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Churches in Serbia and Germany in Dialogue

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Churches in Serbia and Germany in Dialogue TOWARD THE HEALING OF MEMORIES AND CHANGING OF PERCEPTIONS: CHURCHES IN SERBIA AND GERMANY IN DIALOGUE A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Angela V. Ilić MAY 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Leonard J. Swidler, Advisory Chair, Department of Religion Dr. Terry Rey, Department of Religion Dr. John C. Raines, Department of Religion Dr. Paul B. Mojzes, Rosemont College Dr. Kyriakos M. Kontopoulos, External Reader, Department of Sociology © by Angela Valeria Ilić 2012 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines a series of interchurch consultations that took place between 1999 and 2009 with the participation of the Evangelical Church in Germany, the Roman Catholic German Bishops’ Conference and the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Protestant-Catholic-Orthodox ecumenical encounters began in the immediate aftermath of the Kosovo crisis, and aimed to support Serbia’s democratization and European integration. At a total of nine meetings, delegates from the participating churches, together with politicians, representatives of non-governmental organizations, and scholars from various fields, discussed the role of churches and religion in the two countries. The meetings provided a forum for exchanging knowledge and addressing the challenges confronting the churches and their social organizations. Through lectures, discussions, and meetings in working groups, the consultations focused on theological, legal, political, and social topics, such as church and state relations in Serbia, the role of churches in secularized society, Serbia’s relationship to the rest of Europe, reconciliation, and the healing of memories. Focusing on the content and the outcomes of the consultations, the author places them into the broader ecumenical, social and political context in which they took place. All available texts from the consultations are studied through the lens of critical discourse analysis. In addition, in-depth qualitative interviews are conducted with key initiators, organizers and participants of the consultations from the three primary participating churches. The dissertation also interacts with the existing theoretical framework for iii ecumenical and interreligious dialogue, theories of secularization and the sociology of religion in Europe, as well as nationalism and memory studies. The Serbian-German consultations represent a unique, hybrid form of interchurch contact. The author argues that existing theories of ecumenical and interreligious dialogue should be reconsidered to include such meetings, which represent a broadened understanding of dialogue focused on both theoretical and practical aspects of life. Furthermore, the consultations may serve as a potential blueprint for similar future encounters in post-conflict societies and in countries undergoing political transition. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe my sincere gratitude to many people for helping me along the journey to completing this dissertation. First and foremost, I am very grateful to my husband, Dr. Luka Ilić, who supported me unconditionally throughout the entire process, while working on his own dissertation. Thank you for sharing this exhausting but also exhilarating experience with me! Members of my dissertation committee deserve special mention. My Doktorvater, Leonard Swidler, introduced to me to the world of dialogue and was always ready to provide invaluable feedback. Thank you for all the insightful comments and thought- provoking conversations! The discussions I had with Terry Rey and his passion for research served as an inspiration in my work. Paul Mojzes shared with me his thorough knowledge of religion in former Yugoslavia and motivated me to always strive to do my best. The profound questions posed by John Raines pushed me to think beyond the usual categories. The suggestions provided by external reader Kyriakos Kontopoulos helped me to order my thoughts. Among the many others who shared their insights with me, answered my questions, pointed me to important sources and helped me get in touch with key individuals, Prof. Dr. Thomas Bremer deserves to be mentioned. I am grateful for his readiness to assist me. Others who shared invaluable information and sources with me and aided me in my research in various ways, including graciously agreeing to be interviewed, are Rev. v Antje Heider-Rottwilm in Hamburg, Rev. Bishop emeritus Rolf Koppe in Göttingen, Superintendents Dr. Johann Schneider and Michael Hübner, Archpriest Milan Pejić and Jens Lüpke, all of them in Hannover, and Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kruip in Mainz. Dr. Thomas Scharf-Wrede and the staff at the Archives of the Hildesheim Bishopric were helpful in preparing Bishop Josef Homeyer’s archived documents for me. Archpriest Prof. Dr. Radovan Bigović of Belgrade and Dr. Frank Ronge of Bonn provided materials and background information. I thank my professors and fellow students at the Department of Religion at Temple University and my colleagues at the Dialogue Institute for creating an environment of learning. I wish to express my gratitude to my parents, Dr. Valéria Fekete and Dr. István Kontor, for passing on to me their love of reading and their thirst for knowledge. The generous twelve-month research grant I received from the Leibniz-Institut für Europäische Geschichte in Mainz, Germany enabled me to write most of my dissertation. I am indebted to the directors of the Institute, Prof. Dr. Irene Dingel and Prof. Dr. Heinz Duchhardt for their support, and to Dr. Johannes Wischmeyer for being my academic mentor and for his practical help. While in Mainz, being an associate member of the Graduate School “Die christlichen Kirchen vor der Herausforderung Europa” allowed me to be among scholars and fellow graduate students with interests related to mine. I am also thankful to Prof. Dr. Edeltraud Roller of the Department of Political Science at the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz for initiating a very useful cross-disciplinary exchange regarding my project. vi The short term fellowship I received from Herder-Institut in Marburg in conjunction with the Leibniz Graduate School for Cultures of Knowledge in Central European Transnational Contexts provided opportunities for interacting with various theoretical tools that ultimately aided my research. Particularly the discussions and the master class I had with Prof. Dr. Peter Haslinger proved to be helpful in steering me to think further about knowledge transfer and memory studies. Finally, the Doctoral Dissertation Completion Grant awarded to me by the Graduate School at Temple University enabled me to focus on successfully bringing this dissertation to an end, for which I am very grateful. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... xvi CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY ..................................................... 1 Introduction to the Topic .............................................................................. 1 Methodology and Source Material................................................................. 2 2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................ 9 Introductory Remarks ................................................................................... 9 Religion in Europe ........................................................................................ 11 The Role of Religion in Europe and the Impact of Secularization .......... 11 The Changing Role of Religion and of Churches in Western Europe .................................................................................... 36 Religion in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe and the Particularities of Transitional Societies .................................................... 42 Church and State Relations ...................................................................... 55 viii Churches and European Integration ......................................................... 69 Orthodoxy and Modern Europe ................................................................ 75 Ecumenism and Theories of Ecumenical and Interreligious Dialogue ........................................................................... 77 What is Ecumenism? ................................................................................ 77 Theories of Ecumenical, Interreligious, Interideological and Intercultural Dialogue............................................................................... 82 The Practice of Interreligious, Intercultural and Interideological Dialogue: Ground Rules for Engaging in Dialogue ................................. 92 Other Theoretical Tools ................................................................................ 94 Theorizing the Balkans: Perceptions and Representations .............................................................. 94 Memory Studies and Nationalism Studies .............................................. 105 3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .....................................................................
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