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HISTORY

A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Exploring the History and Beauty of the Heart of

Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L.

LECTURE GUIDE

Learn More www.CatholicCourses.com TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lecture Summaries

LECTURE 1 St. Peter’s Square and the Origins of ...... 4

LECTURE 2 St. Peter: Proud Fisherman, Prince of the Apostles, and the First ...... 8

Feature: Spiritual Hunger for God...... 12

LECTURE 3 A Faith-filled Walk around St. Peter’s Square...... 14

LECTURE 4 Sights and Insights around St. Peter’s Square...... 18

Feature: The Church Building as the House of God...... 22

LECTURE 5 The Basilica’s Narrative of Faith...... 24

LECTURE 6 The Threshold of the Apostles and the Door of Faith...... 28

Feature: Mary, Mother of the Household of Faith...... 32

LECTURE 7 The Household and Journey of Faith...... 34

LECTURE 8 Going to the Altar of God and Going in Peace...... 38

Suggested Reading from Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L...... 42

2 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. HISTORY A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Exploring the History and Beauty of the Heart of Rome

Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Charleston,

BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

Father Kirby was ordained into the - hood on July 27th, 2007. He received his Mas- ters in Bioethics from Queen of the Apostles in Rome, and his Masters of Arts in Philosophy from Franciscan where he gradu- ated summa cum laude. Since 2010, he has been the Vicar of Vocations for the Diocese of Charleston. His other academic works include: • A Master of Education in Secondary Administration from the Military College of South Carolina • A in Moral from the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome • A Bachelor of Sacred Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome • And a Bachelor of Arts in History from Franciscan University Father Kirby has also been named “Honors Scholar of the Great Books” for his completion of studies in the Great Books of Western Civilization Program. He has served in the Army Nation Guard from 1996 to 2002 and is a recipi- ent of the National Defense Service Ribbon, Good Conduct Medal, Overseas Service Ribbon, Humanitarian Service Medal, and Army Achievement Medal. He has been a contributor of the Homiletic and Pastoral Review, and a guest columnist in , The Post and Courier, The Char- lotte Observer, and The Aiken Standard. Father Kirby has also contributed to the Encyclopedia of Catholic Social Thought, Social Justice, and Social Policy and co-hosted the radio show, “Pathways to Rome” on Mediatrix Radio. He is the co-author of the children’s book, “Becoming Father Bob” and author of the book, “Encountering the Lord in His Holy Court: A Walk through St. Peter’s Basilica.”

Learn More 3 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Lecture 1

St. Peter’s Square and the Origins of Christianity Welcome to St. Peter’s Square and Basilica. Located in Rome, St. Peter’s is an integral part of the Eternal City. The area is not a foreign place, since it includes the capital of the Universal Church. Rome is the city of amor—interestingly, the word “roma” is “amor” spelled backwards. It is truly the city of love, and not just the roman- Our study of St. Peter’s tic kind. begins with a look at the Welcome to , the smallest sover- early Christians, who eign country in the world. In fact, you could fit were heavily persecuted eight Vatican Cities in the Central Park of New by Nero. York. Why is this tiny country so important, and why is it loved by so many people throughout the world? Well, for starters, St. Peter was martyred in this little country, dying for his Lord and mas- ter. The word “martyr” means “witness” in Greek, and that’s what Peter was—a witness for divine amor. His action helped the city of Romulus become the city of love and truth. With all this in mind, let’s begin our look into the fascinating history of St. Peter’s. The bones of a certain Galilean fisherman are kept safe here, and his radical claim of faith lives on in this beautiful area. He proclaimed Jesus of Nazareth to be the long-awaited Son of God. Today, we are called to approach this confession with great deference. St. Paul did so with a special brand of zeal and dedication. One time, he decided to visit Athens, and he wound up in the Areopa- gus, where the citizens would go to debate ideas. On Mars Hill, in the birthplace of philosophy,

4 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Paul bravely preached the . Naturally, the Athenians had a few questions. “Who is this guy? What’s he talking about? Why is his mes- sage so intriguing?” Like the ancient Athenians, we come to St. Peter’s with some big spiritual questions of our own. “Why am I here? What is the meaning of life? Who am I?” Those core questions have always been asked, and they always will be. These are the important questions—the ones that everyone will ask themselves sooner or later. Ecco Roma We can see this universal ques- tioning in St. Peter’s Square itself. The “Ecco Roma” is for “Behold Rome,” and square welcomes people from all over it is with this expression that we begin our tour the world, and it provokes a kind of of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica. The phrase spiritual longing. This is our academy, was a greeting for the ancient pilgrims, who and it will lead us to Christ. We stand would often reach the Eternal City by foot. The on holy ground. Who made it holy? first pilgrim to glimpse the city from a distance The story is a great one. In 64 AD, would yell, “Ecco Roma!” We can just barely a huge fire destroyed three-fourths imagine the immense joy of these pilgrims, of Rome, and the current emperor who would have travelled from great distances Nero was demanded an explanation to see Rome. by the Roman people. A possibly- crazy but shrewd politician, Nero didn’t have to look far for someone to blame for the tragedy. The Chris- tians were disliked and ostracized, as they represented a new, unique break from tradition and Judaism—both of which were esteemed and protected by the Romans. These Christians

Learn More 5 also declared all gods except their emperor had them fight against own to be false, which was highly dangerous animals, and he also offensive. Dark rumors spread had them massacred at the hands about these heretics—they were of trained warriors in the gladiator thought to be twisted cannibals games. Of course, the Christians who drowned their members in weren’t trained in combat like the baths. Of course, these rumors were gladiators. Besides, these simple just misunderstood concepts of the followers of Jesus spread a message Eucharist and Baptism; but the sus- of peace and love. Even so, these picion of the Roman people made facts didn’t seem to affect Nero, the Christians an easy group for who covered the members of his Nero to target. The emperor argued target group in tar, set them ablaze, that the Christians disturbed the and said, “If they want to be the peace between Rome and the gods, light of the world, they can light and the city was being punished my gardens.” The ancient historian with fire as a result. Consequently, , himself a Roman, could not in a previously unheard-of move, help sympathizing with the Chris- Nero persecuted a group based tians in his writings, along with solely on their religious beliefs. the other citizens of Rome. Again, Membership in the Church was the emperor’s move was simply now a punishable offense, and unheard-of at that time—a group of being a Christian was illegal. In the people was being persecuted simply Circus of , which was later for its religious expression. renamed to the Circus of Nero, This very brief glimpse at the many Christians suffered violent origins of Christianity just scratches deaths for their faith. the surface of the deep meaning Nero is a questionable figure. and symbolism that make up St. Some have suggested that he might Peter’s Square. In the next lecture, have been insane because of the we’ll take a look at St. Peter, the first imperial inbreeding that was so pope and prince of the Apostles. common at the time, or because of the water he drank, which may have contained lead. Regardless, Nero was definitely not a balanced person. He seemed to love brutality, and he was relentless in his bloody persecution of the Christians. The

6 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. St. Peter’s Square and the Origins of Christianity Discussion Questions

1. Although the smallest country in the world, why is the Vatican City important to the Church and the world? 2. How does the story of Nero and the early Christians help us to under- stand Christian discipleship? 3. What important lesson from St. Paul’s visit to Athens (Acts 17:16 –34) is echoed in St. Peter’s Square? 4. Why is our course on St. Peter’s Square and Basilica not only a history or art appreciation course?

Notes:

Learn More 7 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Lecture 2

St. Peter: Proud Fisherman, Prince of the Apostles, and the First Pope St. Peter’s Square is one of the most popular and renowned public squares in the world, and with good reason. Designed by the master artist Bernini in the 17th century, the square is so large that you could fit two full-sized baseball stadi- ums inside of it, with extra room left over. This massive, remarkable space leads to an impor- tant question: why is St. Peter’s here in the first place? The answer will give us a good look at the basilica’s namesake: St. Peter himself, the first Pope and chief Apostle. Peter was an uneducated, simple fisher- The namesake of St. Peter’s Basilica originates from a man from the region of Galilee. His life took surprisingly relatable and an exciting and unexpected turn when he met compelling follower Jesus through Andrew, who was Peter’s younger of Christ. brother. Initially, Peter seemed distracted, and was fishing without much success. Jesus, a car- penter, came along and suggested throwing the nets over the other side of the boat. Although perhaps a bit skeptical, Peter did what the Lord asked, and the nets were literally ripping with an abundance of fish as they dragged them to shore. This was the first encounter between Peter and Jesus. After seeing such a miracle, Peter, ashamed of his own sinfulness, begged Christ to leave him. Even so, Christ had a great mission in mind for this chief Apostle. In fact, the Biblical practice of renaming someone, as the Lord did with Simon Peter, is linked with the gift of a mission. Peter

8 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. would go on to become a great , and would humbly act as the first of Rome after the Lord’s Pas- sion and death. Despite his almost otherworldly status, however, Peter is a very relat- able and human character, with a passionate desire to follow Jesus. His weaknesses and failings are not skipped over or ignored in the Gospel—who could forget that image of Peter, dejected and crying bitterly Did You Know? after denying his master and friend • In Aramaic, a poor man’s Hebrew, Simon three times? Nevertheless, his sins did means “sand” and Peter means “rock”. not lead him to despair, but to a more • Legend tells that, after Christ died and intensely concentrated effort to be rose, whenever Peter heard a rooster faithful in everything he did. Also, he crow, he would start crying, remember- always recognized his infinite need for ing how he betrayed the Lord. Christ, a fact that his faults made clear • In the ancient world, the key holder was to him in a unique way. Unlike Judas the prime minister; when Christ gave Iscariot, Peter never got so down the keys of the Kingdom to Peter, he was on himself that he ever lost sight of putting the chief Apostle in charge. divine mercy and forgiveness. He • Peter was the first Apostle to see the knew that he was weak, but he took resurrected Christ. courage in the knowledge that Christ • Remember how Peter, after the resur- is strong. Peter is an easy character to rection, jumped into the lake and swam love and identify with. to see Jesus on the shore? He probably Whenever there’s a list of the wanted to tell the Lord something in Apostles in the , Peter’s name private; but we have no record of their always comes first. Of course, there’s conversation. a reason for that. Peter received a special mission from God, had his name changed, and was sought after

Learn More 9 by none other than Satan himself. good news of the Gospel message. Even with all of the obstacles, Actually, the first Christian homily however, Jesus assured the Apostle after Jesus’ earthly life was given by of his prayers, and so there was no Peter. Thousands of people were need for excessive worry. Peter was baptized because of him. He was also given the keys to the Kingdom also the one to organize the elec- of Heaven, which basically made tion of a new Apostle to replace him the prime minister in the Judas. Peter facilitated the first use mindset of the ancient world. The of Apostolic Succession, where key holder was very important, and one bishop is ordained to replace Peter took his charge seriously. another, continuing the ministerial The post-resurrection scene priesthood and the Christian mis- with the Lord’s interrogation of St. sion through generations, down to Peter is another key event in the this very day. man’s eventful life. Jesus asks him Peter was so important and three times, “Do you love me?” vital to the early Church, in fact, Peter, of course, answers in the that whenever he was around, the affirmative each time, eventually early Christians would line the realizing what’s going on. Christ streets, just hoping to catch the is helping Peter make up for those man’s shadow falling on them as three denials that happened earlier. he passed by. Today, thousands of You might expect the Lord to ask people still wait in St. Peter’s Square him about it more directly, maybe for the shadow, as it were, of Peter’s with a little divine wrath as well. successor, who is now called the “You were my closest friend! Why pope. Peter eventually gave his life did you do this to me?” Neverthe- as a witness to the truth of Christ, less, Jesus doesn’t ask these ques- and our current pope still continues tions. He wants to get right at the to follow in his faithful, unbroken heart of the matter. Peter’s done footsteps. some pretty terrible things, but Christ just wants to know if he still loves his Lord and savior. Every time Peter said that he did, Jesus was able to give him that important mission again: “feed my sheep.” Later at Pentecost, St. Peter was the first one to start preaching the

10 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. St. Peter: Proud Fisherman, Prince of the Apostles, and the First Pope Discussion Questions

1. Why is it important to know the story of St. Peter? 2. Why did the Lord Jesus re-name St. Peter? How does this help us to understand what is means to call ourselves a Christian? 3. In the encounter between the Lord Jesus and St. Peter on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, why does Jesus not ask Peter about his denial? 4. In the Acts of the Apostles, we are told that the early Christians would line the streets hoping that at least St. Peter’s shadow would fall upon them (Acts 5:15–16). Why would the early Christians observe this prac- tice? How is that reflected today?

Notes:

Learn More 11 The Spiritual Hunger for God

In approaching St. Peter’s Square for God exists without form and and Basilica, we see many spiritual direction. Either way, every human lessons. In first order, we see in soul has a natural desire for God. their immense space and universal Any and every attempt to sepa- appeal, the shared longing of every rate our spiritual life from the acts of human heart for God. In the square religion, i.e., “I’m spiritual, not reli- and basilica of this largest Christian gious”—only leads to an incomplete church in the world, we see reflected understanding of who we are, as well the depth of the human heart and as to a repetitive dissatisfaction with our common desire for God. this essential portion of our lives. One cannot encounter beauty, As a motorist who asserts that he especially beauty of this magnitude, likes to drive, but does not like to and not feel a summons to interior follow traffic laws will end up with a questions and spiritual longings. wayward comprehension of driving TheCatechism of the Catholic and cause chaos and possible motor Church teaches: “The desire for accidents, so the person who denies God is written in the human heart, the connection between our yearn- because man is created by God and ing for God and acts of religion is for God; and God never ceases to led to disorder and restlessness. draw man to himself” (#27). St. Peter’s Square and Basilica As every human body has mus- stand as monuments and witnesses cles, and some exercise them and to our desire for God. As a house of give them definition, while others worship, it summons us to exercise do not and the muscles are without this desire by devout acts of religion. form, so every human soul has a The square and basilica remind us yearning for God. If we exercise of who we are as persons made of this desire for God through acts of body and soul in the image of God. religion, this desire is matured and It calls us to humble ourselves and ordered, and if we do not exercise to seek the face of God. The conse- this desire for God then our desire crated buildings and their grandiose

12 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. The Spiritual Hunger for God

sacramentals exist to provoke and Square and Basilica are a perpetual nurture within each of us this spiri- reminder that God is alive and that tual awareness and search for God. the human heart desires fellowship The Catechism continues, “Man with him. The church is a sign of is by nature and vocation a reli- contradiction to idols and an open gious being. Coming from God, invitation to the practice of true going toward God, man lives a fully religion. On the , the human life only if he freely lives by heart is encouraged to soar and to his bond with God” (#44). encounter God. The “bond” we are called to As we see the Square and hold and exercise in life is the very Basilica of St. Peter’s, we should meaning of the word “religion.” To allow our hearts to fulfill their natu- exercise religion is to “bind oneself.” ral desire for God, who is their first Our natural desire for God is a natu- love, by a strong and devout exercise ral desire for religion. of religion. TheCatechism reminds us, “Although man can forget God or reject him, He never ceases to call every man to seek him, so as to find life and happiness” (#30). Our desire for God can express itself in many ways. Sometimes we seek false good goods and try to fill this desire with passing things. We can create idols and delude our- selves. We need signposts and helps along the way. This call for each person to seek God stands in stone and marble on the Vatican Hill. The great St. Peter’s

Learn More 13 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Lecture 3

A Faith-filled Walk around St. Peter’s Square

It’s pretty amazing to think about just how big St. Peter’s Square really is. To get a better picture of what we’re dealing with, recall the story of Jesus crying over Jerusalem before the Passion took place. He remembered how the people killed and stoned the holy ones who were sent there, and expressed his desire to wrap the children of Israel in his arms, just like a mother hen would gather her young. Well, if you walk around the square today, you might notice that the semicir- cles of the colonnades make a maternal embrace. We can see this symbol and also, spiritually, hear St. Peter’s is a place to ask those big questions weigh- Christ repeat those words uttered in ancient ing on our minds, and to Jerusalem. hear the Lord’s answers. St. Peter’s Square is certainly peaceful, but it’s also very active. To give you another picture of just how massive a space it is, the square can hold up to three hundred thousand people in total. The scope, history, and spirituality of St. Peter’s encourage big questions and big answers, as well as empty hands and open hearts with which to ask and receive them. As Christ asked the Apostles in Caesarea Philippi, he also asks us: “What do people say about me? Who do you say that I am?” Our tour of St. Peter’s can help us in our journey to answer such deep questions. Interestingly, the oval shape of the square was developed that way to accommodate the Corpus Christi procession, and the highway leading up to the current basilica was built in the 1900s. To

14 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. work with the restricted space in front A Faith-filled Walk around St. Peter’s Square of the basilica in the 17th century, the colonnade was designed to include this popular procession. Conse- quently, you could say that the square has uniquely Eucharistic overtones. The huge in the center of the square is an obvious focal point. People are sometimes surprised to see it—isn’t this just a mark of ancient pagan astrology? What’s it doing in St. Peter’s Square? Well, to understand what it means to modern Christians, Symbolic Architecture we must understand what it meant to the ancient Egyptians. Originally, the There are some interesting symbols built obelisk was intended to symbolize the right into the architecture and design of the rays of the sun. In the pagan world- square. The square’s oval shape, for example, view, it also represented the vital flow can be seen as representing the unique between Heaven and earth. For Chris- order of the cosmos. Since the universe is so tians, the obelisk has another, more mathematically precise, the square reflects this personal significance. When Peter was fact as well, with white stripes of Travertine crucified upside-down in 67 AD at converging at the center. The huge Egyptian Nero’s circus, the obelisk would have obelisk is another symbol, symbolizing the been one of the last things he saw. sun, and also acts as a giant sundial, marking Therefore, Christian tradition sees the the noon hour with its shadow. obelisk as a visual relic of St. Peter. The journey of the Apostle’s bones is another interesting story. After his crucifixion, and at great risk of their lives, the early Christians went into the private gardens of the Emperor, entered the circus, and retrieved the body of their beloved leader.

Learn More 15 Peter must have been immensely forty statues of and founders respected for his followers to of religious orders, located on top attempt such a dangerous move. of the colonnades. These impressive Since they had to act fast, and the statues symbolize the vast Com- Apostle had been crucified upside- munion of Saints. These statues can down, they actually chopped off his point us to the real, spiritual souls feet to remove the body as quickly who inspired them, always stand- as possible before burying it in a ing ready to help us on our pilgrim nearby necropolis. The Romans had way. We should be thankful, since a powerful respect for the dead, they are all on our side. Each so Peter’s body was allowed to rest statue measures ten feet in height, safely in the necropolis until 258 and they remind us that we are AD, when the bones were tempo- never alone. Having received their rarily returned to the Vatican Gar- eternal reward, the saints assist us dens. They would stay there until with encouragement and copious the liberation of the Christian faith. prayers. We would be foolish not In 1586, wanted to take advantage of their readily- to use the obelisk to crown St. available friendship. Peter’s Square. The obelisk was To the right of the obelisk lies moved from where it was origi- the , which is the nally—the ruins of Nero and residence of the pope. Though Pope Caligula’s circus—to the center of Francis has chosen not to live there, the new square. The restoration this collection of buildings still began around 1656, and the obelisk remain the pope’s official place of now symbolizes Jesus Christ as residence. In the next lecture, we Lord of the universe. These pagan will conclude our tour of the square or astrological symbols are now just and prepare to enter the basilica. shadows of the true God, perfected by the Christians. The obelisk now represents the two-way, universal relationship between creature and Creator. Its Latin inscription reads, “Behold the cross of the Lord. Fly, you enemies. The Lion of the tribe of Judah has conquered.” Moving on to look around the square, there are one hundred and

16 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. A Faith-filled Walk around St. Peter’s Square Discussion Questions

1. How can the biblical story of Jesus crying over Jerusalem be applied to the Vatican Hill? 2. Why is the obelisk, a monument from Egyptian mythology, in the cen- tral place of St. Peter’s Square? 3. Around St. Peter’s Square, there are a multitude of saint statues. Why are these statues there, and how can they teach us and help us in our discipleship?

Notes:

Learn More 17 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Lecture 4

Sights and Insights around St. Peter’s Square

In this lecture, we’ll finish up our time in St. Peter’s Square and prepare to enter the basilica. Near the large bronze doors, if you look closely, you can see a small marker on the ground. It’s a simple, gray stone, marked with Pope John Paul II’s coat of arms, and also the date: May 13th, 1981. Fittingly, this particular pope is our key to looking at and understanding a good bit of the square. Pope John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope in over four hundred years. He served for a highly impressive term of twenty-six years, bringing his appealing message of hope and joy to Blessed Pope John Paul II is the key to finishing the world. His creed can be summed up simply: up our look at St. Peter’s the human person is good. In all he did, the Holy Square before we enter Father wanted to remind people of their intrinsic the basilica. worth, and that God loves them. He looked for any expression of the ultimate truth, always pointing to Christ as its fulfillment. Pope John Paul was certainly a unique pope and an inspiration for mil- lions of people. Returning to this humble marker in the square, you might be asking yourself: what is it for? And why is this date—May 13th, 1981—so significant? In the area that the marker occupies, on May 13th, 1981, during his regular Wednesday audience, Pope John Paul II was shot. Being in the Pope- mobile and moving through the crowds, the Holy Father fell into the arms of his personal secretary, and the drops of his blood that fell on the square are represented by that marker. The bullet should

18 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. have killed him, but for no particular medical reason, his life was spared. When the doctors informed him of this fact, the Holy Father laughed and said, “One hand shot, and one hand guided”—meaning the Blessed Mary, to whom he had a lifelong devo- tion, guided the bullet, missing any vital organs. In deep gratitude, Pope John Paul II had a large mosaic of Mary put up to overlook St. Peter’s Square, and he also placed the assassin’s bullet in the crown of Mary’s statue in Fatima. The thirteenth of May is also significant Marian Mosaic because, at the time, was also giving his famous Theology of the Pope John Paul II had a lifelong devotion to Body talks—and the topic for that day Mary. When he was shot on May 13th, 1981 was natural family planning. These in an assassination attempt, he scanned the events are worth mentioning because square of St. Peter’s for an image of his spiritual they continue to influence the world mother. Amazingly, he discovered that no image today, especially in areas like abor- or statue of the Mother of God was anywhere tion, the Pro-Life movement, human to be found in the entire area. How could she sexuality, and Mary’s great role in the have been forgotten? Following his impressive Universal Church. recovery, the Holy Father quickly rectified the Let’s go back to the middle of the problem by installing a mosaic of the Blessed square. The majestic façade—the one Mother, which now overlooks the square. with the Latin inscription—reads, “In honor of the prince of the Apostles,” once again referencing St. Peter. After seeing the façade, we should notice the huge, welcoming front of St. Peter’s Basilica. Above, there are thirteen statues of Christ, ,

Learn More 19 and eleven Apostles. You might be lar blessing involves a petition for wondering why there are only eleven, the specific concerns of humanity, since Matthias does stand as one of as well as the special favor of God. them. In fact, the missing Apostle Under the central balcony, there is is actually Peter, because the whole also a marble bas-relief sculpture of basilica is dedicated to this chief an important moment: Christ giving Apostle. Later, a statue of St. Peter the keys to St. Peter. The placement was added in front of the façade and of the sculpture is especially appro- to the left, with St. Paul on the right. priate, since the people watching a Peter holds the keys of the Kingdom, new pope can be reminded of the while Paul is holding a sword that supreme source of the Church’s represents his martyrdom, since authority—Jesus Christ. Roman citizens could not be cruci- Surrounded by the symbolic fied. maternal embrace, we can see and Facing the façade and going back, feel the call of the Lord as we con- there are two clocks. The left clock tinue exploring the richness of St. is the exact time in Rome, and the Peter’s Square. Now, it is almost time right one is the European mean time. to enter the basilica, and see what lies Spiritually, this discrepancy reminds in store for us there. us to stay watchful and vigilant: we know neither the day nor the hour of Christ’s second coming. Attached to the façade and to the right, you can see the back of the , where the goes to elect new pope. From this view, if you look at the center of the façade, you can see the loggia—a roofed gallery, lying over the front of the basilica. In its center is something familiar to all of us: a loggia of benedictions, where a new pope is announced and gives his first papal blessing. On special occasions, the pope will also use the central balcony to give the “” — a high blessing — which means, “To the city and to the world.” This particu-

20 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Sights and Insights around St. Peter’s Square Discussion Questions

1. The John Paul II marker in St. Peter’s Square is a reminder to us of the great pope. What central messages did Pope John Paul highlight in the Church? 2. In the assassination attempt on May 13, 1981, Pope John Paul II later recounted that he sought an image of Mary for consolation. The realiza- tion that no image was present led to later developments in St. Peter’s Square. The pope’s motto, “All Yours,” meaning “I’m all Christ’s through Mary,” was the hallmark of his life. What can we learn from this witness? 3. On the façade of St. Peter’s Basilica, the two clocks give different times: one for the exact time in Rome and the other for European mean time. What is the spiritual lesson we can draw from this discrepancy?

Notes:

Learn More 21 The Church Building as the House of God

As a person approaches St. The parish and its church build- Peter’s Square and Basilica, several ing are small colonies of heaven. In words immediately come to mind, our churches, we are able to find most especially “God’s house,” “other a place of respite and recollection, worldly,” “open,” and “welcoming.” repentance and rejuvenation. The The semi-circle of parallel colon- community of faith, its way of life, nades of the square form a maternal and the Eucharist it celebrates are embrace, while the vast space and the foretaste and reflection of eternal majestic architecture of the basilica beatitude. create an environment that is both Wishing to stress this point, the open and welcoming to all people of Catechism explains: “The visible goodwill. Like every church build- church is a symbol of the Father’s ing, St. Peter’s Square and Basilica house toward which the People of are consecrated places to retreat God is journeying and where the from the hurries of the world and Father ‘will wipe every tear from encounter God. To enter St. Peter’s their eyes’ ” (#1186). Basilica, and any parish church, is Every church, from St. Peter’s to leave the conditions of this world Basilica to the National Shrine in and enter into the holy court of God. Washington, DC, from a simple cha- TheCatechism of the Catholic pel in the foreign missions to a local Church teaches us, “To enter into parish church, is a meeting place the house of God, we must cross a between God and humanity. Here, threshold, which symbolizes passing in these consecrated places, the from the world wounded by sin to dwelling place of God is with man. the world of the new Life to which Within every all men are called” (#1186). is a central aisle. The extensive The local Christian community central aisle of St. Peter’s Basilica, is called a parish, and it’s significant like the aisle of every parish church, that the word “parish” comes from is a reminder of our journey to the a Greek word meaning “colony.” Father. Traditionally called a nave, a

22 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Latin word being “boat,” the central Father. TheCatechism notes this aisle is designed to resemble a boat reality and invites all people to the and the voyage the community of “table of the Lord” (#1182). faith makes together from this life Like the nave and altar, every on earth to the eternal life of heaven. part of a church has a symbolism The journey that the parish commu- and meaning that is meant to assist nity makes is an inclusive one that and guide our encounter with God invites all people of goodwill to join and our acts of worship. and become partakers. Separated and blessed for sacred TheCatechism of the Catholic use, St. Peter’s Basilica, and the par- Church asserts, “Also for this reason, ish church in every neighborhood, the Church is the house of all God’s is a house of God, other worldly, a children, open and welcoming” true colony of heaven, a sanctuary (#1186). for worship, and a place of openness All people are invited to enter and welcome to all people. the consecrated place of God’s house. In this special house, dedicated to the glory of God, every person is invited to true acts of religion. Here in St. Peter’s Basilica, and in every church, all people are able to freely worship God in spirit and in truth. The “center of the church” is the altar, upon which the perfect act of worship is offered; namely, the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. On the altar, all people are invited to present their prayers, works, joys, and sufferings with Christ to the praise of God the

Learn More 23 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Lecture 5

The Basilica’s Narrative of Faith

As we get ready to enter the majestic basilica of St. Peter’s, we should hear the Lord speaking to us, like he did with the first Apostles: “Come – come and see.” He calls us, and here at the doorstep of St. Peter’s Basilica, we can answer. With Peter, we should affirm, “I don’t have silver or gold, I don’t have everything figured out, and I don’t have com- plete order in my life—but in the name of Jesus, I can stand.” With our hands empty and our hearts open, we can make our brief stay in the basilica that much more meaningful. The basilica’s history is similar to ours: it’s a The story of St. Peter’s Basilica is a fascinating story of faith. Its history is filled with good inten- narrative of brokenness tions, bad decisions, grace and pride, hope and and redemption, much like disappointment, conversion and redemption. our own lives. Keeping all these things in mind, let’s go back to the beginning with an essential question. How did a modest burial site for a simple fisherman, in the heart of the , become one of the most famous and beautiful churches of all time? To find out, we return to the concept of the deep respect the Romans felt for the dead. Their love for tradition and ancestral venera- tion gave rise to a very interesting custom that was widely observed. The Romans were known to share meals with their beloved dead, setting up what we might think of as a picnic, and lying over the old burial site. Since no one was denied the chance to offer respect for the dead, the early

24 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Christians were able to celebrate the Eucharist in the Emperor’s private gardens, disguised as a Roman meal for the dead. This Roman respect extended to the famous catacombs as well, where deceased Christians were buried legally. As far as persecution is concerned, the waves of violence against the In Hoc Signo Vinces early Christians were stopped by the Around the fourth century AD, Constan- general Constantine, who was trying tine wanted to restore Rome to its former to bring glory back to the morally glory. Roman citizens rallied to his cause, washed-out atmosphere of Rome. disturbed by the moral breakdown of the Being outnumbered in a battle against nobles. Being a noble pagan, Constantine Emperor , Constantine prepared to face Emperor Maxentius to put prayed to every god for help. The the reform in motion. Since he was greatly well-known story of a sign from the outnumbered, the general prayed to any and true God was a turning point for all every god for divine help in the upcoming of Rome. Constantine was victorious, battle. Only one God answered him, using and he sought out the Bishop of Rome a sign—perhaps it was a cross or a Chi to offer homage to this mysterious Rho symbol—and a promise: “In this sign, God who had answered his prayer. you will conquer.” Trusting in this mysteri- The prudence of Pope Miltiades ous God, and having the image placed on resulted in two important develop- his military standards, Constantine was ments: legal tolerance of Christian- victorious and would eventually convert to ity, and public houses for Christian Christianity. worship. The word “basilica” actually means “courthouse”, and the original basilicas were Roman courthouses that were converted into Christian churches.

Learn More 25 Constantine converted to the build was completed by 329 AD. Christianity on his deathbed, but This first St. Peter’s Basilica would not before he built many great welcome pilgrims for centuries and basilicas for the early Church, host the first jubilee year in 1300 including the Archbasilica of the AD. If you’re wondering why the Most Holy Savior, which is now word “first” was used, it’s because known as St. John’s at the . the current basilica is the second, This church is still the pope’s official and the story is worth telling. cathedral—most people confuse In 1309 AD, to avoid the quasi- the pope’s cathedral with St. Peter’s, anarchy of Rome at the time, Pope but the Lateran church is the official Clement V decided not to live in one for the Bishop of Rome. In fact, Rome, and instead moved to Avi- the pope’s seat of authority—called gnon, France. The Avignon Papacy a “”, which is Greek for lasted over seven decades, but was “chair”—is in St. John Lateran. The broken by St. cathedra is a symbol of the pope’s in 1377 AD, when she convinced authority to teach, govern, and Pope Gregory XI to bring the sanctify in the name of Christ. papacy back to Rome. Even so, the Eventually, Constantine asked negligence that occurred while the the new pope, Sylvester I, an inter- were gone had taken its toll: esting question: what is the holiest the original St. Peter’s Basilica was place in the Christian faith? The unkempt and falling apart. Pope led Constantine—who was Years later, in 1417 at the Coun- now Emperor Constantine—to his cil of Constance, Pope Gregory XII own private gardens, where there resigned, being the last pope to was a simple monument over the do so until Pope Benedict XVI in bones of St. Peter. In spite of many 2013. After Gregory, Pope Martin problems and popular disapproval, V inherited a severely undermined the Emperor insisted that a sanctu- papacy, where faction rivalry and ary should be built over the burial weakened moral authority were site. Vatican Hill was leveled, serious issues. Of course, the story mortal remains were removed doesn’t end here. In the next lec- by their families, and a small riot ture, we’ll go over how the second broke out in the city, since disrupt- St. Peter’s Basilica was built. ing the dead was unthinkable for the Roman people. Finally, the Pope consecrated the new basilica, and

26 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. The Basilica’s Narrative of Faith Discussion Questions

1. How does the account of St. Peter’s words to the beggar, “I have neither silver nor gold,” help us to understand St. Peter’s Basilica? 2. How is the story of St. Peter’s Basilica helpful to us and our discipleship? 3. The Emperor Constantine was told, “In this sign, you will conquer.” What important lesson does this teach us in our daily lives? 4. Many people think that St. Peter’s Basilica is the cathedral of the pope, but the cathedral is actually St. John’s at the Lateran. The proper name of the cathedral is the Archbasilica of the Most Holy Savior. What does this name signify and why is it important?

Notes:

Learn More 27 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Lecture 6

The Threshold of the Apostles and the Door of Faith We’re almost done looking at the long, fascinating history of St. Peter’s Basilica. Unfor- tunately, Pope Martin and the nine popes who succeeded him did little for the much-needed reform in the Church. The old St. Peter’s Basilica was seriously damaged, and Pope Julius II—often called the “Warrior Pope”—knew it. To try and fix the problem, the Pope brought in the Renais- sance master Bramante for renovation. After inspecting the place, however, it was clear that it could not be adequately renovated. Subsequently, Bramante earned his of “The Destructive Maestro”, and Pope Julius II had the old basilica completely demolished. In the first century AD, St. Peter lived through As we finish looking at the the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple. history behind St. Peter’s Now, in a way, through his bones and spiritual Basilica, we can begin patronage, the chief Apostle experienced another to study its physical and spiritual artistry. rebuilding, when Pope Julius laid the first stone of the new St. Peter’s Basilica. No artistic expense was spared in the building of the new church. It was worked on by some of the greatest artists of all time: , Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini were all involved in the building of St. Peter’s new sanctuary. Consecrated in 1626 by Pope Urban VIII, it would not be complete until the chief architect, Bernini, added his famous square and colonnade between 1656 and 1667. At last, with the basilica’s history taken into account, let us step inside this incredible structure.

28 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. A simple, gated entrance leads us into the portico, where we feel the open vaulted ceilings and marble floors, provoking spiritual questions and longings. The basilica is not just an impressive feat of architecture—it was built to foster a personal encoun- ter with Christ. To the left of the portico is a statue of Charlemagne, with one of Constantine sitting on the right. These two figures act as endur- ing guardians of the basilica. Encom- passing Charlemagne’s statue is the arch of the bells, used to announce the death or election of a pope. Statues of St. Peter’s first thirty-two successors Give unto Caesar line the edge of the portico. Looking ahead in the front, you Pope Julius II, the one who spearheaded will see five great doorways. The the new St. Peter’s Basilica, did not take his southern doors to the far left are lightly. In fact, he took the name called the Doors of the Dead, and the not from Julius I, but from Julius Caesar. The ones next to them are known as the name is more or less accurate in describing Doors of Good and Evil. To the north the Pope’s warlike policies. Julius II saw that on the far right are the Holy Doors of the papacy was weakened, but he sought to the Jubilee Year, which are normally strengthen it through temporal power and opened every twenty-five years. The earthly glory instead of holiness, education, two left panels on the doors recall the or social outreach. His intentions may have exile of man from Eden, while the been good, but the means he used were ones on the right recount the Annun- decidedly inappropriate. ciation and Incarnation. Below these top four panels are scenes from the life of Christ, and the bottom panels depict resurrection scenes. The last

Learn More 29 panel on the far right shows a pope St. Peter’s as the biggest Christian opening the Holy Doors. church in the world. Looking To the left of the Holy Doors ahead, the consecrated place is are the Doors of the Sacraments, four hundred, thirty-two thousand, which, as their name implies, show seven hundred and fifty-six square the Seven Sacraments, in addition feet, including the sacristy and side to preaching. Besides these, the chapels. If you measure from the Central Doors are some of the most left transept to the right one, the noteworthy. These artistic doors basilica is almost ten acres. Includ- were designed by Antonio Averul- ing the portico, the length of St. ino, who is also known as Il Filarete, Peter’s Basilica is about equal to two which means “lover of virtue” in American football fields. You could Greek. His doors show Christ in the host the World Series in the square upper left, flanked by Mary on the and play the Super Bowl in the far upper right. St. Paul, pictured main aisle of the basilica. with a sword, is below Christ, and The church could comfortably St. Peter is below Mary, passing the hold around one hundred thou- keys to Pope Eugene IV, who actu- sand people, but papal liturgies are ally commissioned the doors. Below normally limited to sixty thousand. Paul and Peter are dramatic scenes The entire space is hugely impres- of their martyrdom. The Doors of sive, but it still demands a spirit of the Sacraments were also preserved intimate prayer and transcendence. from the old St. Peter’s and installed After all, it is a church—a house in the current basilica. of worship. St. Peter’s is not an art As we prepare to walk into the museum, but a spiritually rich and basilica, we should remember that sacred basilica. The massive ceiling we have entered the body of Christ. and cupolas encourage people to Stepping across the threshold, the look to the Heavens in search of great solemnity and dignity of the answers. church is impressively apparent. You can hear the crowd murmur- ing, smell incense and burned wax, and see reflected sunlight on the floor. Passing through the doorway, you can also see the floor engrav- ing marked “Templum Vaticanum.” It’s a brass marker that identifies

30 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. The Threshold of the Apostles and the Door of Faith Discussion Questions

1. Pope Julius II realized that the Church needed reform. He thought the best way to reform the Church was through war and building projects. What important lessons could we learn from his approach? 2. The central aisle of St. Peter’s Basilica is so expansive that the American Super Bowl could be played within the aisle. What does this interesting factoid teach us about the basilica and our faith? 3. In raising funds to build the new St. Peter’s Basilica, abuses occurred and objections were raised. Eventually, these objections escalated and the Church suffered the Protestant . Why is this surprising in light of the symbolism of St. Peter’s Basilica?

Notes:

Learn More 31 Mary, Mother of the Household of Faith

Within St. Peter’s Basilica there Church, stands at the beginning of rests the Pieta, a statue depicting our journey of faith. She is a guide Mary holding the body of the dead and a help to all of us on our pilgrim Christ. Perhaps the world’s most way. famous religious sculpture, it stands God chose Mary as the mother to the right of the entrance into the of his Son. She was a daughter of great basilica on the Vatican Hill. Israel, betrothed to a man named The location of the statue is no mis- of the house of . Mary take, and can teach us some impor- emerged from a long line of heroic tant lessons about Mary and her role women, who prepared for her. Eve, in our Christian discipleship. with her sin, still received the prom- When the Lord returned in glory ise of a descendent that would crush to the Father, Mary, the mother of the Evil One, as well as the promise Jesus, and the apostles were gathered that she would be the mother of all in prayer when the Holy Spirit came the living (Genesis 3:15, 20). upon them at the first Christian Filled with the ways of God, Pentecost (Acts 1:14; 2:3–4). In St. Mary faithfully taught Jesus the Peter’s address to the people of Jeru- prayers and teachings of the Jewish salem, he called on the “house od people. She humanly nursed him Israel” to enter the Christian “house- at the breast and in God’s wisdom. hold of faith,” by accepting the Lord Mary saw Jesus take his first steps Jesus as both Lord and Christ (Acts in the home and in the synagogue. 2:36; Galatians 6:10). Baptism is the Mary and Joseph raised him in the sacrament of faith, but faith needs a traditions of , , and household, a community of believ- , their fathers in the faith. ers. And every household needs a Mary’s “yes” to God began a new mother. creation, and helped to usher in a The statue of the Piet stands at birth of children, adopted in the the beginning of St. Peter’s Basilica, Holy Spirit through faith. Jesus was as Mary, Mother of Christ and of the Mary’s only son, but he was the first-

32 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. born of many brothers and sisters always to our right, never in front (Romans 8:29; Revelation 12:17). of us or blocking us on our jour- Mary completely gave herself to the ney to the Lord Jesus. She is always person and to the work of her divine pointing us to her divine Son, and Son. She understands our struggles serves as a help to us in our follow- and the darkness of faith at time (cf. ing of him. Luke 2:35). Mary consoles us and encourages us to persevere. Through Mary’s obedience and fidelity, she became the new Eve, the mother of all the loving. As she loved and cooperated with her Son, so Mary exercises a spiritual moth- erhood to all Christians. As on the day of Pentecost, Mary continues to help and encourage the Church, the “household of faith,’ as its mother and patroness. Mary smiles at each of us, and seeks to teach us about her Son. She desires to see us take our first few steps of faith, and she desires to instruct us in the traditions of our fathers. As the statue of the Pieta is at the beginning of St. Peter’s Basilica, so Mary stands at the beginning of our discipleship. The statue is located to the right of the nave, the central aisle that rep- resents our journey of faith. Mary is

Learn More 33 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Lecture 7

The Household and Journey of Faith

As we continue looking at the interior of St. Peter’s Basilica, we would be right to wonder about the faith that inspired it. Anyone can walk in this building, but how can someone enter the body of Christ? Let’s look around and let the basilica lead us to an answer. Imperial porphyry and a rare igneous rock have two main places of prominence in the church. The first is a large, circular slab preserved from the old basilica, and placed at the main doors to remind us of our high As we continue look- calling and heritage. The second place is the bap- ing closely at St. Peter’s tismal font — its basin is lined with porphyry. A Basilica, we can see how it gilded image of the Lamb of God also marks the symbolizes our own walk font. Baptism, of course, initiates people into the of faith. Universal Church, and also grants access to the other sacraments. Looking ahead from the main doors, we can see the altar at the head of the central aisle. Symbolically, the altar is Christ, and the aisle is our walk of faith. If you look to the far right, you can see the famous statue called the Pieta, which means “pity” in Old Italian. The beautiful sculpture is one of the most famous ever made. As Michelangelo’s first commission, the statue was called for by a French envoy for the pope as a gift. The great artist was only about twenty-four when he made it. The work of art measures six feet wide and five feet, nine inches high and was sculpted from a single block of carrara marble, between 1498 and 1500. After he finished it, Michelangelo

34 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. heard someone else claim authorship, and he became upset enough to sign his name on Our Lady’s chest. Later, humiliated by his pride, the artist made a personal vow to avoid sign- ing any other works, and so we have nothing else that was signed by him. Looking at the statue today, people The Porphyry Circle might wonder: why is Mary so young A large porphyry circle lies past the here? The spiritual explanation is that threshold of the basilica. It’s a rare, purple slab God’s grace left Mary with a youthful of igneous rock, preserved and brought in from appearance, but there is another, more the old basilica. The word “porphyry” comes personal interpretation. Michelangelo’s from a Latin word meaning “purple” — a mother died when he was five, and his color originally reserved for the emperor and last memories of her would be from those in his service. Indeed, emperors and when she was young. Consequently, kings knelt upon this slab and were crowned he used his own mother’s face for Our at Peter’s tomb, including Charlemagne. In the Lady in the Pieta. new basilica, the rock was placed right near Mary can act as a solid guide for the main doors, reminding us of our unique us as we continue touring the basilica. calling and heritage. Some Christians seem suspicious of Mary, as if she would get in the way and distract us from Christ. In fact, the truth is quite the opposite, and is also reflected in this church. Our Lady is placed to the side — quiet, but always guiding us to her son. She can help us keep our focus on what’s really important. The long central aisle that we are currently in is traditionally called the “nave,” which is the Latin word

Learn More 35 for “boat.” Originally, Michelan- Cabrini, the first American to be gelo wanted these aisles to form a canonized. Greek cross, with four equal sides, Along the nave and above the but Maderno pushed for a Latin arches, you can see twenty-eight cross instead, with one side longer virtues portrayed as female fig- than the others. The nave’s marble ures. They’re displayed this way floor has several brass markers that because virtue is attractive and pure. show the length of other Christian Whereas vice relies on seduction churches throughout the world, and immediate gratification, these comparing them to St. Peter’s. This virtues are free and sober—beauti- isn’t just trivia — it symbolizes the ful, but marked by freedom as well. vast community of the Christian Passing on over to the sanctuary, Church, reminding us that no one we can see the altar that rests over walks alone. We are not seeking the actual bones of St. Peter. It is God by ourselves, shut up in some named the Confessio, in honor of individualistic hole. There is one Peter’s confession of faith. This altar faith and one Lord, and this nave is the third to sit over Peter’s tomb, represents the universal walk of consecrated by Pope Clement VIII faith. in 1594. Over the altar of Confes- To the right and left of the nave, sion is the bronze Baldacchino or there are two holy water fonts with canopy, which is a baroque master- angels flanking them. In St. Peter’s, piece from Bernini. A large image of everything is proportional—these the Holy Spirit lies on the ceiling of angels are actually six feet high. the grand canopy, represented as a Angel statues are located through- dove. In our final lecture, we’ll con- out the church, reminding us of clude our tour of St. Peter’s Square their constant presence. There are and Basilica. also thirty-nine statues of founders and foundresses of religious orders. To create the proper perspective for us on the ground, the higher statues are twenty feet tall, and the lower ones are sixteen feet. The saints are the true friends of God, encourag- ing us by their prayers and example. Of the thirty-nine represented here, there is one American: Frances

36 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. The Household and Journey of Faith Discussion Questions

1. In St. Peter’s Basilica, why does the baptismal font hold such a place of great prominence? What is the significance of the porphyry? 2. The famous Pieta statue is to the right as one enters St. Peter’s Basilica. What important reminders is the presence of Our Lady at the beginning of the central aisle? 3. Along the central aisle, the nave, of the basilica, there are markers indi- cating where other churches in the world compare in regards to the size of St. Peter’s Basilica. What significance do these markers play?

Notes:

Learn More 37 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Lecture 8

Going to the Altar of God and Going in Peace

Approaching the sanctuary, we also approach the heart of our discussion. Looking up, we can see the cupola of the basilica, which is the dome area, richly decorated in red, blue, and gold. It also contains a total of ninety-six mosaic figures, and has a full height of about four hundred and fifty-two feet. The dome is made up of sixteen ribs, which converge at the top and separate into six fields. The first and highest field has flights of seraphim, and the second includes angels, who are looking at the altar area. The third has flights of cherubim, the fourth has angels holding As we approach the sanctuary of St. Peter’s the instruments of the passion, and the fifth has Basilica—the heart of the Christ, Mary, and John the Baptist. Finally, the church—we also approach sixth field includes the first sixteen popes, who the conclusion of our tour. are actually all buried in the basilica. The dome also allows natural light, which comes through sixteen windows. Four pentagonal columns, each with a cir- cumference of two hundred and thirty-three feet, support the arches of the dome. Every column also includes a mosaic of one evangelist—one of the four Gospel writers. Symbolically speaking, the hold up the church through the pillars, emphasizing their key role in giving us the Gospels. The pillars also include statues in their niches, including Longinus in the north- east, St. Helena in the northwest, Veronica in the southwest, and St. Andrew in southeast. Andrew, the kid brother of Peter, led people to Christ on

38 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. earth as a secretary, and now his statue leads people to the papal crypt below. Moving on to the column of the Baldacchino, located above the Barberini family crest, you can see a woman’s face. She is in both pleasure and great pain, if you look from the southeast and move clockwise. The images depict the natural process of childbirth, expressing the reality of our One Priesthood new creation in Christ. The northeast pillar shows the woman’s child, which The four pillars in the basilica each have was meant to represent the birth a Latin inscription—what do they mean? If of Pope Urban VIII’s niece’s child. you’re not careful, you might think that these Spiritually, however, the images recall inscriptions are part of the other verses in the Christ’s desire to give us new life. basilica; but actually, these four add up to The actual bones of St. Peter are make one Latin expression. Translated, it reads, located in the Confessio, but he is not “From here shines out to all the world the one- the only pope buried in St. Peter’s. ness of the priesthood. From here arises one Over one hundred and forty popes faith.” The very Catholic understanding of one are buried in the Vatican Grottos, priesthood and one faith is stressed here, refer- including Pope John Paul II. This area ring not only to the ministerial priesthood, but was created by a renovation below also to the royal priesthood of all the baptized. the floor, which was done to raise the basilica pavement by about seven feet. Peter himself is buried here too. To get there, we can go down a double-ramp of stairs to a small, open area with the sepulchral chamber. The chamber’s niche is marked by a mosaic of Jesus between two depictions of Peter and Paul. Most people think that Peter’s

Learn More 39 bones are in the bronze urn at the the portico, you can see a mosaic niche, but the urn just contains a called the Navicella, which means papal garment called the . “little ship”. The image was made by Peter’s bones are really on the right Giotto for the first jubilee year in side of the niche, behind a red 1300 AD, and it recounts the story marble slab. Ninety-nine candles of Christ walking on water. surround the Confessio, with a That story is very important for single one-hundredth candle in us as Christians, and it’s a powerful front of the slab for St. Peter. one to place over the main doors. Around the altar and canopy, we Why? Well, as we prepare to leave can head for the chapel of the Chair St. Peter’s, we’ve been in the water of St. Peter. The chair symbolizes ourselves. We have done and expe- servitude more than power, and was rienced some great things here— designed by Bernini. It is flanked but should ask ourselves: are we by four Doctors of the Church: St. going to focus on the waves and the , St. Athanasius, storm, or will this mini-pilgrimage St. Augustine, and St. . change us? Bernini’s Glory is a large, alabaster It is here that we end our tour window of the Holy Spirit in the of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica. chapel. It is divided into twelve sec- If you ever can, consider making tions, honoring the twelve Apostles. a pilgrimage to Rome, the Eternal Circling around the Baldac- City, and experience this amazing chino, we can see the famous place for yourself. It is well worth bronze statue of Peter, located to your time, and Christ is never out- the right of the Altar of Confes- done in generosity. sion. Going back around the altar, we come to the left transept and the Altar of the Crucifixion, which has a shadowed image of Peter’s crucifixion. As we return to scan the entire basilica, we also notice the crowds of people from all over the world, gathered together in this holy place. Taking everything in one last time, we begin our slow exit from the basilica. Walking out and looking over the main doors of

40 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Going to the Altar of God and Going in Peace Discussion Questions

1. Around the great canopy of the Papal Altar in St. Peter’s Basilica, there is a woman’s face. What does this depict and why is it significant? 2. Beneath the papal altar rests the bones of St. Peter the Apostle. Why is it important that his bones are there? 3. Behind the papal altar is the Chapel of the Chair with Bernini’s great Gloria window and bronze chair. Why is this chair here, and what does it mean to the Church? 4. In circling the altar area of St. Peter’s Basilica, we see the famous bronze statue of St. Peter, whose foot has been worn down through the ages by the caresses of pilgrims. The statue’s left hand is held in a sling. Why the sling, and what lesson could it teach us?

Notes:

Learn More 41 Suggested READING Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L., recommends the following for further study of the topics discussed in this course:

Ackerman, James. The Architecture of Michelangelo. New York: Pelican, 1971.

Chevrot, Georges. Simon Peter. Dublin: Scepter, 1959.

Cullman, Oscar. Peter: -Apostle-Martyr. : SCM Press, 1953.

DeMarco, Angelus. The Tomb of St. Peter. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964.

Grant, . . New York: Scribner, 1995.

Guarducci, Margherita. The Rock on Which the Church is Built. Rome: Fabbrica di S. Pietro in Vaticano, 1977.

Hersley, George. High Renaissance Art in St. Peter’s and the Vatican. Chiacgo: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Hibbard, Howard. Carlo Maderno and Roman Architec- ture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.

Lees-Milne, James. Saint Peter’s. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1967.

Scotti, R.A. Basilica. New York: Pengiun Group, 2006.

Vallocchia, Tiziana. Guide to Saint Peter’s Basilica. Roma: ATS Italia Editrice, 2005.

Walsh, John Evangelist. The Bones of St. Peter. Manila: Sinag-Tala Press, 1982.

Zander, Pietro. The . Rome: Elio de Rosa Publishers, 1995.

42 A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica / Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. ABOUT CATHOLIC COURSES Catholic Courses produces college-level courses on the Learn More most important topics from the Catholic intellectual tradition. Through an extensive selection process, we find the Church’s most distinguished professors to teach relevant, faithful, and engaging lectures. Catholic Courses feed your mind and your soul, helping you Learn More about Truth, Goodness, and Beauty.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Professor: Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Graphic Design: Christopher Pelicano and Caroline Kiser Editor: Jonathan Torres Special thanks to Kevin Gallagher, Sean Young, Joseph Bruck, Eliana Gallagher, and Elisa Torres

IMAGE CREDITS Page 5: Flickr/BostonCatholic, CC BY 2.0; Pages 12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33: Wikimedia/Oriol Ventura Pedrol, CC BY 3.0; Page 38: Wikimedia/Bengt Nyman, CC BY 2.0.

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A Tour of St. Peter’s Square and Basilica Exploring the History and Beauty of the Heart of Rome

In this course, Father Kirby takes a look at the history and artwork of St. Peter’s square and basilica through the light of faith. Beginning with a study of the man from whom the church building takes its name, this comprehensive tour explains why St. Peter’s basilica was significant to the early Christians, and why it is still significant today. Given in light of the New Evangelization, this tour is not just a tour of Rome’s essential history and its artistic masterpieces, but rather one than begs a certain spiritual awareness. St. Peter’s is a sacred place, and its basilica is like a living catechism, inspiring us to ask ourselves profound questions and deepen our faith.

Jeffrey Kirby, S.T.L. Charleston, South Carolina Father Kirby was ordained into the priesthood on July 27th, 2007. He received his Masters in Bioethics from Queen of the Apostles in Rome, and his Masters of Arts in Philosophy from Franciscan University where he graduated summa cum laude. Since 2010, he has been the Vicar of Vocations for the Diocese of Charleston. He has been a contributor of the Homiletic and Pas- toral Review, and a guest columnist in The Catholic Miscellany, The Post and Courier, The Charlotte Observer, and The Aiken Standard. He is the co-author of the children’s book, “Becoming Father Bob” and author of the book, “Encountering the Lord in His Holy Court: A Walk through St. Peter’s Basilica.”

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