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Influence of the Catechetical School of Alexandria on the Growth and Development of Christianity in Africa

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Influence of the Catechetical School of Alexandria on the Growth and Development of Christianity in Africa Influence of the Catechetical School of Alexandria on the growth and development of Christianity in Africa by WILLEM HENDRIK OLIVER submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject CHURCH HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF MJS MADISE (March 2016) To Erna A dear colleague My best friend An adventurous spouse Table of Contents Page Table of contents ……….…………….………………………………………………….. i Acknowledgements …...…………………..……..…………………………………...…. xi Commitment to avoid plagiarism …………….………………………………………… xii Certificate of the editor …..…………..…..…………………………………………...…. xiii Clarification of key concepts and terms ……....…………………………………….…. xiv Abbreviated references …..….……..……………………………………………..…….. xxv List of maps and addenda …………………………..………………………………….. xxviii Summary and keywords …..………………………....…………………………..…...… xxix INTRODUCTION .……….……………………………..…………………………..……. 1 1. "Can anything good come out of Africa?" …..…..……………………...….. 1 1.1 "Harnack's folly" …………………………….……………………...….. 3 2. Choice of the topic …………………………………..…………………….….. 4 3. Justification for choosing this topic …….………………….…..……...…….. 4 3.1 Part of Africa …………………………………..…………………...….. 4 3.2 Links between Africa and the Jews ……………………………...….. 7 3.2.1 Biblical names for Egypt, Ethiopia and their inhabitants … 7 3.2.2 Biblical references ……………………………………..…….. 8 3.2.3 The origin of Abraham …………………………………..….. 11 3.3 Alexandria ……………………………………………..……….…….... 11 3.3.1 The Dynasties of Manetho ……………………….…………. 11 3.3.2 The Patriarchs/Bishops of Alexandria ………………..…… 13 3.4 The Roman Empire …………………………………………….....….. 13 3.4.1 The "Eastern" and "Western" churches ..…….....…….….... 14 3.4.1.1 The Eastern churches .….........................…..….. 15 a. Eastern Orthodox Church ……………….…..….. 15 b. Oriental Orthodoxy …..…….……………..…….... 16 3.4.1.2 The Western churches ..…..…………..………….. 16 3.4.2 The rise and decline of the Roman Empire (Imperium Romanum)…..….………...……. 17 3.4.3 Time-line of Emperors and Popes during the time of the Roman Empire until the end of the 5th century …….…. 18 i Page 4. Area of investigation ……………………………………………..……..…….. 18 4.1 The scope of the investigation …….……………………..………….. 18 4.2 Explanation ……………….…………………………………..….…….. 18 4.3 Challenges and limitations …….……………………………..…...….. 19 4.3.1 "Africa" …….…………………………………………..…..….. 20 4.3.2 The ways of the Coptic Church ….…………………..…….. 22 4.3.3 Extant material …….……………………………………..….. 23 4.3.4 Limitations …..……………………………………………..….. 23 5. Problem statement ………………………………………………………….... 24 5.1 Research question ….…………………………..………………...….. 24 5.2 Aim and objectives of the study .………………..………………..….. 24 5.2.1 The aim …….……………………………..………………….. 24 5.2.2 The objectives ……………………………..……………….... 25 5.2.2.1 Main objective …………………..…………..…….. 25 5.2.2.2 Subsidiary objectives …………..…………..…….. 25 6. Hypotheses …………………………………………………..…………….….. 25 7. Research methodology ………….…………………………..……………….. 26 7.1 The Historical-Critical Method …….…………………..…………..….. 27 7.1.1 The "historical" side of the method …….………..……..….. 27 7.1.2 The "critical" side of the method ……….…………..…...….. 28 7.1.3 Other criticisms that also belong to this category .........….. 28 7.1.3.1 Tradition Criticism ….……………………….…….. 28 7.1.3.2 Form Criticism …………………………………….. 28 7.1.3.3 Redaction (Editorial) Criticism …..…………...….. 29 7.1.3.4 Source Criticism ………………………………….. 29 7.1.3.5 Historical Criticism …………………………….….. 29 7.1.4 Evaluation …………………………………………………….. 29 7.2 The Historical Method .…………………………………………..……. 30 8. Expected outcomes ……………………………………………………….….. 31 8.1 Outcomes …………………………………………………………..….. 31 8.2 Contribution …………………………………………..………….…….. 31 9. Literature review …………………………………..………………………….. 32 ii Page 9.1 Primary and secondary sources …..……..………………………….. 32 9.2 Gap in the current research …….…………..…………………….….. 34 10. Chapter outline ………….……………………………..…………………..….. 34 CHAPTER 1 ALEXANDRIA FROM RISE TO FALL ……..………………..…….. 35 1.1 Introduction ……………………………………..……………….…….. 35 1.2 Alexandria prior to the Roman rule …….………..…………….…….. 36 1.3 The Golden Era of Alexandria …….…………………………..…….. 42 1.3.1 The Hellenisation and/or Judaisation of Alexandria ……... 48 1.3.1.1 Hellenisation of Alexandria ………………….….... 48 1.3.1.2 Judaisation of Alexandria ……………...……….... 49 1.4 Christianity in Alexandria …………….…………………...………….. 49 1.4.1 Early Christianity in Alexandria …………………………….. 49 1.4.2 A distinct Christianity in Alexandria ……………..…..…….. 53 1.4.3 The first steps of the new religion ………………..….…….. 55 1.4.3.1 The Epistle of Barnabas ..…………..…..….…….. 58 1.4.3.2 The Kerygma .…..…….…………………..………. 60 1.5 Other religions/cults/philosophies in Alexandria ………….…..……. 61 1.5.1 Judaism ………….………………………………………..….. 61 1.5.2 Gnosticism .……………………………………...………..….. 64 1.5.3 Hermeticism ……………………………………...……..…… 69 1.5.4 Platonism ………………………………………………..…… 70 1.5.5 The Isis cult …..……………………………………….…..….. 71 1.5.6 The Serapis/Sarapis cult ….………………………………... 73 1.6 Influences on Christianity in Alexandria ………..…………...………. 74 1.6.1 Why was Christianity influenced? ……..…………..………. 75 1.6.2 Conversions to Christianity ..……………..…………………. 75 1.6.3 Pagan practices …..………………………..………..………. 76 1.6.4 Consequences …….………………………..………..……… 76 1.7 Christianity in the Roman Empire …………………..……………….. 77 1.8 An overview on the Roman persecutions of Christians…………….. 81 1.9 Conclusion …..………………………………………..………………… 82 iii Page CHAPTER 2 THE CATECHETICAL SCHOOL AND HER HEADS ….…..…….. 83 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………..……..……. 83 2.2 The Didaskaleion ………………………………………………….…… 85 2.2.1 Introductory remarks .…………………………………….…. 85 2.2.2 Was there "in fact" a Catechetical School in Alexandria? .. 87 2.2.3 Alexandria and Antioch ……..………………..……..……… 90 2.2.4 The contribution of Apollos ….……..…………..…….……. 90 2.2.5 Founding and development of the School …….…….……. 92 2.2.5.1 Background …………..………………..…………. 92 a. Educational ……………………………..…………. 92 b. Religious and philosophical …………….....……. 93 2.2.5.2 The founding of the School ……....………..……. 94 2.2.5.3 The development of the School ….…...…...……. 95 2.2.6 The demise of the Didaskaleion ….……………………..…. 99 2.2.7 The School today ………..………………………….………. 99 2.3 Teachings of the School .…....…………………..…………..……….. 99 2.3.1 Philo Judaeus ………………………..…..………….………. 100 2.3.2 Forms of teaching in the School ………..………….………. 101 2.3.2.1 Allegorism ………………………..………..………. 101 2.3.2.2 Philosophy …..……………………..…..…………. 102 2.3.2.3 Gnosis .….…………………………...……………. 106 2.4 Characteristics of the School ….……………………..………………. 108 2.4.1 Deification ……………………………………..…..…………. 108 2.4.2 Oneness of life ….……………………………..……………. 109 2.4.3 Soteriological Theology ..…...………………….....…………. 109 2.4.4 Penance and repentance ….……………………..…………. 109 2.4.5 Theological terms and definitions ……...…….....…………. 109 2.4.6 Ecumenical spirit ..………………………………...…………. 109 2.4.7 Apology ….…..…………………………………….…………. 110 2.5 Heads of the School …….…………………………….………………. 112 2.5.1 Mark the Evangelist .…………………………………………. 117 2.5.2 Justus (also called Yostius) …….………………..…………. 119 iv Page 2.5.3 Eumanius (also called Eumenius) …….…………..………. 120 2.5.4 Marianus (also called Marcianius) ..…...……….……..……. 121 2.5.5 Athenagoras …..………………………………………..……. 121 2.5.6 Pantaenus …..……………………………..…………..……. 122 2.5.6.1 Collaboration between Pantaenus and Clement. 125 2.5.7 Clement – the "real gentleman" …….…….………..………. 126 2.5.7.1 Biographical sketch .……….……..……………..… 126 2.5.7.2 The character of Clement .…....…………………. 128 2.5.7.3 The belief system of Clement .…….....…………. 131 2.5.8 Origen – the true African ….……………….…..……………. 138 2.5.8.1 Biographical sketch …….…..…...……..…………. 138 2.5.8.2 The character of Origen ….…….…………..……. 143 2.5.8.3 The belief system of Origen ....………………..…. 145 2.5.8.4 The "heresy" of Origen ..………………………..… 152 2.5.8.5 Disciples of Origen ….……………………………. 155 2.5.8.6 Origen and Eusebius of Caesarea ……..………. 155 2.5.9 Heraclas ……………………………………….………..……. 156 2.5.10 Dionysius Magnus (the Great)….…………….………..……. 158 2.5.11 Theognostus …………………………………..………..……. 160 2.5.12 Pierius ……...………………………………….…………..…. 160 2.5.13 Achillas ………………………………………...……………... 161 2.5.14 Peter (also called Petros) the Martyr …..……..…..………. 162 2.5.15 Serapion ……………………………………….………..……. 163 2.5.16 Macarius Politicus ..….……………………..……………..…. 164 2.5.17 Didymus the Blind ..….…………………..…………………... 164 2.5.18 Rhodon ……………………………………...……………..…. 165 2.6 An evaluation of the contributions of Van den Broek and Scholten. 166 2.6.1 A word in advance …………………..………………………. 166 2.6.2 Discussion of the viewpoint of Van den Broek …...………. 167 2.6.3 Discussion of the viewpoint of Scholten …..….………..…. 171 2.6.4 Brief evaluation ….....………………………….…………..... 175 2.7 Conclusion ………….……..…………………………..………………. 176 v Page CHAPTER 3 DOCUMENTS WRITTEN BY THE HEADS OF THE SCHOOL .... 179 3.1 Introduction ……...……………………………………………………... 179 3.2 Mark the Evangelist ……………………………….…….……………. 179 3.3 Athenagoras ……..……………………………………....……………. 180 3.4 Pantaenus ….………………………………...………...………………. 183 3.5 Clement …..……….……………………………………...……………. 184 3.5.1 Introduction …..……………………………..………………. 184 3.5.2 The writings of Clement …………………..….……………. 186 3.5.2.1 According to Eusebius ……….……..……………. 186 3.5.2.2 The Trilogy …….……………………..……………. 186 a. The Protrepticus …….………………..…………... 187 b. The Paedagogus ………………………..………... 188 c. The Stromateis …………………………..……….. 190 3.5.2.3 Quis Dives Salvetur? ……………...……..………. 194 3.5.2.4 Writings preserved in part …….…………………. 194 3.5.2.5 Fragments of writings ..………………………..….
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