Part of the Political Science Commons, and the Religion Law Commons Recommended Citation Harris, Keeley, "Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: The Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State" (2021). Honors Theses. 1577. https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses/1577 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: The Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State By Keeley Harris Honors Thesis Submitted to: Jepson School of Leadership Studies University of Richmond Richmond, VA May 6, 2021 Advisor: Dr. Kristin M. S. Bezio Harris 1 Abstract Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: The Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State Keeley Harris Committee members: Dr. Kristin M. S. Bezio, Dr. George R. Goethals and Dr. Douglas L. Winiarski This research focuses on a sect of Christian thinkers who originated in mid-16th century Poland called Socinians. They had radical Christian views built upon ideas from humanism and the Protestant Reformation, including Anti-Trinitarianism and rejecting the divinity of Christ. -
ABSTRACT the Apostolic Tradition in the Ecclesiastical Histories Of
ABSTRACT The Apostolic Tradition in the Ecclesiastical Histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret Scott A. Rushing, Ph.D. Mentor: Daniel H. Williams, Ph.D. This dissertation analyzes the transposition of the apostolic tradition in the fifth-century ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. In the early patristic era, the apostolic tradition was defined as the transmission of the apostles’ teachings through the forms of Scripture, the rule of faith, and episcopal succession. Early Christians, e.g., Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Origen, believed that these channels preserved the original apostolic doctrines, and that the Church had faithfully handed them to successive generations. The Greek historians located the quintessence of the apostolic tradition through these traditional channels. However, the content of the tradition became transposed as a result of three historical movements during the fourth century: (1) Constantine inaugurated an era of Christian emperors, (2) the Council of Nicaea promulgated a creed in 325 A.D., and (3) monasticism emerged as a counter-cultural movement. Due to the confluence of these sweeping historical developments, the historians assumed the Nicene creed, the monastics, and Christian emperors into their taxonomy of the apostolic tradition. For reasons that crystallize long after Nicaea, the historians concluded that pro-Nicene theology epitomized the apostolic message. They accepted the introduction of new vocabulary, e.g. homoousios, as the standard of orthodoxy. In addition, the historians commended the pro- Nicene monastics and emperors as orthodox exemplars responsible for defending the apostolic tradition against the attacks of heretical enemies. The second chapter of this dissertation surveys the development of the apostolic tradition. -
Some Perspectives on the Theology of Orthodox Church Music
Religions 2015, 6, 350–364; doi:10.3390/rel6020350 OPEN ACCESS religions ISSN 2077-1444 www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Article The Seraphim above: Some Perspectives on the Theology of Orthodox Church Music Ivan Moody Centro de Estudos de Sociologia e Estética Musical (CESEM), Universidade Nova, Lisbon, FCSH, Av. de Berna, 26C, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-21-790-8300 (ext. 1496) Academic Editor: Edward Foley Received: 5 March 2015 / Accepted: 24 March 2015 / Published: 2 April 2015 Abstract: Some outstanding contributions notwithstanding, much recent scholarship in Western European languages concerning art and the sacred has been quite prolific but has generally avoided discussion of specifically liturgical music, a particular problem when dealing with the sacred music of the Orthodox Church. The present discussion aims at establishing some bases for furthering this discussion, drawing not only on recent commentators but especially commentary on the question of liturgical singing by the Fathers of the Church. Keywords: liturgical music; sacred music; Orthodox Church; Fathers of the Church In recent years, a considerable number of books and articles in the English language dealing with art and the sacred from a Christian perspective have been published. Amongst the authors concerned with this theme are Jeremy Begbie [1], Daniel Chua [2], Richard Harries [3], Graham Howes [4], Catherine Pickstock [5], Philip Sherrard [6] and Patrick Sherry [7]. These publications have brought many useful and stimulating insights to the discussion of ways in which the arts may manifest the sacred and have served a crucial purpose in raising the level of that discussion both in artistic and theological terms. -
The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church
The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church A History Joseph F. Kelly A Michael Glazier Book LITURGICAL PRESS Collegeville, Minnesota www.litpress.org A Michael Glazier Book published by Liturgical Press Cover design by David Manahan, OSB. Painting in Kiev, Sofia. Photo by Sasha Martynchuk. © Sasha Martynchuk and iStockphoto. Scripture texts in this work are taken from the New American Bible with Revised New Testament and Revised Psalms © 1991, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Washington, DC, and are used by permission of the copyright owner. All Rights Reserved. No part of the New American Bible may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the copyright owner. © 2009 by Order of Saint Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, microfilm, microfiche, mechanical recording, photocopying, translation, or by any other means, known or yet unknown, for any purpose except brief quotations in reviews, without the previ- ous written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s Abbey, PO Box 7500, Col- legeville, Minnesota 56321-7500. Printed in the United States of America. 123456789 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kelly, Joseph F. (Joseph Francis), 1945– The ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church : a history / Joseph F. Kelly. p. cm. “A Michael Glazier book”—T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-0-8146-5376-0 (pbk.) 1. Councils -
Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion
Vigiliae Christianae Vigiliae Christianae 66 (2012) 482-502 brill.com/vc Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion Mark Edwards Christ Church, Oxford, OX1 1DP, United Kingdom: [email protected] Abstract This paper responds to recent publications which play down the role of Bishop Alex- ander of Alexandria in securing the adoption of the term homoousion at the Nicene Council of 325. It argues that, while the term is not employed in any surviving work from his hand, there is some reason to believe that he sanctioned the use of it by his colleagues. There is no doubt that before the Council he had already declared the Son to be “from the Father’s essence”, and it is all but certain that when this phrase was challenged, together with the homoousion at Nicaea, it was he who produced a concil- iatory exegesis of both innovations, relying on the theology that had already been expounded in his letters Philostorgius’ story that he and Hosius of Cordoba had con- certed a plan to introduce the homoousion is not implausible, and it should not be assumed that the author of an anonymous life of Constantine, which corroborates this narrative, is merely paraphrasing Philostorgius. Their testimony is consistent with that of Ambrose of Milan, who can be shown to have been acquainted both with docu- ments and with witnesses of the proceedings at the Council. Keywords Nicaea, Alexander of Alexandria, homoousion, creed, Trinity, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Arius To whom do we owe the presence in the Nicene Creed of the adjective homoousios? There was a time when everyone would have held the opinion, lately endorsed again by Henry Chadwick, that “anti-Arian leaders” had already resolved to press it upon the Council of 325 before its opening.1 The parties to this compact were always assumed to have been Alexander 1) H. -
Churches in Serbia and Germany in Dialogue
TOWARD THE HEALING OF MEMORIES AND CHANGING OF PERCEPTIONS: CHURCHES IN SERBIA AND GERMANY IN DIALOGUE A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Angela V. Ilić MAY 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Leonard J. Swidler, Advisory Chair, Department of Religion Dr. Terry Rey, Department of Religion Dr. John C. Raines, Department of Religion Dr. Paul B. Mojzes, Rosemont College Dr. Kyriakos M. Kontopoulos, External Reader, Department of Sociology © by Angela Valeria Ilić 2012 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines a series of interchurch consultations that took place between 1999 and 2009 with the participation of the Evangelical Church in Germany, the Roman Catholic German Bishops’ Conference and the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Protestant-Catholic-Orthodox ecumenical encounters began in the immediate aftermath of the Kosovo crisis, and aimed to support Serbia’s democratization and European integration. At a total of nine meetings, delegates from the participating churches, together with politicians, representatives of non-governmental organizations, and scholars from various fields, discussed the role of churches and religion in the two countries. The meetings provided a forum for exchanging knowledge and addressing the challenges confronting the churches and their social organizations. Through lectures, discussions, and meetings in working groups, the consultations focused on theological, legal, political, and social topics, such as church and state relations in Serbia, the role of churches in secularized society, Serbia’s relationship to the rest of Europe, reconciliation, and the healing of memories. Focusing on the content and the outcomes of the consultations, the author places them into the broader ecumenical, social and political context in which they took place. -
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Issue 85: The Council of Nicaea: Debating Jesus’ Divinity Debating Jesus' Divinity: Did You Know? Interresting and Unusual Facts about the Council of Nicaea Compiled by Steven Gertz, D. H. Williams, and John Anthony McGuckin All Aboard? The Council of Nicaea lives on in the imagination of the Church, both East and West. In this photograph taken in 1925, Russian Orthodox patriarchs prepare to board a train for St. David's, Wales, to celebrate Nicaea's 16th centenary. In Rome that same year, Pope Pius XI planned a party of his own in the Vatican basilica, declaring Nicaea a formative event for the Catholic understanding of the nature of Christ. Protestants too have honored Nicaea in their own way. Anglicans, among others, recite the Nicene Creed in church every Sunday, and many Protestants (perhaps unknowingly) celebrate Nicaea in their hymns. One of the most beloved is Reginald Heber's "Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty," which ends with a rousing "God in Three Persons, blessed Trinity." Written for Trinity Sunday, the hymn was set to music by John B. Dykes, who named the tune "Nicaea." Wipe Out Those Arian Barbarians Theodosius the Great may have dealt a death blow to Arians in the Roman Empire at the Council of Constantinople (381), but the heresy got a new lease on life among the barbarian Goths. Particularly influential was Theodoric the Great (d. 526), a ruthless military tactician (he murdered his rival) who adopted Arianism as his religion and built numerous Arian churches in Raverina, Italy. When the Byzantine Emperor Justinian recovered Ravenna in 535, he resolved to erase any Arian influence from the city. -
Dacia Superior West
Durham E-Theses The evolution of roman frontier defence systems and fortications the lower danube provinces in the rst and second centuries AD Karavas, John How to cite: Karavas, John (2001) The evolution of roman frontier defence systems and fortications the lower danube provinces in the rst and second centuries AD, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3957/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE EVOLUTION OF ROMAN FRONTIER DEFENCE SYSTEMS AND FORTIFICATIONS IN THE LO\VER DANUBE PROVINCES IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES AD Volume II JOHN KARA VAS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any form, including Electronic and the Internet, without the author's prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately. -
The New Age, Vol. 24, No. 16
PACE PAGE NOTES OF THE WEEK . 249 LONDON PAPERS-VI. By Dikran Kouyoumdjian 261 TOWARDS NATIONAL GUILDS. By National ART NOTES. By B. H. Dias . 263 Guildsmen . 253 VIEWS AND REVIEWS : Catholicism : a Conclusion. AGUILDSMAN’S INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY. By By A. E. R. 264 Arthur J. Penty. VIII.-The Reformation REVIEW : Chosen Peoples . 265 in Germany . 253 THE MIND OF THE CHURCH. By Leo Ward . 254 LETTERSTO THE EDITORfrom S. G. H., Philip T. Kenway, Everard G. Gilbert-Cooper, Wm. LOGICv. MYSTICISM. By M.B., Oxon . 257 Margrie, A. J. Penty . 266 RECENTVERSE. By Stephen Maguire . 259 THE IDOLATRY OFWORDS-(Concluded,) By Dr. PASTICHE. By Marshall E. Brown, B. Windeler. Oscar Levy . 260 P. Selver, W. H., C. Granville . 268 an essential part is in process of decision. The NOTES OF THE WEEK. renewal of the armistice has provided an opportunity to display consummate art on either side, and the THE mountain of Big Business, being involved in occasion has not been missed. The terms as Labour, has brought forth, in the political sense, a rat. adumbratedare emphatic; but they are to a substantial It is fairly obvious that Mr. Lloyd George, in his degree a check to the raging Prussianism which in every apparrently,but not really, new character as the champion country cries aloud for a fresh opportunity to employ of vested interests, has drawn to himself valuable aid the final argument of kings. As a result the attacks from the vested interests of Trade Union officialdom. on Mr. Wilson grow both in volume and bitterness, His return coincided fairly well with the subsidence of and the more flagrantly oligarchic sections of the London the immediate difficulty on the Railways, but it is not Press are doing yeoman service to the noble cause. -
JETS 38.4.Book
JETS 38/4 (December 1995) 613–634 BOOK REVIEWS The Law and Its Ful˜llment: A Pauline Theology of Law. By Thomas R. Schreiner. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993, 294 pp., $24.99. Schreiner has provided a valuable service to anyone trying to get a “handle” on the various issues related to the complex theme of the Mosaic law and its ful˜ll- ment. Well suited for more advanced students/scholars, this book serves particularly well those who are beginning their frightful journey through this most thorny ˜eld. As the subtitle implies, Schreiner’s focus is on the Pauline literature, but the range of topics covered is by no means narrow. In his introduction Schreiner states that his purpose is to provide a fresh analysis of the “new perspective” on Paul (p. 14). This he does well in chaps. 2 and 4 (and at other points), and his defense here of the historic Protestant view is both clear and convincing. Especially insightful is his demonstration of Jewish legalism in the ˜rst century and that this is, indeed (contra Sanders), precisely what Paul was opposing (pp. 93–121). And his evidencing of the same even in Sanders’ own data is fair and compelling. But his work takes the reader beyond this objective and examines such perennial and controversial topics as the present relevance of Moses, the purpose of the law, and Paul’s theology of works. And although he never says so directly, Schreiner en- ters the current “lordship salvation” controversy in chap. 7 (“Did Paul Teach Justi˜cation by Works?”) The introduction (“The Background to the Debate”) surveys the history of the various interpretations of Paul preceding the new perspective. -
Christianity in the Balkans
STUDIES IN CHURCH HISTORY VOL. I. MATTHEW SPINKA ROBERT HASTINGS NICHOLS Editors a TT- , H »80-6 A H istory of CHRISTIANITY IN THE BALKANS "Y. ^ \ A STUDY IN THE SPREAD OF BYZANTINE CULTURE \ X # 0% \ AMONG THE SLAVS • pi- . ':'H, \ - ■ V V"\ \ By MATTHEW SPINKA THE CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY a y THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CHURCH HISTORY CHICAGO, ILL. Copyright 1933 by The American Society of Church History All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America DNU072 TABLE OF CONTENTS ❖ ♦> ❖ ❖ The Ruin of Graeco-Roman and the Rise of Slavic Balkan Christianity........................ 1 Bulgarian Christianity after the Conversion of Boris................. 37 Bulgarian Patriarchate of the First Bulgarian Empire............. 57 Serbian Christianity Before the Time of St. Sava....... ............. 73 The Bulgarian Church of the Second Empire.............................. 91 The Rise and Fall of the Serbian Church..................................129 Bogomilism in Bosnia and Hum................... 157 Epilogue ............... 185 Selected Bibliography .....................................................................189 Index .................................................................................................193 t PREFACE No one can be more conscious of the limitations of this work than the author himself. He was constantly impressed with the fact that all too little attention has been paid hither to to the subject even by scholars of the Balkan nations, not to speak of non-Slavic historians; consequently, much preliminary pioneering work had to be done. Much yet remains to be accomplished; but the restricted scope of this undertaking as well as the paucity of source material per taining to the early history of the Balkan peninsula com bined to make the treatment actually adopted expedient. In gathering his material, the author spent some time during the summer of 1931 in the Balkans. -
Timacum Minus in Moesia Superior—Centrality and Urbanism at a Roman Mining Settlement
land Article Timacum Minus in Moesia Superior—Centrality and Urbanism at a Roman Mining Settlement Lina Diers Institute for Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, 1190 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] Received: 16 September 2018; Accepted: 19 October 2018; Published: 22 October 2018 Abstract: When applying traditional criteria of Roman urbanism, several settlements in the province of Moesia are not recognised as parts of the urban network. To avoid this, previous criteria of urbanism should be revised. This paper suggests revisions, which provide a more inclusive definition of urbanism: Thus, instead of focusing on administrative status and monumentality as primary markers of urbanity and urbanization, development factors for agglomeration and centrality are emphasized as decisive conditions for, and characteristics of, urban settlement. To provide a case study for this theoretical outline, the upper-Moesian mining settlement of Timacum Minus is evaluated by ideas derived from a critical appreciation of Walter Christaller’s central place theory. Timacum Minus did not have official settlement status and monumental character, yet, it developed as a central place in the unique landscape of the Timok valley. This was due to its location as a central road station, military post, and settlement along the important interregional Timok valley road as well as the site hierarchy as the base of the centralized administration of the Timok valley mining district. Hence, Timacum Minus displays different levels of centrality. Interestingly, the site only held these properties during the Roman Principate, although its central location and mining activities also existed in pre-Roman and post-Roman times.