Appendix: Type Numbers of Naval Sets, Operational or Designed, 1935--45 Derek Howse

IFF - Identification Friend or AI - Air interception Foe ASV - Air to surface vessel INT - Interrogator BCN -Beacon LA -Low angle CCA -Carrier Controlled Ap- Rg. - In the ranging mode proach (Types 279 and 281) FD - Fighter direction Rx -Receiver GA -Gunnery fire control, Sw. -sweeps aircraft, high angle (or TI - Target indication combined low angle Tx - Transmitter and high angle) WA - Warning of aircraft GB -Gunnery fire control, WC - Warning (combined air- barrage craft and surface) GC -Gunnery fire control, Wg. - In the warning mode close range, high angle (Types 279 and 281) GS -Gunnery fire control, WS - Warning of surface surface (i.e, low angle) craft HA - High angle :::::: - Variable around this Ht-fndr - Height-finder frequency

In the numbering of Naval radar sets, the first, second and third major modifications to the basic set were indicated by the suffixes M, P and Q respectively, ego Type 286P. The suffix B indicated adaptation to single-mast working.

Information not available is generally marked with a dash.

309 w Type Classifimtion Wavelength Freq. Power To sea ...... number nominal (MHz) (kW) (abandoned) Description 0

79 WA 75 m 39-42 70 1938 Long range air warning for large shi ps. See 279. 79B WA 75 m 39-42 70 1941 Single-masted version of 79 (originally 79M). 91 Jammer SOcm-3m 90-600 lQ--25wl 1941 Jamming of German metric and decimetric radar. Initially sine- wave modulation, ultimately noise . 241 INT 15m 214 - 1941 For use with 281 & IFF Mk 2N. 242 Int 15m 182 or 179 1 1943 For use with WS and WC sets and IFF Mk 3. 242M INT 15 m 182 or 179 2-10 1943 Ditto 243 INT 15 m 179 or 171 1 1943 For use with 281 & IFF Mk 3. 244 INT 15m - - 1943 For use wit h US Type SL & IFF Mk 3. 245 !NT 15 m -- 1944 For FD ships. 251/M/P BeN 15 m 176 or 177 7 1942 Modified RAF transponder coded to give ships' identity. 252 IFF 15m 38-52 & - 1942 IFF Mk 2 in ships. 195-220 253/P IFF 15m Sw.157-187 10 1943 IFF Mk 3 in shi ps . Sweeps frequency. 253S IFF 15 m Sw.157-187 10 1943 253 when fitted ashore. 255 BeN 15m 214 - 1944 Marker bu oy for use only wi th 291. 256 BeN 15m 214 - 1944 Shore radar beacon for use only with 291. 257 CCA 3cm - - 1945? Carrier controlled approach (BABS). 258 BeN 15m 179/182 - 1943 Mk 3 shore radar beacon responding to 242. 259 BeN 15m -- 1944 Mk 3 beacon for carriers responding to Al Mk 10. 261 WS 50cm -- (1941) Based on 282. 261W WS 3cm - - (1942) Early 3cm development, leading to 267W. 262 GC 3cm ::::::9650 20 1945 STAAG, CRBFD 263 GB 3cm -- (1945) Au to-barrage for main or secondary armament, replacing 283. 267W/MW/P W WS/WC 3cm & ::::::9670 15-25 1945 . Hy brid WS/WC with common disp lay. 15 m & 214 & 100 268 WS 3cm 9400 - 1945 For coastal forces, replacing 291U. 269 GS 3cm 10000 - (1943) Modified 3-em AI set for coastal forces gunnery . 271/M/P WS 10cm ~3000 5-lO 1941 Small ships. 271Q WS 10cm ~3000 70 1943 Small ships. 272/M/P WS 10cm ~3000 5-lO 1941 Small cruisers, carriers, sloops, etc. 273/M/P WS 10cm ~3000 5-10 1941 Large ships. 273Q WS lOcm ~3000 70 1943 Large ships. 274 GS lOcm ~3300 400 1944 Main armament directors, replacing 284. 275 GA lOcm 3530 400 1945 HA directors (HA/LA directors in destroyers), replacing 285. 276 WS lOcm 3000 500 1944 Small ships, replacing 271/2. 277/P/Q WS 10cm 3,000 500 1944 Replaced 271/2/3 . Could measure approximate elevation. 277S WS/lowair lOcm 3000 SOO 1943 277 permanent shore installation for surface and low air. 277T WS/lowair lOcm 3000 500 1943 Trailer-mounted 277. 'Monrads'. 279 WA 75m 39-42 Wg.70 1940 Long-range air warning for large ships. Type 79 with gunnery Rg.6O ranging. 280 WA/GA 3.6m 82 25 1940 Based on Army GLl . In Carlisle and 'Bank' class ships only. 281 WA 35m 86-94 Wg.600 1940 Long-range air warning for large ships. Rg.l ,OOO 281B WA 35m 86-94 600 1943 Single-masted version of 28t. 281BM/BP/BQ WA 35m 86-94 350 1945 Continuous rotation. 282 GC 50cm ~600 15 1941 Porn-porn directors, etc. 282Ml/M2/M3 GC 50cm ~600 60 or 80 1942 Increased power. 282M4 GC 50cm ~600 60 or 80 1942 Beam-switching. 282Q GC 50cm ~600 150 - Beam-switching and increased power. 283/M GB 50cm ~600 150 1943 Auto-barrage for main or secondary armaments. 284/M/P GS 50cm ~600 As 282 1940 Main armament directors. 285/M/P/Q GA 50cm ~600 As 282 1940 HA directors (HA/LA directors in destroyers). 286M/P WC 15m 214 7 1940 Small ships. 286M fixed aerial, 286P revolving aerial 286PQ WC 15m 214 100 1943 Small ships. Higher power. 286U WC 15m 214 7 1941 Coastal forces. 286W WC 15m 214 7 1941 Submarines. 287 Minewatch 50cm ~600 15 1941 284 adapted for minewatching ashore. VJ 288(1) 50cm ~600 15 (1941) 284 adapted for Armed Merchant Cruisers...... GC ...... VJ Type Classification Wavelength Freq. Power To sea ..... number nominal (MHz) (kW) (abandoned) Description N

288(2) GC 5Dem ~600 15 - 284 adapted for training ashore. 289 GA 70cm ~430 - 1940 Dutch. Fitted in Isaac Sweers and Heemskerck only. 290 WC 15m 214 100 1941 Small ships, replacing 286 but abandoned in favour of 291. 291/M WC 15m 214 100 1941 Small ships, replacing 286/290. 291U WC 15 m 214 100 1943 Coastal forces. 291W WC 15m 214 100 1943 Submarines. 293/M WC/TI 10cm 3000 500 1944 Destroyers and above. Replaced 271/2/3 . 294 WC/FD lOcm 3000 - (1944) Combined plan-display and heightfinding, replacing 277. 295 WC/ FD lOcm 3000 - (1944) Higher-powered 294. 650 Jammer ~6m ~ 50 IG-20w 1944 Jamming of air-launched FX 1400 and HS 293 anti -ship guided weapons. Sine-wave mod ulation. 651 Jammer ~6m ~50 2 x lkw 1944 As Type 650 bu t capable of handling muIti- missile attack. CW mod ulation. 930 GS/sp lash I Dem 3000 7 1945 Splash-spotting; Naval version of Army CA No.1, Mk.5 ('William'). 931 GS/sp lash 1.25cm ~24000 - 1945 Splash-spotting, Canadian. 940/1 INT 15m 209 1 1944 G-band interrogator with 281BP/BQ. 951 BeN ---- Marker beacon for use with lOcm WS and WC sets . 952 BCN Rx 3cm Rx ~9400 - 1945 Portable combined ops . navigational. Triggered by X-band, Tx 15m Tx 182 response on Type 242. 960 WA 3.4m ~88 450 1946 Long-range air warning for large ships, replacing 281/79/279. 961 CCA 3cm ~9320 - - Carrier controlled approach. Modified ASV II. 970 WS 10cm ~3300 - 1943 Combined operations. Modified RAF H2S II. 971/M WS 3cm ~9320 - 1945 As 970 but based on H2S III. 972 WS 3cm ~9375 - 1946 Surveying. 980 WC/ FD 1Oem 3000 500 (1949) Fighter direction plan display, replacing 294/5. 981 Ht-fndr 10cm 3000 500 (1949) Fighter direction heightfinder, replacing 294/5. 990 WC 10cm 3000 - (1944) Low cover, to go wit h 960, 294/5 . 992 TI IDem 3000 - 1959 Target indica tion, replacing 293. American sets fitted in British ships SA WA 15m 1943 Captain and Colony-class frigates . SG WS 10cm ~3195 1943 Escort carriers, Indomitable, Victorious. SJ WS 10cm 1945 Submarines Tiptoe and Trump. SK WA 15m 1943 Escort carriers. SL WS 10cm 1943 Cap tain and Colony-class frigates. SM-1 FD 10.7cm ~ 2800 1944 Carriers Indomitable, Ocean; FD ships Boxer, Palomares. SO WS 10cm 1944 Coas tal forces, SQ WS 12cm 1945 Big ships' portable 'after-action' set.

Naval Airborne Radar ASV Mk.II ASV 15 m 176 - 1940 Standard RAF versio n. ASV Mk.IIN ASV 15m 214 7-22 1941 Nava l versio n of ASV II. Swordfish, Walrus, Albacore, Barracuda ASV Mk.XI ASV 3cm - 35-50 1943 Swordfish III, Barracud a III. ASB ASV 15 m 214 - 1944 US copy of ASV lIN. Avenger. ASH ASV/A I 3cm ~9375 35 1944 US A NI APS-4. Avenger, Firefly. Barracuda V. AI Mk.IV AI 15m - 10 1944 Fulmar. AlA AI 3cm - - 1945 US ANI APS-6. Hellcat.

Principal source: Adm iralty, CB 4497, Simple Guide to Naval Radar (1949).

w ...... I Depending upon frequ ency. w Glossary of Technical Terms and Abbreviations Used in This Work

AA Anti-aircraft AB Able Seaman ABU Auto-barrage unit for radar-controlled blind-fire ACNS Assistant Chief of Naval Staff Acorn valve A small high-frequency valve about 'l-In in diameter shaped like an acorn, with the leads arranged radially around the middle of the envelope ADEE Air Defence Experimental Establishment (Army) Admiralty Divisions of the Naval Staff were responsible for operational organization matters, such as the Operations, Plans, Training and Staff Duties, and Naval Intelligence Divisions, reported to the First Sea Lord through the Deputy and Assistant Chiefs of Naval Staff. Admiralty Departments generally responsible for materiel matters, such as the Naval Ordnance, Naval Construction, Scientific Research, and Signals Departments, reported to the Controller. Operational sections of the Signal Department and the Naval Ordnance Department were in , materiel sections in Bath from the outbreak of war ADP Air Defence Position ADR Aircraft Direction Room ADRDE Air Defence Research and Development Establishment (Army) (formerly ADEE, qv) AFC Automatic Frequency Control AFCC Admiralty Fire Control Clock AFCT Admiralty Fire Control Table AFO Admiralty Fleet Order AGC Automatic Gain Control, in a receiver AGE Admiralty Gunnery Establishment AI Air interception (airborne radar) AIC Action Information Centre AIO Action Information Organization AITC Action Information Training Centre A/I Anti-jamming (techniques) AMRE Air Ministry Research Establishment, later the Telecommunica­ tions Research Establishment ANCXF Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief Expeditionary Force AOP Angle of presentation (of an aircraft target) AOR Air Operations Room ARL Admiralty Research Laboratory ARM Availability, Reliability, Maintainability (of electronic equip­ ment) ARP Auto-radar plot A/S Anti- A-scan See Display ASCBS Admiral Superintendent, Contract-Built Ships

315 316 Glossary

Asdic Underwater detection equipment using acoustic waves . An acronym based on Allied Submarine Detection Investigational Committee (c.1920). US - Sonar (q.v.) ASE Admiralty Signal Establishment (formed in August 1941 from the Experimental Department of HM Signal School) ASV Air to surface vessel (airborne radar) Azicate I Azimuth indicate' - to direct a radar of narrow antenna beamwidth onto a target, using an associated radar of wider search beamwidth Azimuth Horizontal angle measured about a nominally vertical axis Back echoes The main beam of a directional antenna is accompanied by some radiation in other, unwanted, directions, known as side lobes or back lobes. Such lobes can give rise to echoes from large targets at short ranges in those directions, which can be wrongly attributed to the direction of the main beam. Such unwanted responses are known as side echoes or back echoes Beam-riding A method of controlling a missile in flight whereby a radar beam held on the target is used by the missile to derive its own guidance signals Beam-switching A method of obtaining accurate bearing and/or elevation of a target by rapid switching of the radar beam between two adjacent directions, thus producing two echoes. When the echoes are equally matched, the bearing is correct BFO Beat frequency oscillator, in a receiver, to produce an audible output from an unmodulated carrier input Blind fire Using radar bearing, range, and if necessary elevation to fire at an unseen target BPF British Pacific Fleet BPR Bridge Plotting Room BR Book of Reference - an Admiralty publication with a security classification of Restricted or lower BTH The British Thomson-Houston Co Ltd BTL Bell Telephone Laboratories BWO Bridge Wireless Office CA Coast Artillery (Army radar) CAAIC Computer-Assisted Action Information Centre CAFO Confidential Admiralty Fleet Order CAP Combat air patrol CB Confidential Book - an Admiralty publication with a security classification above Restricted CCU Chart comparison unit, for optical matching to PPI display CD Coast Defence (army radar) CDS Comprehensive display system CG Centre of gravity CH (RAF radar) CHL Chain Home Low (RAF radar) C-in-C Commander-in-Chief CO Commanding Officer, or Chain Overseas (RAF radar) see context Common T/R The use of a single antenna array for both transmitting and working receiving CPO Chief Petty Officer CPU Continuous Prediction Unit Glossary 317

CRBFD Close-range blind-fire director CRDF Cathode-ray direction finder (passive receiving equipment> CRO Cathode-ray oscillograph CRP Close-range predictor CRT Cathode-ray tube CSWS Civilian Shore-Wireless Service CW Continuous-wave (transmission) CVD Coordination of Valve Development (Committee) (sometimes assumed to be Communications Valve Development) CVE Escort aircraft carrier (US) OC Direct current OCNS Deputy Chief of Naval Staff OCT Director control tower, on which gunnery radar antennae were mounted, placed high in the ship to get the best possible view of the target, visually and by radar. Its laying and training on the target was followed (via the TS (qvi) by individual turrets and guns when in 'director firing', the normal method. Often abbreviated to Director. See also HA Director DE Destroyer escort (US) DF DGD Director of the Gunnery and AA Warfare Division Diplexer Device to enable common transmit/receive functions Dipole Antenna element of two equal collinear rods, centre-fed, of total length equal to about one half the wavelength Director Common term for DCT (director control tower) (qv). Discrimination In radar, the ability to distinguish between (and if necessary range on) two targets close together. Range discrim ination is achieved by very short pulse length, bearing discrimination, by narrow beamwidth. Also used to define the ability of radio receivers to distinguish between signals of different frequency Display, radar The method of presenting radar echoes to the observer. The most common naval types were: 'A'-Display (formerly A-scan, the term generally used in this book), which shows the target's range (but not bearing) when the radar beam is trained on it. PPJ (plan position indicator), which shows simultaneously both range and bearing of targets as bright spots on a CRT with a long afterglow. It thus gives a complete picture of the surroundings as detected by radar. PPI display normally requires the antenna to be kept spinning or sweeping. Skiatron; a display involving the optical projection of a form of PPI onto a ground-glass screen, to facilitate plotting. Echoes appear as dark paints, as opposed to PPI where they are normally bright echoes on a dark background. Sector display, which shows on a type of 'A' Display all echoes within one or more selected small sectors of bearing. Used in height estimation and interrogation positions . Meters are sometimes used to match echoes produced by beam­ switching. HPJ (height position indicator), which, for a given bearing, shows elevation, range, and height on a display like that of a PPI 318 Glossary

DNC Director of Naval Construction DNI Director of Naval Intelligence DNO Director of Naval Ordnance DRE Director of Radio Equipment DSD Director of the Signal Department/Division DSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research DSR Director of Scientific Research and Experiment (Admiralty) DTM Director of Torpedoes and Mining DTSD Director of Training and Staff Duties E-boat German MTB (qv) ECM Electronic countermeasures - anti-radio/radar techniques and tactics, particularly the jamming of transmissions, or the production of artificial target echoes. Formerly RCM (qv) EHT Extra high tension (high voltage) Elint Electronic intelligence - the gathering of data by ECM (qv) techniques. Formerly known as 'Y' (qv) EM Electro-magnetic (waves) EMF Electro-motive force (voltage) EMI Electrical & Musical Industries Ltd ERA Electrical Research Association EW Electronic warfare, or Early Warning (radar) (see context) FAA FC Fire control FD Fighter direction FDO Fighter Direction Officer FKC Fuze-keeping clock Free-Space A hypothetical concept used in simplified calculations of radar performance, in which the presence of the earth's surface in giving rise to a reflection component is ignored. FWO fleet Wireless Officer GA Gunnery Fire Control, Aircraft (RN radar from 1943) Gain Factor by which power is increased GB Gunnery Fire Control, Barrage (RN radar) GC Gunnery Fire Control, Close-range (RN radar) GCI Ground Control of Interception (RAF radar) GDR Gun direction room GEC The General Electric Company Limited (of England) GEMA Gesellschaft fur Electroakustische und Mechanische Aufbau (manufacturer of German Naval ) GL Gun Laying (Army anti-aircraft radar) GMS Guided missile system GOP General Operations Plot GRU Gyro-rate unit GRUB Gyro-rate unit box GS Gunnery Fire Control, Surface (RN radar) HA High angle (gunnery) HACP High Angle Control Position. Analogous to the TS (qv) HACS High angle control system HA Director A DCT (qv) when applied to long-range AA systems HE Height estimation of an aircraft target HF High frequency HFDF High-frequency direction-finding Glossary 319

HFP Height Filtering Position, where all available radar heightfind­ ing information is received, filtered, and passed to where it is required HMSS His Majesty's Signal School, until 1941 housed in the Royal Naval Barracks, Portsmouth. HMSS's Experimental Depart­ ment, responsible for radar development, became ASE in 1941 HPI Height position indicator. See Display HT Height transmission (of target data) IF Intermediate frequency of a radar receiver IFF Identification Friend or Foe - an ultra-high-frequency radio interrogatorlresponser (qv) and transponder (qv) system used in association with warning radars to differentiate between friendly and hostile or unidentified contacts Interrogator A secondary radar transmitter that could activate an IFF transponder. See IFF K-band Electromagnetic wavelengths of about 1.25-cm (24 000 MHz). Klystron Radio valve for amplifying or generating centimetric micro­ waves by forming electrons into bunches as they cross a gap, in a resonator kyd Kiloyard (one thousand yards) LA Low angle (gunnery) La Local oscillator, in a superheterodyne receiver Loran American LOng RAnge Navigational aid operating in the low­ frequency band. LOP Local operations plot LOS Line of sight LRS Long-range system LSF Landing ship, fighter direction (a landing ship adapted for fighter direction) MADP Main air display plot Magnetron Microwave generator employing an external magnetic field. In its resonant-cavity development capable of producing extre­ mely high power-output ManP Manoeuvre predictor MGB Motor gunboat. MHz Unit of operating frequency (MegaHertz); frequency in MHz x wavelength in metres = 300 Mile Where 'mile' is used in this book as a unit for distance at sea, the nautical or sea mile should be assumed - one minute of latitude, equivalent to 6080 ft (usually rounded off to 2000 yds in Naval practice, including wartime British Naval radar) and 1.8532 kilometres. The English land mile is 1760-yds MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology ML Motor launch MN Merchant Navy MPI Mean point of impact (gunnery) MPP Most probable position, from cross-bearings of shore-based DF.

MRU 'Much regret, unable'; signal response to an RPC invitation. MTB Motor Boat NIB Noise Investigation Bureau, for classifying and analysing intercepted enemy transmissions. 320 Glossary

NID Naval Intelligence Division nm Nautical mile - see Mile. NOD Naval Ordnance Department NPL National Physical Laboratory NRC National Research Council of Canada

NRL Naval Research Laboratory (USA) NVA Nachrichtenversuchsabteilung (German equivalent of HM Signal School) NZDSIR New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research OR Operations Room OTC (University) Officers Training Corps PDF Probability distribution function PMO Principal Medical Officer PO Petty Officer PPI Plan position indicator. See Display Prf Pulse repetition frequency PIT German Post, Telegraph and Telephone organisation Radar An acronym from RAdio Detection And Ranging Radar beacon A type of IFF transponder that could be used for navigational or homing purposes by any suitably equipped ship, aircraft or land vehicle. Radiolocation The early name for radar Radome Radar dome, protecting the antenna array from wind, weather and spray RAE Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAF) Rate-aiding A mechanical or sometimes electrical means of establishing the rate of change of a target's range, bearing or elevation by following its position as smoothly as possible. The fire-control director or radar antenna was then driven at these rates by remote power control (RPC)/servo-mechanism (qv), which helped the operators follow the target more smoothly, which in turn resulted in more accurate determination of the target rates RC Radar control (ratings) RCM Radar countermeasures - earlier name for ECM (qv). RCNVR Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve RDF Radar RDR Radar Display Room. The compartment of the Action Informa­ tion Centre where displays from all warning sets, and the Height Filtering Position, were situated Responser A secondary radar receiver to accept the response from a transponder RF Radio frequency rms Root-mean-square - square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of a set of numbers (statistics) RN RNR RNVR Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve RNV(W) R Royal Naval Volunteer (Wireless) Reserve RNZNVR Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve RO Radar officer RP Radar plot (ratings) Glossary 321

RPC Remote power control. See Servo-mechanism. Also, see context, 'Request the pleasure of your company', an invitation by signal RRDE Radar Research and Development Establishment (Army) RIT Radio telephony RTU Range transmission unit SA Ship-to-Air (RN radar up to 1943) S-band Electromagnetic wavelengths of about 10 em (3000 MHz) Scanning The technical process whereby some radar sets automatically search in azimuth or in elevation, or in both simultaneously Servo­ A closed-loop control system in which a small input power mechanism controls a large output power in a strictly proportionate manner. In this book, it is usually synonymous with remote power control Side echoes See Back echoes Skiatron See Display SNSO Superintending Naval Store Officer Sonar Underwater detection equipment. Acronym for SOund Navi­ gation And Ranging. The US version of British Asdic (qv) Sp. The Special Branch of the RNVR, to which many wartime radar officers belonged, for example, Lieutenant (Sp.) A. B. Jones, RNVR. Special from a particularly sensitive and absolutely reliable source, intelligence available as a result of the solution of high-grade codes and cyphers, distributed to specially selected and severely restricted numbers of recipients by means of one-time pad cyphers. Code name: Ultra (qv) SRDE Signals Research and Development Establishment (Army) SRDFO Senior Radio Direction Finding Officer SS Ship-to-Ship (RN radar up to 1943). Or Signal School (see context) SIT Sonic Telegraphy, for communications with or between submerged submarines STAAG Stabilized tachymetric anti-aircraft gun Staff When the development of a new Naval system or equipment Requirements was proposed, the operational requirements - in terms of range (maximum and minimum), accuracy, tactical deployment and, for radar, operating frequency - would be prepared by the Naval Staff with help and discussions with Admiralty Departments. These would be formalized as 'Staff Require­ ments' and sanctioned or rejected by the Admiralty Board. They then became the agreed basis for technical development STC Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd SWR Standing-wave ratio, a measure of the mismatch between an antenna and its associated feeder. TB cell Unit for blocking transmissions from entering a radar receiver Thyratron A gas-filled valve with heated cathode, able to carry very high currents, which operated as a switch TI Target indication TIR Target indication room TIU Target indication unit Transponder A radio or radar device that, on receiving a signal, transmits a signal of its own, as with IFF (qv) 322 Glossary

TR cell Unit to permit Transmit/Receive operation on a single radar antenna TRE Telecommunications Research Establishment (RAF). Formerly AMRE TS Transmitting Station - a compartment between decks which housed the fire-control predictors. They were fed with target information (range, bearing, elevation) from optical instru­ ments (sights and rangefinders) and/ or radar equipment trained on the target; they calculated the future position of the target; and they transmitted to the gun mountings the predicted ranges, bearings and elevations for the guns to hit the target. In larger ships, the TS was concerned with LA (surface) fire control only, the HA equivalent being the HACP (qv) TVA Torpedoversuchsanstalt (German torpedo research Establish­ ment) U-boat German submarine UOU Universal display unit, containing a PPI and sector display (see Display), which could be used with a range of Naval radar systems UHF Ultra high frequency, 300-3000 MHz Ultra Code name and message prefix for Special Intelligence (qv), and for messages containing special intelligence USCGC United States Coast Guard Cutter USN United States Navy VACNA Vice-Admiral Commanding, North Atlantic VHF Very high frequency, 30-300 MHz VLF Very low frequency, 3-30 kHz VIS Visual signalling VST Variable smoothing time Vswr Voltage standing-wave ratio (maximum-to-minimum) in a mismatched transmission system. VT fuze Velocity trigger fuze - a proximity fuze that uses radar principles to initiate the detonation of a shell or bomb at a supposedly lethal distance from an air target or at a set height above a surface target. WA Warning of Aircraft (RN radar from 1943) Wavelength Wavelength of operation in metres x frequency in MHz = 300 WC Warning, Combined aircraft and surface (RN radar) WO Weapon direction Window Metal-foil strips, dropped in quantity from aircraft, which gave echoes capable of screening the aircraft from air defence radars. Also used on occasion to simulate large convoys of Allied ships in the deception role during invasion operations WMP 'With much pleasure', signal response to an RPC invitation. Working up A period spent in exercises working up the efficiency of the ship's company of ships newly commissioned after building or refit WRNS Women's Royal Naval Service WS Warning of Surface craft (RN radar) WIT Wireless telegraphy WWl World War 1, 1914-18 WW2 World War 2,1939-45 X-band Electromagnetic wavelengths of about 3-cm (10000 MHz) Glossary 323

Y equipment Receiving and DF equipment employed for obtaining and analysing radio intelligence. Later known as Elint (qv) Y service Organization for the interception and DF of enemy radio/radar signals Select Bibliography

General

By the very nature of this volume, the principal sources of information on the various topics presented, from historical background through innovative concepts, experiment, development, production, installation, maintenance and operational application lie in the Ministry of Defence sphere. The major source is the archive collection of formal documents, technical reports and appreciations contained in the surviving records of the Defence Research Establishment, Portsdown (originally the Experimental Department of HM Signal School, and , from 1941, the Admiralty Signal Establishment). Some of these are already held at the Public Record Office, Kew, as the ADM 220 series of documents. Others, still held in the Establishment, but not yet accessible to the general public, await review before submission to the PRO archives. Nevertheless access to these documents has been permitted by the Director for the various contributory authors to this work, to supplement their own recollections of wartime activities. This is acknowledged with gratitude. Thanks are also due to the Director of the Defence Research Establishment, Malvern (originally the Air Ministry Research Establishment, , and later the Telecommunications Research Establish­ ment), for granting similar facilities. Other important sources of information exist at HMS Collingwood (such as the collection of handbooks for wartime naval radar), and at the Ministry of Defence's Naval Historical Branch in London. The Admiralty's RadarManual (Use of Radar) of 1945 (CB 4182/45, ADM 239/307) contains useful contemporary information on user matters. Both these sources have contributed handsomely in the preparation of this work. One major published source of technical information on the whole range of Service radar developments during the war exists in the form of the volumes of the 'Proceedings of the Radiolocation Convention' held by the Institution of Electrical Engineers in London in 1946, published in a special edition of the Institution's Journal: volume 93, part IlIA, parts 1 to 10. Considerable reference to individual papers in these Proceedings has been made, and identified, by various authors contributing to this work. Similarly, there is reference in the present volume to the 'Proceedings of the Communications Convention' held by the same Institution in London in 1947, also published in a special edition of the Institution's journal, vol. 94, part IlIA, 1947. In 1986 the Naval Radar Trust initiated the collection and classification of recollections, notebooks, diaries and so on, as the basis for the preparation of the technical monographs ultimately presented herein. The original material is to be preserved in the Churchill Archive Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge (CAC) as the 'NRT' series. Ultimately, these will be available for inspection on application.

325 326 Select Bibliography

Finally this bibliography includes reference to several published works that provide further technical background of a supporting nature, or as accounts of operational events in which wartime radar played a significant part.

Printed sources

ADMIRALTY, BR 1736 - Naval StaffHistories (select list) (6) Mediterranean, Selected Operations 1940 (1943) - ADM 234/325. (7) The Passage of the Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen Through the (1948) - ADM 186/803 (11) Selected Convoys (Mediterranean), 1941-1942 (1957) - ADM 234/336. (17) Sinkingof the Scharnhorst (1950) - ADM 234/343. (42) Operation 'Neptune', 2 vols (1947) - ADM 234/366--7. (43) Naval Operations in theAssaultand Capture of Okinawa, March-June 1945 (Operation 'Iceberg') (1950) - ADM 234/368. (44) Arctic Convoys, 1941-1945 (1954) - ADM 234/369. (48/2) Home Waters and Atlantic, April 1940 - December 1941 (1961) - ADM 234/372. (50) Warwith Japan - Vol. VI, TheAdvance on Japan (1959)- ADM 234/379. (51) Defeat of the EnemyAttackon Shipping, 1939-1945, 2 vols (1957)- ADM 234/578. (52) Submarines Vol. 1, Home & Atlantic; vol.2, Mediterranean; Vol. 3, Far East (1953, 1955, 1956) - ADM 234/380-2. (53) The Development of British Naval Aviation, 1919-1945, 2 vols (1954, 1956) - ADM 234/383-4. ---, Admiralty Fleet Orders (AFOs) and Confidential Admiralty Fleet Orders (CAFOs) - ADM 182 series . ---, CB 04050 series, Monthly Anti-submarine Reports - ADM 199/2057-62. ---, CB 04110 series, HMSSjASE monthly reports, 1941-6 - copies DRE. - - - , CB 04272 series, Coastal Forces Periodic Review - copies NHB. ---, CB 4224 (42), Heightfinding by RD.F. (1942) - copy HMS Collingwood ---,CB 04092/42, Instructions forthe Use of IFF Setsand RDF Beacons (1942)- ADM 239/293. ---, CB 04092A/42, Summary of RDF Identification (IFF, RDF Beacons and Interrogators) (1942) - ADM 239/294. ---,CB 04262, Notes on the Direction ofFighters byHM Ships (1942 and 1944-5) - ADM 239/352 and photocopy CAe. ---, CB 3090, Instructions for Installation and Fitting of RD.F. Equipment and Associated Communications (1943)- copy NHB and photocopy CAC; not found in PRO. ---, CB 04092/44, Instructions for the Use of IFF Transponders and Radar Beacons byAlliedForces (1944) - ADM 239/295. ---, CB 4224(44), Height-finding by Radar (1944) - copy HMS Collingwood. - --, CB 004385 A, B, C, Report by the Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief Expeditionary Force on Operation 'Neptune'. (The AssaultPhase oftheInvasion of NW Europe, Operation 'Overlord'), 3 vols (Oct. 1944) - ADM 239/367. ---, CB 03143, Instructions forCoastal Force Warfare (1944), with appendix on Control Ship technique (1945) - ADM 239/220. ---, CB 4182/45, Radar Manual (Use of Radar) (1945) - ADM 239/307 and photocopy CAe. ---, CB 3180, Height Determination by Radar (1949) - copy HMS Collingwood. Select Bibliography 327

---,CB 4497, Simple Guide to Naval Radar (1949) - copy NHB and photocopy CAC; not found in PRO. ---, BR 2435, ex-CB 3213, Technical Staff Monograph: Radar 1939-45 (1954) ­ ADM 234/539 and photocopy CAC. AIR MINISTRY (Air Historical Branch), Second World War, RAF Signals- Vol. IV (CD 1063), Radar in RaidReporting (1950) - AIR 10/5519; Vol. VI (SD736), Radio in Maritime Warfare (1954) - AIR 10/5555. ALLISON, D. K, New Eye for the Navy: the Origin of Radar in the Naval Research Laboratory, NRL report 8466 (Washington DC, 1981). BALDWIN, Ralph B., The Deadly Fuze: Secret Weapon of World War 2 (Janes, London, 1980). BARNETI, Correlli, Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1991). BASSETI, Ronald, H.M.S. Sheffield: the Life and Times of 'Old Shiny', (Arms & Armour Press, London, New York and Sydney, 1988). BEESLY, Patrick, Very Special Intelligence: the Story of the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1977). BEKKER, c., Augen durch Nacht und Nebel (Gerhard Stalling Verlag, Oldenburg and Hamburg, 1958). ---, The War Diaries (Macdonald, London, 1967). BELCHEM, Major-General D., Victory in Normandy (Chatto & Windus, London, 1981). BOWEN, E.G., Radar Days (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1987). BRICKHILL, P., The Dam Busters (Evans Bros., London, 1950). BROWN, David, Carrier Operations in World War II: Vol. 1, the Royal Navy (Ian Allan, London, 1968, revised edition 1974). ---, The Royal Navy and the Falklands War (Leo Cooper, London, 1987). BURNS, Russell (ed.), Radar Development to 1945 (Peter Peregrinus/ lEE, London, 1988). BURTON, E. F. (ed.), Canadian NavalRadar Officers: the Storyof University Graduates forwhomPreliminary Training wasgiven in the Department of Physics, University of Toronto (University of Toronto Press, 1946). CALLICK, E. B., Metres to Microwaves: British development of active components of radar systems 1937 to 1944 (Peter Peregrinus/IEE, London, 1990). CHURCHILL, Winston 5., The Second World War (6 vols) (Cassell, London, 1948-54). ---, see also GILBERT. CLARK, Ronald W., The Riseof the Boffins (Phoenix House, London, 1962). ---, Tizard (Methuen, London, 1965). CLAYTON, Robert, and ALGAR, Joan, The GEC Research Laboratories, 1919-1984 (Peter Peregrinus/Science Museum, London, 1989). CONNELL, G. G., Valiant Quartet: His Majesty'sAnti-aircraft Cruisers Curlew, Cairo, Calcutta and Coventry (William Kimber, London, 1979). CONWAY, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, Part I, the Western Powers (Conway Maritime Press, London, 1983). COSTELLO, John, and HUGHES, Terry, The Battle ofthe Atlantic(Collins, London, 1977). CROWTHER, J. G. and WHIDDINGTON, R.,Science at War(HMSO, London, 1945). CUNNINGHAM, Admiral of the Fleet Lord , A Sailor's Odyssey (Hutchinson, London, 1951). CUNNINGHAME GRAHAM, Angus, Random Naval Recollections 1905-1951, Admiral Sir Angus Cunninghame Graham, KBE, CB, JP, of Gartmore (Farnedram Publishers, Gartochan, 1979). 328 Select Bibliography

ELUOTI, Peter, Allied Escort Ships of World WarII: A Complete Survey (Macdonald & Janes, London, 1977). ERSKIN, R, Il-boais, HomingSignals andHF DF, Intelligence and National Security (Frank Cass, London, 1987). FRIEDMAN, Norman, Naval Radar (Conway Maritime Press, Greenwich, 1981). ---, The Postwar Naval Revolution (Conway Maritime Press, London, 1986). ---, British Carrier Aviation (Conway Maritime Press, London, 1989). GILBERT, Martin, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. V, 1922-1939 (Heinemann, London, 1976); Vol. VI, Finest Hour, 1939-1941 (Book Club Associates, London, 1983); Vol. VII, Road to Victory, 1941-1945 (Heinemann, London, 1986). GRETION, Vice-Admiral Sir Peter, Crisis Convoy: The Story of HX.231 (Peter Davies, London, 1974). GUERLAC, Henry E., Radar in World WarII (2 vols) (Tomash/American Institute of Physics, New York, 1987). HANBURY-BROWN, R, Boffin (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1991). HARTCUP, Guy, The Challenge of War: Scientific and Engineering Contributions to World War Two (David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1970). - and ALLIBONE, T. E., Cockcroft and the Atom (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1981). HENNEY, K., Radio Engineering Handbook, 5th Edition (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959). HESSLER, G., The U-boat War in the Atlantic (HMSO, London, 1989). HEZLET, Sir Arthur, The Submarine and Sea Power (Peter Davies, London, 1967). ---, The Electron and Sea Power (Peter Davies, London, 1975). HINSLEY, F. H. et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War (3 vols) (HMSO, London, 1979, 1981, 1984). HOWSE, Derek, Radar at Sea: The Royal Navy in World War 2 (Macmillan, Basingstoke and London, 1993). JOHNSON, 8., The Secret War (BBC Books, London, 1979). JONES, R V., Most Secret War (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1978). KNOWLES-MIDDLETON, W. E., Radar Development in Canada: the Radio Branch of the National Research Council of Canada, 1939-1946 (Wilfred Laurier University Press, Ontario, 1981). LEWIN, R, Ultra Goes to War (Hutchinson, London, 1978). LOVELL, Bernard, P.M.S.Blackett: a Biographical Memoir (Royal Society, London, 1976). ---, Echoes of War: The Story of H2S Radar (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1991). ---, seealso SAWARD. MACINTYRE, Donald G. F.W., U-boat Killer (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1956). ---, The (Batsford, London, 1961). ---, Fighting Admiral:the Life of Admiralof the Fleet Sir James Somerville, GCB, GBE, DSO (Evans Bros., London, 1961). MILLINGTON DRAKE, Sir Eugene, The Drama of the GrafSpee and the Battle of the Plate (Peter Davies, London, 1964). MONTGOMERY, Field Marshal the Viscount, Normandy to the Baltic (Hutchinson & Co., London, 1958). MONTGOMERY HYDE, H ., British Air Policy Between the Wars, 1918-1939 (Heinemann, London, 1976). MORISON, S.E., Historyof USN Operations in World War II, Vol. I, The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1943 (1953); Vol. X, The Atlantic Battle Won , May 1943-May 1945 0956) (Atlantic-Little, Brown Books/Oxford University Press). MULLENHEIM-RECHBERG, Baron Burkard von (SWEETMAN,J. tr.), Battleship Bismarck: a Survivor's Story (The Bodley Head, London, 1980). Select Bibliography 329

OTIAWA, Naval Officers Association of Canada, Salty Dips, Vol. 1 (Ottawa, 1983). PACK, S.W.C, Night Action off Matapan (Ian Allan, London, 1972). ---, The Battle of Sirte (Ian Allan, London, 1975). PAGE, Robert Morris, The Origin of Radar (Doubleday/Anchor, New York, 1962). PARSONS, I. (ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Sea Warfare (Salamander Books, London, 1975). POOLMAN, Kenneth, Allied Escort Carriers in World War Two in Action (Blandford, London, 1988). POSTAN, M.M., HAY, D., and SCOTI, J. D., History of the Second World War­ Design and Development of Weapons, Chapter XV - 'The Development of Radar' (HMSO/Longman Green, London, 1964). POTTER, John Deane, Fiasco: the Break-out of the German Battleships (Heinemann, London, 1970). PRICE, Alfred, Instruments of Darkness: the History of Electronic Warfare (William Kimber, London, 1967) (2nd ed ., London, 1977). PRITCHARD, David, The Radar War: Germany's Pioneering Achievements 1905-1945 (Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1989). RAVEN, A, and ROBERTS, J., British Battleships in World War II (Arms and Armour Press, London, 1976). ---, British Cruisers in World War II (Arms & Armour Press, London, 1980). ROBERTSON, Terence, Walker, R.N. (Evans Bros., London, 1958). ROHWER, [iirgen, The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943: the Battle for HX.229/ SC.122 (Ian Allan, London, 1977). ROSKILL, S.W., The War at Sea 1939-1945 (3 vols) (HMSO, London, 1954, 1956, 1960-1). ---, Hankey (3 vols) (Collins, London, 1970-4). ---, Churchill and the Admirals (Collins, London, 1977). ROWE, A P., One Story of Radar (Cambridge University Press, 1948). SAWARD, Dudley, Bernard Lovell: a Biography (Hall, London, 1984). SAYER, Brig. AP., Second World War, Army Radar (War Office, London, 1958). SCHOFIELD, Vice Admiral B.B., The Loss of the Bismarck (Ian Allan, London, 1972). ---, Navigation and Direction: the Story of HMS Dryad (Kenneth Mason, Havant, 1977). SCOTI, Peter, The Battle of the Narrow Seas:a Historyof the LightCoastal Forces ill the Channel and North Sea , 1939-1945 (Country Life, London, 1945). SMITH, Peter C, TaskForce 57: The British Pacific Fleet 1944-1945 (William Kimber, London, 1969). SOMERVILLE,Sir James, see MACINTYRE. SWORDS, S.S., Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar (Peter Peregrinus/IEE, London, 1986). TAYLOR, Denis, and WESTCOTT, C H., Principles of Radar (Cambridge University Press, 1948). TERMAN, F.E., Radio Engineer's Handbook (McGraw-Hill, New York). TIZARD, Sir Henry, see CLARK. TRENKLE, F., Die deutschen Funkpeil-und-Horchoeriahren bis 1945 (AEG/Dr Hiithig-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1981). ---, Die deutschen Funksuiroeriahren bis 1945 (AEG/Dr Hiithig-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1981). ---, Die deutschen Funkmej3verfahren bis 1945 (AEG/Dr Hiithig-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986). 330 Select Bibliography

VIAN, Sir Philip, ActionThis Day:a War Memoir (Frederick Muller, London, 1960). WAR OFFICE, see SAYER. WATSON, D.W., and WRIGHT, H.E., Radio Direction Finding (Van Nostrand Rheinhold [Marconi Series], 1971). WATSON-WATT, Sir Robert, Three Steps toVictory (Odhams Press, London, 1957). WHITLEY, M.J., Destroyers of World War II: an International Encyclopedia (Arms & Armour Press, London, Sydney, 1988). WILMOT, c., The Struggle for Europe (Collins, London, 1952). WINTON, John, The Forgotten Fleet (Michael Joseph, London, 1969). ---, Sink the Haguro (Seeley, London, 1978). ---, Find, Fix,and Strike (Batsford, London, 1980). ---, The Death of the Scharnhorst (A. Bird Publications, Chichester and New York, 1983). ---, Ultra at Sea (Leo Cooper, London, 1988). General Index

Primary references to Royal Naval, Allied, German and Japanese radio/radar equipments are given in the Equipment Index from p. 362; German equipments are detailed from p. 367.

Civilian staff of HM Signal School and Admiralty Signal Establishment are indicated by the terms HMSS, HMSS/ASE or ASE according as their period of service was before, through or after the change from HMSS to ASE (August 1941)

Figure and Diagram references are given by page numbers in bold type.

A layout, 162 Abbotscliff House, Folkestone, 197 requirements, 151-3, 155-6 accuracy/ precision of radar: RP Branch, 157 bearing accuracy: British radar, 108, to sea, 161-4, 169 176 in Action, 169 bearing accuracy German radar: Action Information Training Centre requirements, 276; comparison (AITC), 3D, 156-61, 165 with optics, 190, 280; against Adcock, F., 233; seealso antennae aircraft, 274-5, 281-6; against A-Display (A-Scan), see Displays surface craft, 279, 281; beam­ Adkins, Bruce M. (HMSS/ASE): switching/ 'Quirl' / 'Radattel' , contributor, 227 282, 283, 287; specific sets, 279, Monitor Station, 197, 199 281, 283, 292, 294, 295 Elint Mission, 211 elevation accuracy, 283, 295 monitor-receiver trials, 208 gunnery accuracy, 78 pre-NEPTUNE jammer trials, 219-20 range accuracy: German radar, 281, ID-<:m jammers, 224 283, 292, 294, 295; gunnery and jamming of Japanese radar, 226 radar, 12, 56, 58-60; radar v Admiral GrafSpee, (German pocket optical rangefinder, 48-9, 78, 97, battleship), 192-3, 274, 275 192, 280; warning radar, 11 Admiral Hipper, (German cruiser), 279 range-rate accuracy, 97 Admiral's Plot, see Plots bearing accuracy HF DF, 251-2, AdmiralScheer (German battleship), 279 257-8 Admiralty, Board of: 'acorn' valve, 315 AA and searchlight uses, 54 acoustic detection, see Asdic Alder's Radar Patent, 270 acoustic diversions, 218 Ala, 30, 156, 161, 164-5 Action Information Centre (AIC), xxiii, Fifth Sea Lord, 178 30, 155-6; see also ADR, OR, TIR guided-missiles, 7&-7 Action Information Organisation HF DF calculations, 251 (Ala): Intelligence, 199,223,255 general, Monograph 3 jamming, 195-6,215 ad hoc Alas, 29 Naval radar authorised, xxi aims, 150 priorities, 7-8, 182 Coordinating Authority, 164-5 radio-guided bombs, 212

331 332 General Index

Admiralty, Board of (cont.) specifications for Naval radars, 33 Second Sea Lord, 178 Tantallon, 219 Admiralty: TI radar, 33 Fire-Control Clock, 49 trainers, 160 Fire-Control Table, 49 twin-channel CRDF, 241 Fleet Order (AFO), ISS, 161 XG2, see RCM Section (above) Admiralty Departments, 315; see XRE3, 224,225, 226 Airfields and Carriers for earlier references, see HMSS Requirements, Naval Ordnance, Aegean Sea, 182 Ordnance Survey, Signal (up to aerials, see antennae 1944),Torpedoes and Mines 'after-action' radar sets, 313 Admiralty, Naval Staff Divisions, see AI, 365 Air Warfare and Training, Anti­ aiming by radar, 130-5 Submarine Warfare, Gunnery and air-conditioning, 183 AA Warfare, Naval Air, Naval air cover,gapless, 14 Construction, Navigation, Signal aircraft carriers, 28, 91, 149, 174, 176, (from 1944) 183-4 Admiralty Research Laboratory (ARL), Aircraft Direction, see fighter 28, 86, 158, 169 direction Admiralty Staff Requirements, see Aircraft Direction Centre, Kete, 178 Naval Staff Requirements Aircraft Direction Room: Admiralty Signal Establishment (ASE): design, 157, 163 Anglo-US Investigation teams, 214, equipment, 32, 181 293 formerly 'Fighter Direction', 30, ISS, Application Officers, 231 184 Auto-Radar Plot, 158 training, 161 CAAlS,160 working conditions, 183 CCU, 169, 316 and AFO's, 161 Direction FindingDivision, 244-5,254 in Action, 164 enemy equipment intelligence, 223, aircraft-propellor modulation, 79, 254 132-3,273 FD radar, 180 aircraft, reconnaissance, 28 formation of ASE, 199,230 Air Defence Position, (ADP), 29 guided-missiles, 77 Air Defence Officer, 28 klystron development, 202 Airfields and Carriers Requirements MF DF,262-3 Department, Admiralty, 182 Pinewood, 224 Air Operations Room, 30, 149, 156 Polish colleagues, 231, 239, 241, 247 Air-Sea Rescue, 182 PPI predictions, 168 Air Plot, see Plots Radar Countermeasures (RCM) Air Signal Officer, lSI, 175 Section: American liaison, 211; Air Warfare & Training Division, anti-'Seetakt' system, 199; Admiralty, 182 countering E-boats, 200; Air Warning system, 7 DRAGOON, 221-2; NEPTUNE, Albacore aircraft, 313 216-17,218,219; Glider-bombs, Alder, L.S.B. (HMSS/ ASE), xxi, 270 212-13; jamming, lO-cm, 222, Aldis lamp, 28 224-5; monitoring enemy Alexandria, 166 radars, 203-9, 215; radar Allen West Ltd, Brighton, 211 interception, 10-cm, 223-4; Allied countermeasures for Far East, shipborne jamming, 201-2; '2' 222-3 Stations, 197, 199, 218 Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief radar for Merchant Navy, 170 Expeditionary Force (ANCXF), staffing, 197, 210-11, 230 160, 216, 218, 219 General Index 333

Allied Naval communications traffic, common transmit/receive working, 261 xxii, 12, 316; see also Types 277, Allied radar captured: 279, 281B, 282, 285 ASV Mk.II, 210, 276-7 cupola, 286, 289, 291 li2S, 209, 223,276,284,290,293,295, design, 60, 303 300,307 dipole, 317: bi-conical array, 196, nzx. 223, 291, 295 198,201,265; 'Bow-tie', in Allied Technical Mission - enemy reflector, 301, 301; equipment, 285, 293 offset.spinning, 283, 291; early Allies, 199,202,204,212,214 jammers, 194 Alred, R.V. (liMSS/ASE), 222 directional, 197,236-40,249,299 Ambuscade, liMS (destroyer), 16, 67 dummy-load, 219 America, United States of, 215 'fan'-beam, 26 American airborne forces, 220 feeders: balanced lines, 237-9; American Air Force, 209 impedance-matching, 288; American-British Laboratory.Malvern, waveguides, 37, 79, 196, 198, 211 203, 204, 205, 206 American Force 'U', 220 for Hf DF: 'Adcock' antennae, American Hf DF, see U.S. Navy 233-4, 246-8, 249, 252, 253; American jammers, 219, 221 'Bellini-Tosi' (BT) antenna, 234, American Officers, 219 235, 237; 'Beverage' antenna, American radar, 291; see also Types SA, 254; development team, 238; SJ, SK, SL, SM-1, SO, SQ, YE in Frame-Coil S25B, 238, 240; Equipment Index general, 236-40; German American Intelligence, 223 photograph of British antennae, amphibious operations, 201; see also 261; German wideband system, DRAGOON, NEPTUNE, 299; German 'U-Adcock', 253; Madagascar height, 236; loop and spaced­ analogue circuits, 66 loop, 233, 239, 247, 253; Anglo-American Forces, 222 restrictions, 237; rotation, 234, Anglo-American investigation teams, 253; 'sense' antenna, 237, 258; 214,224 sea trials, 247; shore-based, 249; angular rate-of-change, 50 siting, 236-7; USN equivalents, anomalous propagation, see 245, 252-3; 'Wiillenweber' propagation circular array, 254; Anson, liMS (battleship), 66, 162 for submarines, 285, 299 antennae: gain, 22 'Adcock': fundamentals, 248; 'U'­ German systems, 223 form, 233-4, 249, 252, 253; 'li'­ height, 9, 22 form, 233-4, 246; earth-mat, 249; lobes, see polar-diagrams, below polarisation errors, 233, 249, location (DF), 236-7 253; sky-wave, 233, 247 loop (magnetic dipole for DF), 233 aperture, 253, 281, 294 'mattress', on German radar, 273 beam-splitting, 130 monitoring, 203 beam-swinging, 61-3 parabolic reflector, 294 beam-switching, xxii, 98, 128-9, 130, paraboloid, 22 316 'pencil'-bearn, 26 beamwidth,44, 60-2, 127, 128-9, 168 polar-diagrams, 9, 62, 282 'Bellini-Tosi', 234, 235, 237 rotatable, 21 'Beverage', 254 scanning, conical: Allied radar, 70, carrier, 127 71, 73, 74, 130, 131, 132; German 'cheese', 19,22,37,44; see also Types radar, 276, 283, 291, 294; see also 271X, 276, 293/Q, 993, 994 'Quirl' 334 General Index

antennae (cant.) Athabaskan, HMCS (destroyer), 211 spaced-loop, 233, 253 'Athos', 367 stabilisation, 22, 75, 80, 280 Atlantic, Battle of, 153-5, 169, 178-80, T/R, see antennae - common 210, 229-30 transmit/receive working atmospheric conditions, 9~ vertical 'sense'-aerial, 234 atmospheric 'noise', 235 'Yagi' Cfishbone'), 53 atmospheric turbulence, 78 Anti-Aircraft control, 108 atomic bomb, 226 anti-aircraft defence, 87 'Augen durch Nacht und Nebel', 295 Anti-Aircraft fire, 75, 96, 271 'aural-null', see HF DF Anti-Aircraft gunnery: Aurora, HMS (light cruiser), xxii against guided-bombs, 211, 213 Auto-Barrage Unit (ABU), seegunnery, errors, 97, 106 radar, blind-fire future plans, 101, 111-12 auto-following, xxii, 60, 8D-l, 112, 144 German view on British Naval AA automatic gain control, (AGC), 67-8, fire, 95 246 'ultimate' design, 112-14 automation, 65,97, 158 and Admiralty view, 8 Auto-Radar Plot, see Plots Anti-Aircraft Range,Eastney, xxi 'Availability, Reliability and Anti-Aircraft shells, 94, 9~ Maintainability', 241-2 anti-cyclonic weather, 282 AVALANCHE, Operation (Salerno anti-divebomber radar, 53 landings), 212, 214-5 anti-jamming, 11, 222 Avenger aircraft, 183, 313 anti-missile missiles, 83 Awards, Distinguished Service Cross, anti-ship guided-weapons, 191 203 anti-submarine measures, 21, 183-4 Monograph 6; see also Atlantic (Battle B 00, If-boats BABS, (CCA), 310 Anti-Submarine Warfare Division, Bainbridge-Bell, L.H. (HMSS/ASE), Admiralty, 164 193 Antwerp, 168-9 Baker, P.T.W. (HMSS/ASE), 203, 211 Anzio, Operation SHINGLE, 213, 214 'Bali 1',367 Application Officers, 231 balloons, barrage, 200, 218-9 Arbroath,178 balloon-borne radar reflectors, 222 Archangel, 167 balloons, decoy, 219 Arctic, 279 Bank-class (auxiliary AA ships), 311 Area Z, 217, 218, 220 'Barbara' , 367 Ark Royal, HMS (fleet carrier), 151, 173, Barfield, R.H. (NPL), 248 175,177 Barfleur, HMS (destroyer), 66 ARL Table, see Plotting Barkhausen-Kiirz oscillator, 270 Armed Merchant Cruisers (AMC), 311 Barracuda aircraft, 313 Army, General Staff Requirements, 76 barrage fire-control radar, see gunnery Army radar, 12-13,54,76,86 radar Arromanches, 221 Barrett, J.O.G. (Plessey Co.), 241 A-scan, see Displays Battle-class destroyers (post-WW2), Asdic: 157 Asdic Control Room, 156, 161 'Battleaxe', 366 combined DF/Radar/ Asdic action, battleships: 153-4,256 FC equipment, 35, 49 plotting, 148, 154-5, 171 jammers, 201 and surfaced U-boats at night, 19 roll and pitch characteristics, 91 assault craft, 215, 222 andAIO, 161,162, 180 ASV, 365 and Plots, 179, 182 General Index 335

in Operations, 202, 214, 222 blind-fire radar, see gunnery radar Bawden, D.G.R. (ASE), 211 blind pilotage, 169, 170-1 'B-bar' (Ll-boat sighting reports), 232, Blitzkrieg, 94, 276 257 Blucher (German cruiser), 279 'B Dienst' (German intercept Bofors gun, 52, 66, 71, 72 organisation), 261 'bogey', 179 beach-finding, 168 bombardment, 152, 164, 168, 221 beam-aiming, 82, 131, 133 bombers, 282 beam-deflection, 81 bombers, medium, 24 beam-riding, 77, 82, 316 bombers, supersonic, 35 beam-scanning, 37, 81 bombing aids, 291 beam-splitting/swinging/switching, bombing raids on UK, 201 see antennae bombs, 35 beamwidth, see antennae Boot, Dr H.A.H. (Birmingham bearing determination: University), 19,202,226 aural-null (A/N) method, 234-5, Bordeaux, 210 249-50, 258, 274, 282; see also HF Borthwick, Lieutenant-Commander DF W.]. RNVR, 177-80 lobe-maximum method, 273, 274, Boulogne, 194, 218, 222 285, 290, 293 'Boulogne', 367 beat frequency oscillator (BFa), 249, Bowden cable drive, 21 316 Boxer, HMS (FD ship), 313 Beesly, P. (Author cited), 261 Boyd, Rear-Admiral Denis W., 177 Bekker, C. (Author cited), 295 Breit, G (Carnegie Institution, USA), Belfast, HMS (cruiser), 152 270 Belfast, 182 'Brewerton Crawler', 171 Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL), Bridge Plotting Room, 156, 164 (USA): Bridge Wireless Office, 175 estimates of shell-flight roughness, Bristol University, 19, 67 120, 120, 121, 122, 123 Britain, Battle of, 194, 298 Bellini, E., 234 British Airborne Forces, 220 'Bellini-Tosi' (8-T) antenna system, British Naval communications traffic, 234,235 261 Bellona, HMS (cruiser), 202 British Naval Intelligence, 263 Bembridge, , 222 British Pacific Aeet, 30, 180, 183, 184, Berlin Cathedral, 273 226 'Berlin' Series, 367 British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd. 'Beverage' antennae, 254 (BTH),195 'Biene f', 367 Brittany, 201, 214 'Bigsworth board', 175, 179 Brown (John) & Co Ltd, 152 binoculars, 50 Bruce, A. (ASE), 211, 227 Birmingham-elass cruisers, 99 Bryant, K. (ASE), 199 Birmingham University, 19, 67, 202, Budden, R. (AGE et al.), 145 226 Burma coast, assaults, 184 Biscay, Bay of, 212 Burtt, G.]. (HMSS/ASE) (also Bismarck (German battleship), 151, 280, Lieutenant (Sp) RNVR), 239 289 Busignies, H. (France), 245, 252 Black Prince, HMS (cruiser), 201 BUSTER,72 Blagborough, L. (HMSS/ASE), 200 Blaupunkt (German manufacturer), C 302 Calais, 222 'Blau-Strumpf (German long 'Calais', 367 afterglow CRT), 290 calibration of equipment, 236, 242, 244 336 General Index

Cambridge University, 276 coastal-defence radar (German), 289­ camouflage, 177 90 Campania, HMS (escort carrier), xxiii,24 coaxial-cable, 242 Canadian attack on Dieppe, 218 Cockburn, Dr R., later Sir Robert Canadian development and (TRE), 203, 217, 218 production of Naval radar sets, Coke, Commander Charles P, (FAA) 170,312 (later Captain), 175, 177, 178 Canadian Navy, 201, 211, 214 Collingwood, HMS (radar and electrical Cap d'Antifer peninsula, 217, 217, 221 school) (Fareharn, ), 146 Cap Griz Nez (German radar site), 194 Collins Radio Co., USA, 253 Captain-class frigates (Lend-lease), collision avoidance, 166 161, 313 Cologne, 269 cardioid polar diagram, 234, 240, 299 Colony-class frigates (Lease-lend), 313 Carina, HMS (ex-steam-yacht), 207-8 Combat air patrol (CAP), 164, 174, 183 Carlisle, HMS (AA cruiser), 13, 40, 311 Combined Operations, navigation Carnegie Institution, USA, 270 radar, 312 carriers, aircraft, 28, 91, 149, 174, 176, common T/R working, 283, 296, 316 183-4 Communications Branch of Royal Cathode-Ray Direction Finder(CRDF), Navy, 164 see HF OF communications, German, 271 Cavendish, HMS (destroyer), 169 communications, internal, 28-9, 128, centimetric radar, see Wavelength 176, 179, 183, 254 Ceylon, HMS (cruiser), 26 communications, monitoring, 200; see Ceylon, 181, 211 also U-boats Chain Home (CH), (RAF radar), 12, Compass Platform, 148, 158 194,298 computers, 56, 84, 111, 179 Chart Comparison Unit (CCU), 169 Computer-Assisted Action 'Chase-me-Charlie', see Hs 293 Information System (CAAIS), 160 , 154 'Condor', Focke-Wulf aircraft, 173, 178, Cherbourg, 200 180, 183-4, 210, 277 Cherbourg Peninsula, 192, 220, 282, Confidential Admiralty Fleet Orders 302-3 (CAFOs), 178 Chesapeake, River (USA), 166 conical scanning, see antennae, chronology of development of radar scanning sets, xxi Conning Tower, 285 Churchill, Sir Winston (Prime contour detection maps, 216, 217 Minister), 180 Control Officer, 50 Civilian Shore-Wireless Service, 259 controlled projectiles, see guided­ clandestine operations, 29, 152 missiles Cleveland, HMS (destroyer), 155 convoy escorts: Close-Range Blind-Fire Director, 72, interception, U-boat radar, 203, 310 223-4 close-range blind-fire, radar, xxiii monitoring E-boats, 200 close support to assault troops, 181 roll and pitch characteristics, 91 clutter, see sea-clutter and HF OF, 229, 232, 242, 256 Coales, J.p. (later Professor), (HMSS/ sets fitted, 18, 21 ASE), frontispiece, 53, 77 'Convoy-Wave', 254 coast-batteries (German), 202 convoys, general, 231, 261 Coastal Command, see Royal Air convoys - monitoring for U-boat Force radars, 203, 223-4 coastal craft & coastal forces, xxiii, 18, convoys - classified geographically: 91, 152, 160, 165 Arctic,183 coastal defence, xxii, xxiii Atlantic, 21, 29, 151, 183, 260 General Index 337

East Coast, 151, 154, 161 D English Channel, 29, 151, 155, 161, Danzig, 297 193, 195-6,221 data reporting, 28 Malta , 173, 175, 180 data smoothing, 48 North Africa, 212 data transmission, 33, 86, 97 North Sea, 151 Davis, N.E. (HMSS/ASE)(on loan from Russia, 29, 151, 152, 166 Marconi): corner-reflectors, 218-19 formation RCM Section, 193-4 , HMS (cruiser), 179 jammers: at Dover, 195-6; shipborne, Cornell University, roughness-scales, 201, 210, 215; transmitters, 195, 120, 120, 121, 122, 123 211 ; Hl-cm, 222 Corregidor, 209 post-WW2, 224, 227 Corsica, 221 training, 210 corvettes, 21 and Far East, 209, 222-3 Cotentin peninsula, German radar and Glider-bombs, 213 stations, 217, 217, 221 and 'noise', 215 counter-countermeasures, 196, 197 D-Day, 219-20, 221 countermeasures, see electronic- and 'Decca Navigator', 366 radar-countermeasures deception, 197,220-2 Courrier Bay, Madagascar, 167, 172 Deception Operations, 219 Cousins, SW. (ASE), 197, 203, 206-7, decimetric radar, see wavelength 209,216,221-4 Defence Assumptions, 85 Craig Computer, 179 Delight, HMS (destroyer), 192, 282 Crampton, C. (HMSS/ASE), 230, 231, Denmark, 254 244, 245, 256 Department of Scientific & Industrial cranes, 244 Research (DSIR), 235 Crete, evacuation of, 166 Der Fiihrer, 305; seealso Hitler cross-roll compensation, 138 design, see radar set design cruisers: destroyers: AA-cruisers,97 AFCC,49 AFCT,49 FCB,49 AIO, 161, 162 Fuze Keeping Clock, 87 FD, 179, 180 need for radar, 16 HACS, 87, 94 Plots and Plotting, 148, 154 jamming, 201 roll and pitch characteristics, 91 Plots and plotting, 148, 182 Staff Requirements, Gun Direction, pre-radar information gathering, 28 35-6 radar, WS, 152 target in radar trials, 21, 26, 54, 56 roll and pitch characteristics, 91, 91- and AITC, 165 2 and FD, 178 Staff requirements, gun direction, 35 in Action, 153 as target in radar trials, 26, 56 in Operations, 160,202 in NEPTUNE, 202 sets fitted, 16, 18, 21, 37 in Scharnhorst action, 152-3, 201, 279 detection of propellor modulation, 273 in SPELLBINDER, 202 detection of radar/ radio crystal-controlled oscillators, 68 transmissions, 176,254 'Cuba', 367 detection of reflections of own radar, 'cult of third best', 240 209 Culver, HMS (cutter, ex-USCG), 241 DeTe: cupola, 286, 289, 291 German radar acronym, 278 Curlew, HMS (AA cruiser), xxi, 12, 175 DeTe 1, 279 curvature of earth, 9-10, 42, 43 DeTe 101, 279 CV 39, 366 deterrent fire, 112 338 General Index

Deutschland (German battleship), 279 CCU, 168, 169; development, 14; Devonport,214 German, 223, 283, 290, 294; Devonshire, HMS (heavy cruiser), 167 hand-rotation, 18; heat Dido, HMS (AA cruiser), xxii, 13 generation, 183; Johnston Dido-class cruisers, 58 Trainer, 160; in FD, 173, 181; in Diego Suarez, Madagascar, 167 navigation, 166, 167-8, 17Q-1;in dielectric properties, 70 night operations, 169; in tactics, dielectric-rod elements, 291, 292, 292, 14, 3D, 153; 'JE' model, 181; PPI 293, 303, 304 charts and predictions, 168, 169 Dieppe,218 Sector Displays, 294, 317 diesel exhaust, 262 Skiatron, 158, 159, 181, 317 digital processing, 37, 75 dive-bombers, 29, 52, 53 digital techniques, 66 Diversionary Forces, 220 directed projectiles, see guided-missiles Doersam, P. (ASE) (American), 211 direction finding, seeHF DF Dominik, Hans (German engineer), 269 Director Control Towers: Donitz, Admiral K. (German Navy), definition, 84, 317 231 early improvements, 97 Doppler effect, 106, 273 general, 90 Dorsetshire, HMS (heavy cruiser), 179 HACS,87 Douglas, , 207 LA gunnery, 49 Dover: limitations on antennae, 69 Castle, 195 optical problems, 96 CD conversion of Type 271, xxii pre-WW2 situation, 86 Command, 196 remote control, 70 Straits, 193, 196, 199, 221 servo-system and 'error', 70 monitor receivers, 195, 205-ii stabilisation, 110 mobile intercept laboratory, 209 Type 275 radar with Mark 6 Naval Radar Monitor Station, 197-9 Director, 108-9 Radio War at Dover, 196-7 variants, 100-1, 101, 102, 103 '2' Stations, 196, 198, 218, 221, 222 without radar, 90 and 'Matador', 215 and auto-following, 112-13 DRAGOON, Operation (invasion of Directorate of Royal Artillery, War Southern France), 202, 221-2 Office (DRA), 76 'DrauE',367 discrimination, 127,317 Dryad, HMS (Navigation School) (later angular discrimination, 13, 60, 70 Navigation Directing School), bearing discrimination, 26, 30, 63, 68, 156-7,165 79 Dukeof York, HMS (battleship), 152-3, range discrimination, II, 18, 60, 68 158, 162, 201 elevation discrimination, 79 dummy-load (for testing), 219 target discrimination, 60, 75 Dungeness, 196 Displays: Dunkirk,16 A-scan, 127, 317: antenna moved by Durban, 152 hand, 21; electronic cursor, 59; Dutch coast, 280 ranging, 16; slow-fade for heightfinding, 183; and beam­ E switching, 62; and FD, 181; and Eagle, HMS (fleet carrier), 177 5D-<:m gunnery radar, 53; and Earls Court, London, 294 Type 272, 21 early warning, see warning radar B-scope,34, 144 earth-mat, 249, 252 Direction Finding, 182, 249-50 East Coast, 7, 178, 209 Plan Position Indicator, (PPl), 127, East Indies War Theatre, 162 317: introduced, xxiii, 3D, 152; Eastern (East Indies) Aeet, 152, 179 General Index 339

Eastney,222 Elkins, Captain R.F., 77 Eckersley, T.L. (Marconi), 233 Elliott Brothers, 75 E-boats: Emergency-class destroyers, 152 communications monitored, 191, 'Enemy Reports', 148 199-201 English Channel, 7, 161, 192-3, 199, threat, 7, 29, 151, 154, 193 201,282 FD technique in countering, 160 Enigma, 232 German radar, 303 environment for radar at sea: surrendered, 224, 303 general, 50, 72, 183 tactics, 200 gun blast, 47, 286 and WRNS, 200 sea motion: lurching, 131; pitching and Type 271, 21 and rolling, 32, 47, 49, 91, 131, in NEPTUNE, 221 133, 280; slamming, 47, 131; echoes: yawing, 47, 131, 133; and amplitude, 23, 132, 132 'cheese ' antennae, 20; and land,183 optical rangefinders, 96 modulation, 132-3, 273 vibration, 47, 286 Eddystone Light, 166 Erebus, HMS (monitor), 201, 215 Egret, HMS (sloop), 211 E-region, of ionosphere, 270 Elac (German firm), 293 errors: electric-razors - as jammers, 212, 213 general, 114-16 Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd 'glint', 133 (EMI), xxii, 33, 37, 42, 144 gunnery: aiming, 68, 70, 82, 102, 112, Electronic Countermeasures (ECM): 125, 126, 128-9, 130, 131, 135; against airborne radar, 210 angular rate, 104-5; coincidence against Japan, 225-7 range-finder, 97; in radar beginnings in RN, 193-5 technique, 58; FC, 117-18; FC contour detection maps, 216 and Weapon, 82; future-aiming, end of ECM war in Europe, 222-4 94-5, 106; future-position, 51, first operational test of RN jamming, 62, 74, 82-3, 87, 106, 114, 116, 195-6 117-18, 119, 120, 121, 123; formation of RCM Section, 191, 194 future-range, 94, 98, 106; fuze German guns at Dover Straits, 191, settings, 94, 95, 98; general 195-6 aspects, 82; inherent, 74, 79, 97, jamming via side-lobes, 217 126, 130; other, 109-12; overall, monitoring E-boat communications, 130; prediction, 126; predictor, 199-201 117-18; predictor and gunnery Naval Monitor Stations, 197-9 radar, 82; present-position, 62, Operation DRAGOON, 221-2 74, 105; range and ranging, 49­ Operation NEPTUNE, 214-21 50, 56, 125, 128-9, 130; range­ radio-guided missiles, 212-14 rate, 62, 94; study of MRSS,114; radio war at Dover, 196-7 the correcting process, 49; reflection parameters, 216 'throw-off', 109, 111, 118, 119; shipborne radar jammer, 201-2 tracking, 75 trials at Tantallon, 219 HF DF: instrumental Coctantal'), IG-cm, 202-9, 224-5 253; leptokurtic distribution of, electronic intelligence, 210-11 251; polarisation, 233, 249, 253; Electronic Intelligence Missions (Elint), range, 246; residual, 241, 258; 210-11, 212, 318 site, 236 electronic reconnaissance, 297 navigational, 254 electronic scanning of antenna, 290 tracking, 75, 78, 81 Electronics Industry, 66 'Erstling', 367 Elevation Control Unit (ECU), 136 escort carriers, 153, 182, 183, 222, 313 340 General Index

Etter, Sub-Lieutenant, RCNVR, 241 and Type 279, 12 'Euklid', 367 Fighter Direction Branch, Admiralty, Exeter, HMS (cruiser), 192 174 Experimental Department, HMSS, see Fighter Direction Centre, 156 HMSS Fighter Direction Officers, 157, 165, 177-80, 182 F Fighter Direction Office/Room, 155, Fakley, D.e. (ASE), 254 173, 176, 180, 182; see also ADR fall-of-shot, see shell-splash spotting Fighter Direction Ships, 178, 310 'Fano',367 Fighter Direction Training School, 156, Fanning, Commander Antony E., 157, 173, 177-8 (Author, Monograph 3), xxv Filter Officer, 179, 182 Far East, 161, 223, 226 filtering, of jamming signals, 194 Famborough, 213 financial implications, 50 fear - of transmissions being detected, Finisterre, 211 254 Finnimore, T.e. (HMSS/ASE), 239 feeders, see antenna feeders Fire-Control, 116-18: Feldburg, Germany, 303 AA,96 Field, I.e.G. (HMSS/ASE) (later equipment: Fire-Control Box (FCB), Captain RN), 199,210-11,213-15, 49; Fire-Control Clock, 136; Fire­ 222,227 Control Table, 55, 63, 99-100, field-strength, 246, 275 136,149; Field-Strength meter, 246 Naval Fire-Control Group, 145 Fifth Sea Lord, 178 radar, see gunnery radar fighter-bombers, 120 split responsibility pre-WW2, 86 fighter direction/interception: systems, see gun direction systems general, 7, 25, 173 Fire Distribution Officer, 100 pre-WW2, 174 Firefly aircraft, 313 birth of FD in RN, 174-7 flag signals, 150 Admiralty Fleet Orders, 161 flak fire-control radar, 192, 196, 271 Ark Royal, 151, 175 flak defences, 282 CAP, 164, 174, 183 flak-suppression, 183 convoy protection, 153, 178-9 Fleet AA Fire Distribution, 32 development, 178-81, 181-3 Fleet Air Arm, 210 displays, 158, 159, 181-2 Fleet carriers, 178-9, 182 German, 196, 271 Fleet destroyers, 22, 169 Heightfinders, 16 Fleet Fighter Direction Officer, 179, 182 'in Action', 174-5, 183-4 Fleming, Lieutenant-Commander A., Methods: Directive Method, 175, 178 178; Informative Method, 175, Flotilla Leaders, 154 178 Fly Plane System (FPS), 109, 110, 139 Naval Staff requirements, 8, 24, 180, Focke-Wulf FW200 (Condor) aircraft, 181 (German), 173, 178, 180, 183-4, Norwegian campaign, 174 210,277 plots: Air Plot, 150; Auto-Radar Plot, Folkestone area, 195, 197 158; 'home-made' plots, 29 Force H, 173, 175, 180 priority, 182 foremast-head, 236 radar, xxiii, 24-5, 173, 175-6, 180-1 Formidable, HMS (fleet carrier), 177, 180 saturation, 180 FORTITUDE, Operation (Deception simulation, 177-8 Operation in NEPTUNE), 218-19 training, 177-8 France, 192, 193,210,221,282,298 and Sheffield, 175 Fraser, Admiral Sir Bruce, 180 and Type 277, 24 Free French scientists, 252-3 General Index 341

Free-Space, 11, 13,39,40-1, 318 Genoa, 222 'Freiburg', 367 George W. Campbell, USCGC, 244 French coast, 196, 205 German aircraft: seealso Focke-Wulf, French liner, 270 Junkers, Messerschmitt French North Africa, 180 German Air Force, (Luftwaffe); French Riviera, 202, 221 anti-submarine aircraft, 211 French team and Ll.S. Navy, 252-3 attacks, 193, 282 frequency, seewavelength and bombing aid (Berlin' Series), 291 Glossary communications monitored, 199,201 seealso 40-1, 128, Appendix long-range reconnaissance, 210 frequency variation, 278 radars, 273,278,281-2,290, 303 'Freya',367 and Goering, 95 frigates,35,91, 147, 161,240 and IFF (Erstling'), 297 'Frischling', 367 and Mediterranean, 177, 180 Fulmar aircraft, 175, 176, 313 and radio-guided bombs, 211-2 Funkmessbeobachtungsempfiinger, and Russian front, 199 (FuMB) (German Search/DF and TORCH, 181 receiver), 297 et seq. in radar trials, 271, 273 Funkmesserkennung (FuME) (German German anti-jamming: IFF), 296-7; seealso 368 frequency variation, 278, 282, 283, Funkmessgeriite (FMG) (early German 286,297 radar designations), 278-9 detection of aircraft through Funkmessortungsgeriite (FuMG) 'Window', 273 (German radar designations), intermittent transmission and long­ 278-9, see also 368 glow tubes, 290 fuzes: plan to utilise IFF, 297 error, 98 German Army, communications links, fuze-setting, 86, 97 271 prediction, 140-2 German blind-approach beams, 199 proximity fuse, 107 German coast-defence radar, 192, 203, self-destruction, 51 216, 278, 281, 289-90 Vl'-fuze, 107,322 German coastal-batteries, 193, 202, 294 Fuze keeping clock (FKC), 51, 87, 89, German communications, 199,255,271 99,136 German countermeasures, 196 FW 200 (German aircraft), 178,180,210 German cross-Channel guns, 194 FX 1400, 369 German cruisers, 281 German destroyers, 202, 224, 281, 286 G German dive-bombers, 52 G.lO (German torpedo-boat), 274 German electronic developments, 223, gain, 318; seealso antenna 268,294 GA radar, 309, 311-12, 318 German equipment, 367 et seq GB radar, 309, 310-11, 318 German guided-missiles, 211-14 GC radar, 309, 310-12, 318 German High Command, 276, 290 GCI,366 German HF DF, 253-4 GEMA, seeGesellschaft fur 'not possible in ships', 261, 262 Electroakustische und not aware of HF DF threat, 230, Mechanische Apparate (Germany) 261-2 General Electric Company (UK) (GEC): 'Wiillenweber' circular array, 254 jammers, 194 German intercept organisation, 261, magnetrons, 19,67,202 302-3 search receiver AB 2, 203, 205, 206, German intercept receiver, 262, 299 207 German interception of transmissions, 'Geneva-cross' device, 62 298, 301, 303 342 General Index

German merchant vessels sunk, 202 patents, 269 German Naval cyphers, 254, 255 polarisation, 275-6, 282, 285, 289, German Naval Staff, 261, 262 290,293 German Navy, 201, 269, 273, 274, 281, pre-WW1,268-73 284-5 'propellor' modulation, 273 see also E-boats, U-boats, River Plate, Battle of, 192-3 German optical industry, 96 Scharnhorst in Battle of North Cape, German Post, Telegraph & Telephone 279 Organisation (PTT), 214 U-boats, 293, 296, 299, 303, 305 German radar: and magnetrons, 271, 305 general, Monograph 7 and 'Quirl', 283 AA radar, 196, 203, 271, 276, 294, and RAF bombers, 193 295,296 and waveguides, 291 AI, 284-5 for specific named and/or aircraft detection, 271 numbered sets, see 367 et seq ASV,211 German rockets, (V1,V2), 107, 214 Allied em-radar captured, 209, 210, German scientists/engineers, 214, 262, 276,284,290-1 268,270-1,302,303 attacks on Channel convoys, 193 German search receivers, 262 bearing determination: accuracy, German ships, see Bismarck, Blilcher, 283; A/N, 282, 287, 296; Deutschland, E-boats, Admiral Graf 'Radattel', 287, 287, 288, 296 Spee, Gneisenau, Admiral Hipper, between the Wars, 191-2, 270-3, 274 Liitzow, Nurnberg, Admiral Scheer, em-radar: decision, 291, 295; Strahl, Tirpitz, Togo, U-boats development, 202-3, 209, 222, German Space-Tracking Radar, 307 223-4, 305; intercept equipment, German torpedo-boats, 201, 287 301-2; knowledge of British, German Torpedo Research 290-5; land-based, 293-5; Naval, Establishment (TVA), 274 291-3 German worries over U-boat detection, choice of wavelength, 267 262 Coastal Defence, 192, 196, 203, 216 Germany, 209, 210 conical scan, 294 Gesellschaft fur Elektroakustische und construction, 285, 305, 307 Mechanische Apparate countering Allied jamming, 196, 197, (GEMA)(Germany): 278, 282, 288, 290 coastal defence radar, 289-90 decimetric Naval, 295-6 countering jamming, 288 Display, 'Drauf' PPI, 283, 290, 294 decimetric radar, 296 early-warning, 276, 281-5 experimental pulsed radar, 273 fall-of-shot, 294 founded, 271 GCI, 196,271 IFF, 276 GEMA, 271, 279-81, 286-90 metric EW radar, 274 Hitler's time limit, 202, 283, 286, 305 mobile WA radar, 279 IFF, 276, 296-7 monopoly complaint, 290 jammed during NEPTUNE, 202, 220, Naval sponsorship, 267 221 operational uses of GEMA systems, Luftwaffe equipment used by Navy, 279-81 276-8, 284-5 production/development problems, manufacturers, 278-9 286 nomenclature, 278-9 radar for smaller ships, 281 parallels with British, 192, 202, 223, search and warning for U-boat use, 274, 280, 285, 286, 287, 288, 295, 369; see also 'Lessing' 305,307 second generation of GEMA radars, passive radar, 297-305 286-90 General Index 343

Telefunken licensed, 286 Guided Anti-Aircraft Project (GAP), variants of 'Freiburg', 286 76-7 wideband antenna systems, 286 beam-riding, 77, 82 and 'Freya', 273, 282, 286 countermeasures, 83 and 'Radattel' DF technique, 287, line-of-sight (LOS) command, 77 288,296 long-range Naval AA guided- and target acquisition, 280 missile, 142 and TVA, 274 Seaslug,35 in Action, 275 Systems: GMSl, 35, 78-9, 82-3, 113; in nomenclature, 278 LRSl, 75, 77, 79, 82, 113, 142, named sets of 'Boulogne', 'Calais', 143-4 'Lessing' and 'Mammut' series, and warhead performance, 94, 107 from 367, 369 and 'noise', 115 'Giant Wiirzburg', 369 German developments, 211-14 Gibraltar, 87, 175, 180,222,261 gunnery: Girdle Ness, HMS (trials ship), 129 terminology, 37-8 Gladiator aircraft, 175, 176 gun characteristics, 49 Glider-bomb, Hs.293 (German), 212 gun control, seegun direction 'glint': gun direction: general: early definitions, 115, 131, 132 methods, 27-9; more advanced amplitude variation, 131 direction, 18, 29-30; Staff 'point-of-aim' error, 132, 134 Requirements, 35-{); systems, error magnitude, 115, 133, 135 48-52, 77-83; terminology, 37-8, and shorter ranges, 134 45-{); and tactical control, 7, 15, Gneisenau (German battle cruiser), 279, 28-9 297 assessment of targets, 25 Gnomonic Chart, 250, 251 prediction, 48 Goering, Field Marshall H. (Germany), target acquisition, 46, 73, 81, 276, 280 95,276 target allocation, 25 goniometer, 234-5, 240, 245, 249 target designation, 31 Goodeve, Dr C. F. (Admiralty), 77 target evaluation, 18, 29,31 Gosport,E-boat flotilla surrender, 303 target indication: general, 16, 18, 27, graduate recruitment, to XG2, 197, 199, 71; grafting radar to current 211 system, 28; new techniques GrafSpee, see Admiral GrafSpee developed,S; post-WW2 Graf Zeppelin (German airship), 297 Requirements, 35-37; 5-band Graph, HMS (submarine, formerly prototype, xxiii; specialist TI U570),246 radar, 24, 25-7; TI Plot, 150-1; TI Great Baddow (Marconi Laboratories), Requirements, 24-5; TI without 248 radar, 28; TID Mark 1 (TID 1), Greenwich, Royal Naval 44; TIU Mark 2A (TID 2A), 31; College, 160 Type 293/M and TI, xxili, 25; Gretton, Vice-Admiral Sir Peter, 260 Type 293 and TID 2, 30-3; Type Griffith, R. (HMSS/ASE), 200 992 and TIU 3, 33-5, 37; see also Grille, (German research ship), 271 AIO 'Cronland', 369 Gun Direction Systems, 35-7, 48-52, Gross Ziethan, near Berlin, 271 86: ground-wave, see HF DF general, 35-7, 48-52, 86 GS radar, 309-11, 328 Close-Range Systems, 112 guided-missiles, 35-{), 82: CRSl,72 threat, 35 HACS: description, 138-42; Naval Staff Requirements, 75, 76-7, assumptions, 92; basic HACS 84,111,123,142,143-4 without radar, 89-96; early 344 General Index

Gun Direction Systems (cont.) blind-fire, 316: aiming by radar, systems, 50; FC, 116-18; Fly 61-3, 130--1; accuracy, 61, 62-3; Plane System of prediction, 110; ABU, 63-5, 64; basic problems, full remote power-control(RPC), 66; circular beam, 69; conical 1O~; HA gunnery problem, 50; scan, 71, 131; design HAC Table Mark 4, 88; HACS requirements, lO-cm and below, with radar ranging only, 97-9; 6~; first radar for full blind­ modifications using radar, 51; fire, 101; foreseen in Staff performance, 95; pre-WW2, 87­ Requirements, 61; jitter, 77; 9,93,9~;radar,98,10~, 114­ limitations, 68, 74, 106; not 16; ranging system, 141; feasible in AA, 63; not fully­ reference, for assessing attained, 108; progress, 65, 66, development, 96; trials, 9~; 74, 108-9; radar not limiting Type 275 and new Director, system performance, 74; and 108-9; specific systems: HACSl, Directors, 100; seealso shell­ 50,87,92,99-100; HACS2, 50, splash spotting; see also Types 99-100; HACS3, 50, 99-100, 262, 274, 275, 285 HACS4, 50, 87, 88, 99-100, by wavelength: 50 to 70cm HACS4", 50, 100 wavelength, 52-65; 10-cm Long range systems, 50--1, 102: LRSl, wavelength and below, 65-73 75: AA role, 35, 75; chronology, characteristics of gunnery radars, 75, 76; not for smaller ships, 82; 128-9 parts used in Type 904, 75; Staff close-range AA, 8 Requirements, 35, 75, 142--4; and disadvantages at sea, 47 Guided AA Projectiles, 77, 82; future systems, 77-83 and long-range surface laying-on of other radars, xxii, 79, gunnery, 113; and Type 901, 77 280 GMSl ,113 miscellaneous radar problems, 74-5 Medium Range Systems, 82-3, 112: one part of weapon system, 46 MRSl, 72, 82; MRS3, 35, 75, 82, rangefinding in navigation, 166 113; MRS4: abandoned, 75, 82, required to match existing Directors, 113; component parts, 75; 60 computer studied, 113; gyro, surface, 8, 49-50, 63 117-18; MRS4/905 studies, 116­ TI requirement, 24-5 17,121,121,122-3,122-3;MRS5, tracking, 112, 114 35, 75, 82, 113, 114 Training Control Unit (TCU), 136 gun-mountings, 85, 86 gunlaying radar, xxii, 79, 280 gun orders, 136, 137 gyro: High-Angle Control Position ARL specialist Group, 86 (HACP),136 gyro-rate unit, 100, 101-6, 104, 139 hit-probability, 50, 122, 136 Gyro-Rate Unit Box, 104, 136 kill-probability, 94-8, 1O~, 108 precession, 117 Gunnery and AA Warfare Division, pre-WW2 State-of-Art, 86, 97 Admiralty (DGD), 6, 18, 76, 142, roll-corrector, 93, 99, 136, 138, 140 164 sights, 50, 102 Gunnery Control Officer (GCO), 149 stabilisation, 28 Gunnery Liaison Officer, 182 Gunnery Officer, 28 gunnery radar: H aircraft, HA or combined HA/LA, 'Haffkrug', 369 49,50--2,63,74-5,108 HA Fire-Control radar, see GA radar application to weapon control, 52-77 Halifax, Lord, 166 barrage-fire, 63-5, 64 Handbooks/Manuals, 165, 220 General Index 345 harassing fire, 95, 98, 105 relation with 'Ultra', 230, 254-6 harmonics, 203 rotating spaced-loop system, 247 Harrier, HMS (fleet minesweeper), 166 security breach, 261 Harrier, HMS (RN Aircraft Direction 'sense' circuits, 242 Centre), 178 'sense'-signals, 234-5, 240, 245, 249 Hatch, ].H. (Marconi, on loan to ASE), shipbome HF DF, 23~5; 248 calibration, 236, 244; frame-coil 'Headache', 154,200 S25B, 238, 240; performance/ Heemskerck, (Dutch cruiser), 312 operational need s, 256-8; height determination/estimation/ receiving equipment, 240-1; finding/measurement, 16,24,26, relation to USN developments, 173, 181; see also Types 277, 277Q, 244-5; sensitivity, 240; site and 981, SM-1 antennae, 236-40; test Heligoland Bight, 193,275,281 equipment, 241-4; use of Hellcat aircraft, 313 elevated 'H-Adcock' at sea, 246­ Hermes, HMS (fleet carrier), 179 7 Hertz, Heinrich (German physicist, shore-based HF DF, 232, 248-53; 1857-94), 268 antenna system, 249; bearing Hesperus, HMS (destroyer), 260 accuracy, 252; plotting and HF DF, see high-frequency direction­ statistical methods, 250-2; finding receiving equipment, 249-50; High-Angle Control Position, 136 USN shore stations, 252-3; High-Angle Control System (HACS), 'Wiillenweber', 254 see gunnery 'sighting' reports from U-boats, 232 High-Angle Control Table, 50, 88, 104, 'sky-wave', 233, 239-40, 246-7, 257, 136 259 high-frequency direction-finding (HF 'spinning-gonio' system, 235, 249, DF), AGC for speed, 246 253, 260 antennae, 234, 236-40 theory, 233-5 ARL Plotting Table, 184 Twin-channel CRDF, 235, 258--61 Atlantic, Battle of, 229 seealso, errors aural-null (A/N) Method, 235, high-frequency U-boat radio, 231 249-50, 258, 274, 282, 285, 286, Hilary, HMS (Headquarters Ship), 214 287, 289, 296 Hipper (German cruiser), see Admiral calibration, 236 Hipper cathode-ray direction finder (CRDF), Hitler, Adolph: 182,235,241,258--61 edict limiting research, 202, 283, 286, 'Convoy-Wave', 254 305 'DF' and 'Ultra', 254-6 and cross-Channel threats, 193 DF fix, 154 and pre- WW2 Defence displays, 182, 249-50 Assumptions, 85 equipment, 200, 202, 230 HM Signal School (HMSS), 319: Field-Strength Meter, 246 Application Officers, 231 German failure to recognise threat, Captain, Signal School, 193 261-2 Experimental Department: DF German HF DF, 253-4 Section Staff, 230-1, 239; 'sense> 'ground-wave', 233, 239, 246-7, 257, antenna, 237-8 259 Grat Spee, 193 MF DF, 254; an opportunity missed, gunnery radar, 53-4 262-3 liaison, 244 other transmissions, 195, 203-4, 211 Naval Staff Requirements, 8, 52 reduction of re-radiation, 248 patents, xxi, 270 re-evaluation, 229-30 priorities, 8, 35 346 General Index

HM Signal School (HMSS) (cont.) image-frequency, 201 Radar Countermeasures (RCM) image-frequency rejection, 195 Section, 191, 194-7, 199, 201, 203 Imperial Defence Committee Report staffing, 8 onAA start of radar research, xxi Defence, 87, 139 S-band radar for small ships, 67 Implacable, HMS (fleet carrier), 170 Tantallon, see ASE Indefatigable, HMS (fleet carrier), 183 valve research, 19 Indian Ocean, 179, 184 wavelength choices, 192 Indomitable, HMS (fleet carrier), 177, Hogben, H.E. (HMSS/ASE), 224 180, 182, 313 'Hohentwiel', ASV, 369 industry, see outside contractors Hohenzollern Bridge, Cologne, 269 Information Centre, see AIC Home Fleet: information handling, 151 early radar, 8, 54 information transfer, 6 air-cover for Scapa, 12 infra-red techniques, 262, 300 C-in-C, 152, 180 Inglefield, HMS (destroyer), 213 and FD, 178-9 Ingray, B. (HMSS/ASE), 239, 247 and Actions, 152, 183 Institution of Electrical Engineers Home Guard, 182 (lEE), 230, 231 homing, 175, 181, 182, 184, 262 Instructor Branch, Royal Navy, 148 Hood, HMS (battlecruiser), xxii instruments, see test apparatus Hornet aircraft, 37 intelligence gathering, 147 'horseshoe' magnet, 207, 207 intelligence sources, 148 Hove, HMS King Alfred, 178 intelligence, post-WW2, 270 Howe, HMS (battleship), 66 intercept missions, 209 Howse, H.D.: Intercept Officer, 179, 181-2, 184 Author (Appendix), xxv intercept receivers, Author (cited), 183, 184, 279 see receivers, monitor/search Hs 293, 369 interception of aircraft, see fighter 'huff-duff', see HF DF direction/interception Hiilsmeyer, C. (German engineer, interception of enemy 1881-1957),268-9,269,270 communications, 200, 261 human eye, 96 interception of enemy radar: Hunt-class destroyers, 58, 154, 155, chronology, 193, 203 200 em-wave receivers, 194-5, 203 Hunter, A.O. (HMSS/ASE), 196, 201, German U-boat equipment, 293 227 mobile laboratory, 208-9, 208 HUSKY, Operation, (invasion of tactical value, 211 Sicily), 168, 214-15 interception operations, 203, 211 interception of radar by enemy, fear of, I 176 ice-cream tricycles, 177 intermediate frequency (IF), 213 Iceland, 254 International Meeting on Radio Aids to Identification Friend or Foe, (IFF), Marine Navigation (IMRAMN), radar: 177 German, 276, 296-7 interrogators, 310, 319 Mark III, 34 Inter-Service, 15, 19, 76, 199 Mark 5, 34 invasion of Normandy, see RAF, 15 OVERLORD and NEPTUNE technical data, 310 Invasion of Southern France, see and FD, 173, 181 DRAGOON Illustrious, HMS (fleet carrier), 173, 175, ionosphere, see propagation 176, 177, 181 iris plate, 206 General Index 347

Irish Sea, 169 'jitter', see radar aiming Isaac Sweers (Dutch destroyer), 312 John Brown & Co. Ltd, 152 Isle de Bas, Brittany, 201 Johnston trainer, 160 Isle of Man radar training school, see Jolliffe, S.AW. (Marconi Osram Valve HMS Valkyrie CO.),248-9 ltalia, (Italian battleship, ex-Littoriat, Jones, R.V. (later Professor), 220 212 Joyce, Lieutenant W. RCNVR,208 Italian Air Force (Regia Aeronautica), Junkers aircraft, (German), 176, 181, 175 183, 271, 273 Italian Fleet, 22, 212 Juno Area, Normandy landings, 214 Italian mainland, 214 Jutland, Battle of, (916), 148, 157, Italian surrender, 203, 212 184 J K jamaica, HMS (cruiser), 152, 153 Kamikaze suicide bombers, 29, 52,107, jamming, Allied: 182, 184 American, 215, 219 'Kassel', 369 by side-lobes, 217 K-band, see wavelength Countermeasures Group, 191, 194 Keall, O.E. (HMSS/ASE) (on loan from electric-razor 'noise', 212-13 Marconi), 194-7,200,205,211 first operational jammer, 195-6 Kerrison, Colonel AV., 145 modulation: sinusodoidal, 194; Kete, South Wales, (RN Aircraft 'noise', 194, 215, 223 Direction Centre), 178 5-band, 222, 224-5 Keuffel, J.W. (ASE), (American), 211 shipbome jammers, 201-2 Kiel harbour, Germany, 271 'Window', 218 kill-probability, 85, 93-6, 98, 105, 107 8~ band, 194-5, 195 King Alfred, HMS (Reserve Officer and decimetric band, 216 Training School, Hove), 178 and DRAGOON, 222 King George V, HMS (battleship): and Glider-bombs, 212-3 radar navigation in poor weather, and NEPTUNE, 215, 217, 220-1 166 and Type 91, 196, 198, 199,210,215, sea trials, xxii, 54, 58 221 sets fitted, 22, 23, 66 see also 'Mandrel', 'Matador' Kingsley, F.A (HMSS/ASE): jamming, enemy, 222 Editor, xxv 'jane's Fighting Ships', 261 Author (Monographs 5, 7), 197, 306 Janu s, HMS (destroyer), xxiii, 24, 25, Anglo-US Investigation team, 214, 30 224, 270, 285, 302 Japan: em-band monitoring, 203, 205-8, enters WW2, 179 293 Allied assault on Madagascar, 167 Dover Monitor Station, 199 Japanese: Intelligence Reviewer, 223-4, 268 aircraft, 29, 52, 107, 182, 184 jamming (lfl-cm), 222 Army , 226 mobile intercept laboratory, 209 electronic developments, 223, 225-6 post-WW2,307 Mission to Germany, 226 and DRAGOON, 221 Navy, 179, 226 and E-boats, 303 radar, 209, 222, 225-6 and monitoring over Germany, 209 Java, 184 and NEPTUNE, 216, 219 'JE', seeDisplays - PPI and pulsed signal generator, 223 Jennings, Sub-Lieutenant, RNVR, 196 and U-boats, 224, 285, 293, 305 jervis, HMS (destroyer), 213 klystron, see valves jet-propelled aircraft, 76, 133 Kodatrace, 158 348 General Index

Konigsberg (German cruiser), 274 Luizoto, (German pocket battleship), Kondor, see Focke-Wulf 279 'Korfu' Series, 369 Lythall, B.W. (HMSS/ ASE): 'Kiih', 369 Author (Preface, Significant Kiihnhold, Dr. R (German scientist), Milestones), xxvi 270-1 acknowledgements, 227

L M Lakes-class cutters (US Coastguards), Mack, T.L. (ASE), 211 241 MacPherson, J.5. (ASE), 197, 203, 208, Lammchen, Dr (German em. receiver 209, 216, 224 designer), 302 Madagascar, 167 Leander-class destroyers, 99 magnet, 207, 207 Lecher-line, 194, 195 magnetic dipole, 233 Legg, Lieutenant-Commander W., 146 magnetic field, 215, 234 Le Havre, 200, 219 magnetic vector, 233 Leipzig, (German cruiser), 289 magslips, 32, 34, 86, 97, 99, 100 'Lessing', 369 maintenance of radar at sea, 26, 72-3, Lewis, Commander A.P.P., 145 80,109,252 liaison, 194, 244 Mallach, P. (German scientist), 303 'Lichtenstein', 369 Malleson, Commander H. StA., 231 light Fleet Carriers, 159, 162, 182-3 Malta, 164, 197, 212, 221 lighthouse, 166 Malvern, American-British Laboratory, lightships, 166 211 limitations of Naval radar, 167-8 'Mammut' Series, 369 see also fear of detection, Manchester University, post-WW2, maintenance, environment at 276 sea 'Mandarin-Anode' resonator, see line-of-sight (LOS) command system, valves, magnetron 77 'Mandrel', 366 line-of-sight stabilisation, 99 Manila, 170 linguists, 200 Manoeuvre Predictor (ManP), 115, 116, Liverpool, 212 119-20,120 lobes, 9 Manuals/ Handbooks, 165, 220 lobe-maximum principle, see bearing Marconi Ltd, 193, 194,213-14,240,248, determination 249 Local Operations Plot, see Plots Marigold, HMS (corvette), xxii locking-on, 71 Marine Navigation, 170 Lomax, S.E. (ASE), 197,205,223 Marseilles, surrender of, 222 Londonderry, 245 Marshall, J.H. (HMSS/ ASE), 239, 254 Lorenz GmBH (German firm): 'Matador' (jammer), 366 'Drauf' (PP!), 283, 290, 294 Matane, HMCS (frigate), 214 designations, 278 Matapan, Battle of Cape, 22 early radar performance, 271, 273 Matuszewski, L. (HMSS/ASE), 249 'Hohentwiel', 273, 277, 285 Maxwell, James Clerk (Scottish valves, 271 physicist, 1831-1879), 268 and IFF, 276 McDonald, Air Commodore, 181 Lovell, A.C.B. (later Sir Bernard), Mediterranean: (TRE),276 coordinated air attacks, 29 Low Countries, 168 enemy radar interception, 203, 211 Lubeck Bay, Germany, 271 FD, 13, 173, 175 Luftwaffe, see German Air Force German use of captured ASY, 210 General Index 349

jamming radio-controlled bombs, receivers, 191,203-9; for AB2, 213 'Battle-axe', P19, P29, 'Trumpet', Luftwaffe superiority, 177 see Equipment Index surface force direction, 161 scientist captured, 203 Medium-Frequency Direction Finding Monitor Station.Dover, 197-9 (MF DF), 236, 262-3 MONRAD, see Mobile Naval Radar medium-frequency homing signals, Stations 231,263 'Monster' ships, 169 Megaw, Dr Eric c.s (GEe>, 202 'Moonshine' (echo repeater) Melstenen Island, Norway, 211 equipment, see IRE Mendoza, E. (later Professor), (HMSS/ Moore, Miss M. (ASE), 239, 246, 247 ASE),199 Morgan, Commander F.e., 42,145 Merchant Navy, 170, 259 Morris, Lieutenant S. RNVR, 177 MercuryI, HMS (HM Signal School), morse, see wireless-telegraphy 199 Moscow, 286 Messerschmitt MEllO aircraft, 284 Mosquito aircraft, 37 Metadyne servo-system, 108, 137 Motor Gun Boats, 160 meteors (astronomy) , 276 Motor Torpedo Boats, 160, 205 'Metox', 369 'Miicke', 369 metric radar, see wavelength Mugridge, A.H. (HMSS/ASE), 254 micro-miniaturisation, 37 'Mulberry', artificial harbour in Middle East Air Force, 178 NEPTUNE,218 Miller, W.F.(HMSS/ASE),195,197,200 milliradian (mil), (unit of angular measure),79 N minefields, 154 Nab Tower as reference echo sources, minesweepers, 91, 164, 167, 218, 219 166 Ministry of Aircraft Production, 76 Nachrichtenversuchsabteilung (NVA): Ministry of Supply, 76 IFF,296 missed opportunities, 262-3 polarisation, 275 missile-control systems, 214 pre-WW2 CW radar trials, 270-1 Mloduchowski, J. (HMSS/ ASE), 247 search receivers, 298 M-motors, 86 wideband directional arrays, 299 mobile intercept laboratory, 208-9, 208 and em-wave interest, 305 Mobile Naval Radar Stations, 160,311 and Industry, 296 Mobile Radar Trailer, xxii Nagumo, Admiral, (Japanese), 179 modular unit construction, 285 Naples, RCM workshop, 213 modulation, 194,259,273,274 National Physical Laboratory (NPL), monitors (ships), 202 Slough, 246, 249, 252-3 monitoring E-boat communications, Naval Air Division, Admiralty, 165, 199-201 174 monitoring enemy radar: naval airborne radar, 313 beginnings of RCM in RN, 193-5 Naval Aircraft, see Fleet Air Arm first interception, 193 see also Albacore, Avenger, German monitoring of Allies, 200, Barracuda, Firefly, Fulmar, 297-305 Hellcat, Oxford, monitoring em-bands, 203-9 Swordfish, Walrus, monitoring over Germany, 209 Naval Aircraft Radio Laboratories, Naval Monitor Stations, 197,199,205 USA, 270 'Noise Investigation Bureau', 199 Naval Application Officers, 145 preparing for invasion, 216-18 Naval Bombarding Force, 219 pre-WW2 absence of equipment, 193 Naval coastal radio-intercept stations, RCM Section, 194 200 350 General Index

Naval Construction Department, PPI predictions, 168 Admiralty (DNC), 91, 165 reflectoscope, 168 Naval Fighter Direction Branch, trials, 219 174-5 and Type 91 jammer, 202 Naval Force J, 214 anf Type 650 jammer, 213, 214 Naval Ordnance Department, and Type 651 jammer, 214 Admiralty, 53, 77, 86 New Zealand troops, 166 Naval Monitor Stations, 199, 205 night-fighter aircraft, 66 Naval Radar Trust, xv-xvii, 268 night operations, 169 Naval Research Laboratory (USN), 244 'noise', 115, 131, 133, 194,215 Naval Signal Monitoring Stations, 216 Noise Investigation Bureau (NIB), 199 Naval Signal School, Leydene, 199 nomenclature: Naval Signalling Station, Bembridge, British radar sets, 65 222 German radar sets, 278-9 Naval Staff, 8, 12 , Virginia (US Navy Yard), 179 Naval Staff papers, 27 Norfolk House, London, 217 Naval Staff Requirements: Normandie (French liner), 270 definition, 321 Normandy Bridgehead, 217, 221 accurate ranging, 12 Normandy Invasion, see NEPTUNE, blind-fire, 61, 108 OVERLORD directed projectiles, 76, 84, 111 Norstad, Colonel L. (later General), FD, 24, 180, 182 (USA), 181 Guided AA Projectiles, 76-7 North Africa, 210, 212, 277 Gunnery Direction Systems, LRSl, North Atlantic, 250 GMSl, 35-7, 75, 78-9, 113, 142-4 North Cape (Norway), Battle of, 152, TI, 33, 37 201,279 up-to-date AA control, 75,111-12 North Channel, 169 WA, WS, 8, 52-3, 58 North Sea, 161, 192, 199,282 Navigating Officer, 148, 154 Norway and Norwegian coast, 183, navigation, xxiii, 166-71, 250, 254-5, 211,303 257 Norwegian Campaign, 51, 87, 95, 'Navigationand Direction', 177 150-1,173, 174-5 Navigation Direction Branch, Royal Norwegian ships, 221 Navy, 165 Nurnberg (German cruiser), 281, 289 Navigation Division, Admiralty, 164-5 Nuttall, Mr (Naval Intelligence), 251 Navigation Leaders (in Operations), 168 o Navigation School, Captain of, 165 Observers, 165 'Naxos', 369 Ocean Escort Unit A3 (USN), 245 Nelson, HMS (battleship), xxi, 54 Ocean, HMS (light Fleet Carrier), 313 NEPTUNE, Operation, (assault phase Ocean Rover, HMS (minesweeper), 210 of OVERLORD, invasion of N. 'octantal errors' in DF, 253 Europe): Oerlikon gun, 52 Area Z, 217, 218, 220 offensive operations, 161 ECM, 191, 209, 216-17 offensive sweeps, 152 FORTITUDE, 218-9 Officer personnel, responsibility for, installing equipment, 219 178 jamming via side-lobes, 217 Okinawa, 180 Navigation Leaders, 168 Ontario, HMCS (heavy cruiser), 66 Normandy site, 216-17 operational requirements, see Naval outcome, 220-1 Staff Requirements planning, 216-18 Operations Room, 30, 153-4, 155, 157, plotting, 160 161, 164 General Index 351

Operators: pilotage, see blind pilotage HF DF, 245, 252 Pinewood, ASE Extension, 224 Jammers, 197 Pintsch Co. (Germany), 270 Radar: aids, 11, 106; automation, 65, Pitts, W.J. (Plessey ce.» 241 71,74; difficulties, 58; HACS, 92; Plan Position Indicator (PP!), see and strain reduction, 113 Displays optics, 86, 96 Plessey Radio Ltd, 200, 241, 248, 249, Orchis, HMS (corvette), xxii, 20, 67 250 Ordnance Survey Department, Plots: Admiralty, 211 Admiral's Plot, 28, 148 oscillators, 68, 270 Air (Display) Plot, 150, 157, 173, 179 Outfits, see Type Equipment Index A/S Plot, 148 outside contractors - general, xxii Auto-Radar Plot, 158 outside contractors - specific firms: General Operations Plot (GOP), 30, Electrical & Musical Industries Ltd 156 (EM!), xxii 'home-made' Plots, 28-9, 178-9 Elliott Bros (London) Ltd., 75 intercept Plot, 173, 179 General Electric Company (UK): Local Operations Plot (LOP), 30, 156, jammers, 194; magnetrons, 19, 164 67, 202; search receiver AB2, Main Air Display Plot (MADP), 179 203, 205, 206, 207 Strategic Plot, 148 Plessey Radio Ltd, 241 Tactical Plot, 28, 30, 148, 149, 150 Sperry Gyroscope Co., 75 View Plot, 148, 152, 154, 158 outside contractors - specific sets : Plotting: Type 262, xxii Action Plotting, 152, 165 OVERLORD, Operation (invasion of Action Plotting Organisation, 30, Northern Europe), 160, 202, 209, 151-3 214-16; see also NEPTUNE ARL Plotting Table, 28, 148, 149, 152, Oxford aircraft, 74 153-5, 158, 171 Oxford University, 19, 67 automation of surface-plotting, 158 back-plotting, 182 Bridge Plotting Room, 156, 164 P CAAIS,16O Pacific, 29, 107, 160, 161, 164, 176 graticules, 149, 155, 158, 179 Pacific Fleet, see British Pacific Fleet Instructional Plotting Room, 157 Palomares, HMS (FD ship), 313 need for speed, 158 Pas de Calais, 218 overloading of manual plot, 151 passive radar, 297-305 Plotting and Navigation, 154 Patents, 269, 270 plotting for DF, 250-2, 255-6 Paul, Commander R.T. (later Captain), Plotting Office, 148, 150 216-17 Plotting Staff, 154, 157, 165 Pearl Harbor, 244 WRNS in plotting, 157 Peat, J.D. (Marconi), 248 'Pluto', (undersea pipeline in PEDESTAL (Malta convoy), 173, 180, OVERLORD), 218 181,183 , 166 pelorus,28 point-of-aim wander, 132; see also Pelzerhaken, Germany, 273 'glint' 'Pendulum', 369 polar diagram, see antennae performance checking, jammers, 219 polarisation: Philips Ltd (Holland), 271 German radar: vertical, 275, 282, 285; Phillips, G.J. (ASE), 246, 249 horizontal, 289, 293; both, 285, Phoebe, HMS (cruiser), 166 299; change from vertical to phosphors, 14 horizontal, 290 352 General Index polarisation (cant .) proximity fuze (VT fuze), 107 German intercept equipment - both, pulse analysis, 197 299,300 Pulse-Code-Modulation (PCM) for IFF, German search equipment, 299, 300 297 HF DF, 233, 247-8, 249, 253 pulse data: jamming/intercept equipment, 198, length, 127, 197, 273, 274 204,209 power, 127 Polish engineers/scientists at ASE, 231, repetition frequency : Allied radar, 239,241,247,248,249 127, 197; German radar: pre­ Polish State Telecommunication WW2, 273; wartime, 274, 283 Establishment (PZT), 231 measuring equipment, 197 Pollock, Commander David, RNVR, see also technical tables, 40-1, 128-9 177, 181 pulse-to-pulse variation, 132 Pollux, HMS (ex-French minelayer, PZT (Polish State Communications radar training vessel), 225 Establishment), 231 pom-poms, 51, 53, 56, 71 portable 'after-action' radar set, 313 Portland, 306 Q Portsmouth, 156, 157, 166, 193,200 quadrature component of EM field, position 'wipe-out' device, 81 234, 235 potentiometers, linear, 59 'Queen Bee', radio-controlled aircraft, Potomac, River (USA), 270 87 Pout, H.W. (HMSS/ ASE), Author Queen Elizabeth, HMS (battleship), (Monographs 1, 2), xxvi 247-8 power output, see specific Types and Queen Elizabeth II, RMS, 169 technical tables, pp. 40-1, 128-9 'Quirl', 369 PPI, see displays precession, of shell, 111 precision panel, see RBLlO, 11 on 366 R prediction in the HACS, 139-42 radar - applications, seealso prediction, tachometric, 127 bombardment, coastal defence, predictors, see Maneouvre Predictor collision-avoidance, dive­ Pressland, C.T. (ASE), 239 bombers, gunnery, height­ Price, B.T. (ASE), 247, 249 determination, homing, jet­ Prince of Wales, HMS (battleship), xxii, propelled aircraft, navigation, 13,22,151 radar-silence, station-keeping, Prinz Eugen (German cruiser): submarines, warning, wireless­ use of radar in bombardment, 297 silence radars fitted, 280-1, 286, 289, 289, radar - general: 292,297 cooperation in UK developments, priorities, 7, 8, 35, 151, 182, 201 48 Prisoners-of-War, re-patriation, 170 early ideas, 7, 268-70 private firms, seeoutside contractors CW radar systems, 226 'private' ships, 155 comparison of German and Allied propagation of EM waves: radars, 274,280,286-7,295,305, anomalous, 10, 11, 176-7, 282 307 direction, 233 concept, 7 ionospheric reflection, 231, 233, 248, pulsed radar in inter-war years, 270­ 252,270 3 observations of conditions, 259 world's first radar experiments, 268­ over surface of sea, 239, 270 70 poor propagation conditions, 259 radar aiming : 'propeller' modulation, 132, 273 aiming by radar, 75, 130-1 General Index 353

aiming accuracy, 62-3 Ramsay, Admiral Sir Bertram, 160 aiming errors, 125--6 Randall , J.T. (later Professor), 'jitter', 77-8, 115, 125, 126 (Birmingham University), 19,202, and director optics, 97 226 in darkness and poor weather, 97 range of detection, general, 23 'Radar at Sea', 183, 184,279 range of detection, aircraft: radar calibration vessel, 207 summary, 42, 43 Radar Control Ratings (RC ratings), German experimental results, 271, 157 273 radar countermeasures, 192, 193-5, German radar, 274-5 202-9,210,219-20; see also ECM specific sets, see Types 79/X/Z, Radar Display Room (RDR), 183, 320 276, 277/P/Q, 279, 281/B, 285, radar for Armed Merchant Cruisers, 286/M/P, 291, 293/M/P/X 311 see also low-flying aircraft (below) radar for coastal forces, 310, 311, 312, range of detection, low-flying aircraft, 313 56,285 radar for laying other radar on target, range of detection, ships: 26, 280 experimental gunnery radar, 56 radar for small ships, 16-18 pre-WW2 American results, 270 radar for submarines, 310, 311, 312 pre-WW2 German results, 271, 273 radar for surveying, 312 German radars, 279, 285 radar horizon, 10,42,43 specific results, see Types 271/X, radar Offices/huts and their 273Q, 281, 284, 285, 286/M/P, environment, 21, 183; see also 291,293X environment for radar at sea range of detection, submarines, Radar operators, see Operators, surfaced, 21-2, 26, 56, 67 radar rangefinding equipment - radar: Radar Plot Ratings (RP ratings), 157, against dive-bombers, 52 165 comparison with optics, 12, 78, 192 radar rangefinder, xxi German use of IFF in bombardment, radar ranging, 98 297 radar secrecy, see secrecy and gunnery radar in navigation, 166 security need for radar ranging, 54 radar set design, 58, 66, 305, 307 Outfit RTB, 31 radar shadow area, 168 ranging unit GL 1, 12, 54 radar 'silence' , 176 rangefinding equipment - optical: see also fear of detection binoculars, 28 radar set details, see Equipment optical, 49, 54, 98-9, 142,280,286 Index, 362 optical coincidence rangefinder, 49, 'Radattel', 369 90,97, 140 radiated power measurement, 246 short-based optical rangefinder, 86, radio astronomy, 276 96 radio-controlled aircraft, 87 stratification of air in tube, 95--6 radio direction finding, see HF OF range measurement, 280 radio-goniometer, 234 range-resolution, 292; see also radio guidance, see Glider-bomb, discrimination guided-missiles and 'Queen Bee' range-rate, 97, 98 Radio Location, xxi ranging panels: radio 'silence', 150, 176 chronology, 97 radio telegraphy (R/T), 154, 174, 176, Army GL 1 panel, 12, 54 178, 179, 181 Panel L12, 55, 57 'radio war' at Dover, 196-7 Panel L22, 64, 63-4 radome, 291, 293, 320 HACS with ranging unit, 97-9, 105 354 General Index ranging system, precision, 59 Ross, Alfred W. (HMSS/ ASE), 217, rate-aiding, 62, 137, 320 219,227,275 receivers: Ross, W. (NPL>, 248 AGC, 67-8, 70 Rotherham, HMS (destroyer), 152 HF DF, 240-1, 249-50 Rotterdam, 269, 290 IFF, see 'Pendulum', 369 'Rotterdam' Committee (German), 291, monitoring/search, 191, 203-9; for 295 AB2, 'Battle-axe', 'Headache', 'Rotterheim', 369 P19, P29, 'Trumpet', see roughness of shell-flight, 119-20, 120, Equipment Index 121, 122, 123 muting, 274 : superhererodyne, see 'Korfu', 369 balloon project, 200-1 reconnaissance, 147, 210, 270, 276-7 Bomber Command, 209, 276, 280, Redgment, P.G. (HMSS/ASE): Author 283,290,300-1 (Monograph 6), xxvi Coastal Command, 16, 291 Anglo-US investigation team, collaboration with RN and ASE, 209 post-WW2, 214, 261 detected by German radar, 193 contributor, 227 FD,177-8 recruited, 230 Fighter Command, 174, 178 and FH3 in US ship, 244 IFF, 15 and re-radiation, 248 monitoring over Germany, 209 and US HF DF, 253 radar, 12, 16, 209, 210 reflection properties of 'targets', see Squadrons, 209, 218 target reflection characteristics supremacy in UK coastal waters, 'reflectoscope', 168 199 refraction, 95 and jammers, 213 Regia Aeronautica, 175 and NEPTUNE, 202, 216, 218, 220 Remote Control Office (RCO), 148 and WA, 7 Remote Power Control(RPC), 56, 137 Royal Aircraft Establishment, 213 'Renner' Series, 369 Royal Artillery, 76 Repulse, HMS (battlecruiser), 99 Royal Canadian Navy, 201 re-radiation, 236, 237, 244, 247, 248, Royal Naval Air Signal School, 259 Arbroath, 178 resonant frequency, 243-4, 243 Royal Naval Air Station, Yeovilton, 'Retten', 369 177 Rhys-Iones, Mr (Plessey Co.), 241 Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 160 River Plate, Battle of, 191, 192,274 Royal Naval Escort Groups, 214 Riviera Invasion, 191 Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Robertson, G. (ASE), 211 (RNVR): Robus, E.G. (HMSS/ASE), 239 ECM for Far East, 226 Rocke, A.F.L. (HMSS/ASE), (also FD Officers, 177-8, 184 Lieutenant (Sp) RNVR), 241, 245, Temporary Commissions for 249,253 Operations, 203, 211-12, 221, rockets, 36 239 rocket-propelled aircraft, 76 Royal Navy, 216, 218, 270 Rodney, HMS (battleship), xxi, 10, see also Communications, Instructor, 150-1,176 Navigation Direction and RP Rohde & Schwarz GmbH, 298 Branches Rohwer, J. (German Naval historian), Royal Sovereign, HMS (battleship), 149 230 RP Branch of Navy, 165 roll correction, 86, 136, 138 see also Radar Plot Ratings Roma (Italian battleship), 212 Runge, Dr W. (Telefunken), 271 'rose' distortion, 250, 251 Russia (USSR), 199 General Index 355

Russian Army, 297 'Segler' Series, 370 Russian destroyers, 167 self screening, 210 Russian Liaison Officer, 167 Sennen, HMS (cutter, ex-USN), 261 'sense', see HF DF sensors,S, 7-10, 10-25,28 S servo systems: 'Sadir', 369 general, 126, 136-7, 321 5-band, 321, see wavelength development pre-WW2, 97, 102 5-boats (German Navy), 285, 292 new designs, 112 Salerno landings, (Operation and errors, 70, 80 AVALANCHE), 212, 214 in weapon control, 48, 78, 81, 86 Saltburn, HMS (WWl sloop, seealso Metadyne minesweeper, trials vessel): setting up radar on ship, seeship­ sea trials: Type 79X, xxi, 10, 53; Type fitting 277X, xxiii, 23, 41; Type 291, 17; SG radar, 366 Type 'JE' PPI, 181; HF DF, 247 Sheffield, HMS (cruiser) : 'Sames', 369 Type 79Y fitted pre-WW2, xxi, 10, 40 San Raphael, French Riviera, 222 Type 79 transmission detected at Sardonyx, HMS (destroyer), 53 long range, 176 Sarell, Captain R.I.A., 145 and FD, 173, 175 Sargent, Lieutenant-Commander J.c., and plotting, 151 146 in Scharnhorst Action, 153 Savannah, (US cruiser), 212 shell characteristics, 49 Sayer, Captain G.B., ISS, 161, 164 shell fuzes, 49, 84-5, 106-8 Sayers, Dr H.J. (later Professor), shell-flight observation, 295 (Birmingham University), 226 shell-flight roughness, 119-20, 120, 121, Scapa Flow, 12, 152 122, 123 Scharnhorst (German battle cruiser), 21, shell-splash spotting and 152-3, 201, 279, 297 ranging, 49-50, 63, 68, 70, 294 Scheidt, River estuary, 168-9 Sherlock, J. (ASE), 249, 254 Scheer, see Admiral Scheer Sherrin, Mr (Allen West Ltd), 211 'Scheer', 369 SHINGLE, Operation (Anzio Scherl, Richard (German industrialist>, landings), 213, 214-5 269 shipboard environment, see schnorchel, 299 environment for radar at sea Schofield, Admiral B.B. (Author cited), Ship Commander, 28 177 ship-motion data, 91 Scott, Lieutenant-Commander Peter ship distortion, 117-18 RNVR,l77 ship-fitting, 34, 161, 162, 200; see also Scylla, HMS (cruiser), 160 specific Type references sea-clutter, 275 shipping losses, 196, 199 Seadog, HMS (submarine), 26 shore-radar stations, 161 'Search'radar, see warning radar Sicily, 222 searchlight control radar, 8, 54 Sicilian landings, 168, 214-15 sea reflections,S, 8-9, 25, 74 'sighting' reports, see U-boats Seaslug,surface-to-air missile, 35, 82-3, signal analysis equipment, 197 113 Signal Communication Branch, 164 second channel rejection, 241 Signal Department/Division, Second Support Group, 212 Admiralty, 174, 199 secrecy and security, ISO, 193, 261 signal generators, 207, 223, 242 Sector displays, see Displays signal-to-noise ratio, 73 'Seeburg', 369 Signal School, see HM Signal School 'Seetakt', 368-70 signal-strength variation, 23 356 General Index

Silvester, D.D. (HMSS/ASE), 213, 214, Staff Requirements, see Naval Staff 215, 226, 227 Requirements simultaneous-Iobing technique, 129, Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd, 130, 133 207 Singapore, 209 station keeping, 166 Skiatron, see displays St Margaret's Bay, Dover, 194, 209 Skinner, H.W.B. (IRE), 19, 202 Strahl, (German trials vessel), 274 Skua aircraft, 175, 176 'Strahlenzieler', 370 sky-wave, see HF DF Strategic Plot, see Plots sloops, 161 Strong, Mr (Allen West Ltd), 211 'Small Wiirzburg', 370 Struszynski, W. (HMSS/ASE), 230-1, Smith, S.B. (Marconi), 248 237-8,240,246-7,258 Smith-Rose, Dr R.L. (NPL), 248 submarines, general, 56, 58, 152, smoke screens, 211, 213 210-11,231 smoothing, of data, 78, 126 submarine radar, xxiii, 18, 310, 311, Solent,16 312 solid-state devices, 37, 66, 86 , HMS (cruiser), 151 Sonar, see Asdic sunspot activity, 11 sound-proofing, of ADR, 183 Supreme Allied Commander, Europe Southdown, HMS (destroyer), xxii, 54, (SACEUR), 181 56 Surface Force direction, 160-1, 182, 184 Southsea Castle, 53 surface gunnery fire control, see GS Southwick House, 160 radar Southwick Park, 156, 157 surface warning radar, see warning space-averaging, 253 radar Spakhia, Crete, 166 surface-waves, 254 Spartan, HMS (light cruiser), 213 surveillance radar, see warning radar Speckington Manor, Yeovilton, 178 surveying, 312 Special Branch of Navy, see RNVR 'Siisel', 370 Spectrum Display Unit (German), 299 , HMS (cruiser), 164 SPELLBINDER Operation (sweep off Sutton, R.W., (HMSS/ASE), 202, 225 Norway), 202 Svenner, (Norwegian Navy, destroyer), Spencer, USCGC, 245, 261 221 Sperry Gyroscope Co., 75 Swanage, Dorset, xxi, 19 Spezia, Italian Naval Base, 212 Swann, Lieutenant Ralph RNVR, 177, 'spider's-web' graticule, see Plotting 180 'spinning-gonio' system, see HF DF Swiftsure, HMS (cruiser), 66 'Spinning Naxos', 370 Swordfish aircraft, 183, 313 splash-spotting, see shell-splash Sydney, Australia, 164, 170 spotting system-design approach, 66 SQ radar, 313 stabilisation of antennae, see antennae Stabilized tachymetric anti-aircraft T gun, (STAAG): tachometric prediction, 127 general, 72, 73, 73, 310, 321 tachometric systems, 56, 104 antenna control, 112 tactical control of ships, 15, 28-9 equivalent needed in small Tactical Plot, see Plots ships, 82 Tank Landing Ship, 222 limitations of radar accuracy, 112 Tantallon, ASE Extension, see ASE Mark 2, 71 target acquisition, see gunnery radar performance with/without target allocation, see gunnery mounting, 74 target behaviour, 119-20 and Fly Plane System prediction, 110 target detection, 7, 82-3 General Index 357

target discrimination, see 'Scheer', 294 discrimination 'Segler' Series, 291 target evaluation, see gunnery 'Small Wiirzburg', 192, 271, 283 target - from detection to hit, 48 terminology, 278 target indication, see gunnery, gun and 'Quirl', 276 direction and Runge, 271 Target Indication Officer, 34 see also named equipments given above target indication radar, 312 'Telemobiloscope', 268, 269 Target Indication Room, (TIR), 30, 34­ telescope sight, on director, 78 5, 155--6, 163 test apparatus, 241-4; see also Field­ Target Indication Unit (TIU), 5, 156 Strength Meter, signal generators, for specific TIUs, see 366 wattmeter target recognition, see IFF The Gourlo, The White Sea, 167 target reflection characteristics, 67, 'throw-off', 118, 119 131-3,216 thyratron, see valves target terminology, 124-5 Tibbits, Captain Sir David, 156, 157, Taunus Mountains, 303 161, 172 Tay, HMS (frigate), 260 Tilbury, 201 Taylor AH. (Naval Radio Aircraft Tillard, R. (ASE), 197 Lab., USA), 270 'Timor', 370 Taylor, CA, (later Professor), (ASE), Tiptoe, HMS (submarine), 313 211, 215, 221, 225 Tirpitz (German battleship), 183, 280, Telecommunications Research 289 Establishment (TRE): Titanic, 5.5., 270 compact airborne radar, 66 Titlark (launch), 19 Countermeasures Group, 203 Toczylowski, H.S. (HMSS/ASE), 239, crystal-mixer valve, 202 248 ECM equipment, 215 Togo (German FD ship), 280 experimental 5-band equipment, xxi, TORCH, Operation (invasion of 19,67 French North Africa), 173, 180, jammers, 220 181 'Mandrel', jammer, 215 Torlese, Rear Admiral AD., 174 'Moonshine', echo-repeater torpedo attacks, 232 equipment, 218 torpedo-bombers, 29, 69, 106, 114-15 Swanage, xxi, 19 torpedo control, 149 technology transfer to HMSS, 19-20 Torpedoes and Mines Department, Telefunken Company (Germany): Admiralty, 86, 164 'Barbara ' Series, 294 torpedoes, flying, 36 'Berlin' series (bombing aid), 291 Torpedoversuchsanstalt 'Berlin U' series (for U-boats), 293 (TVA)(German torpedo research chronology, 192,271,276,284-5,295 establishment),274 coastal artillery FC, 294 Tosi, I. (Italian scientist), 234 disc-triode valve, 295 Toulon, 222 'Euklid' series, 295 Tovey, Admiral Sir John C, 180 experimental AI set, 284 Town-class destroyers (ex-USN), 58 'Freiburg' series, 286 Tozer, Lieutenant George RNVR, frequency choice, 283-4 177 'Freya' built under licence, 282, 286 tracking of targets: 'Giant Wiirzburg', 271, 276, 283 general,77-8 'Lichtenstein' series, 285 non-radar methods, 83 MF DF, 262 surface targets, 151 pre-WW2,271 and antenna carriers, 75 'Retten' (AA FC), 295 and radar, 50 358 General Index tracking of targets (cont .) examination of captured Ll-boats, in plotting, 151 224 and specific sets, 79, 106, 151 German centimetric radar, 191,203, Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 184 223-4, 293, 296 training/instruction: German early warning of em-radar, AITC, 30, 156-61 303,305 ECM,210 German ignorance of OF of own FD, 173, 177-8 transmissions, 261 HF OF, 252 German intercept receivers, 223, jammer Operators, 196 298-9 Johnstone trainer (PPI use), 160 German metric radar, 274, 278-9, Radar Operators, 157 285,296 Radar Plotters, 157, 165 German shore-control of tactics, 232 RAF, on intercept equipment, 209 German surprise at detections, 262 see also Collingwood, Dryad, Harrier, German 'Wolf-packs', 231, 232, 262 Valkyrie guidance from the air, 210 Training Control Unit (TCU), see HF OF of communications, 236, 245, gunnery radar 246,248,261 transformers, 237-8, 242 HF OF v radar, 229-30 Transmit/Receive (T/R) switch, 60-1, 'Metox' abandoned, 262 62 MF OF, 262 transmitter oscillators, 270 need for speedy OFs, 253 Transmitting Station (TS): night surface-attacks countered, 21 general, 67, 75, 136, 322 5-band radar effective,S, 19-20, 21, Director remote-control, 68, 100, 105, 153, 291, 300 108 'scare' tactics, 256 and shell-splash spotting, 63 'sighting' reports, 232, 256, 257 trawlers, 18 twin-channel CROF, 258-61 Treasury, H.M., 8, 61 use of higher antenna in escorts, 21 Trenkle, F. (German radar historian), U249, 305, 306 192, 294, 307 Uganda, HMS (heavy cruiser), 212 'Triton' (German cypher, 1942),255 'Ultra': Trondheim Fjord, Norway, 211 declassified, 230, 322' Trump, HMS (submarine), 313 German cypher broken, 254 'Trumpet', 366 need to maintain 'cover', 230, 255, Tuna, HMS (submarine), xxiii 261 Tuscan, HMS (destroyer), xxiii, 24 not continuous intelligence, 255 Tuve, M.A. (Carnegie Institution, and HF OF, 25~ USA),270 and ASV/ shipborne radar/HF OF, Type 22 frigates, 240 262 Conference on Radar for Marine Transport, 170 U United States Navy: U-boats: British HF OF in USN, 244-5 aircraft A/S patrols, 183 French team on HF OF, 245 Atlantic, Battle of, 169, 183-4 HF OF, 229, 244-6, 250, 252-3, 260 'B-bar' prefix, 232, 257 liaison, 226, 244 compound counteractions, 256, 262 VT fuzes, 107 communications with base, 231-2, and FD, 178, 182 252,260 United States of America: 'Convoy-Wave', 254 American radar in British ships, 313 O-Oay, 221 CW radar(1922), 270 OF or 'Ultra', 254-6 HF OF, 241, 244-5 General Index 359

navigating the Chesapeake, 166 variable smoothing times (VST), 115, optical rangefinder, 96 116 scientists at HMSS/ASE, 211 'vectoring' aircraft, 183; see also fighter standardised FD layout, 182 direction/interception USAAF fighter pilots, 181 'V'-class destroyers, 154 valves, 225 velocity trigger (VI) shell fuzing, 106­ Universities, 197; seealso Birmingham, 8,322 Bristol, Cambridge, Manchester, velocity 'wipe-out' device, 81 Oxford Venerable, HMS (light fleet carrier), Usk, HMS (submarine), 19 159 Utah Beach, 220 Very High Frequency (VHF), (30 - 300 US Navy Yard, Londonderry, 245 MHz), radio, 178, 182, 200 USSR, 199 Very Low Frequency (VLF), (3 - 30 kHz), 232, 235 'Very Special Intelligence', 261 V Vian, Admiral Sir Philip, 160 Vl (German flying bomb), 107 Vickers, Mr (Marconi Company), 249 V2 (German rocket), 214 Victoria, Canada, 170 Valiant, HMS (battleship), 87, 145, 150, Victorious, HMS (fleet carrier), 173, 177, 158 178, 179, 180, 313 Valkyrie, HMS (radar training school), View Plot, see Plots 207,210 VI fuze, 107 valves - general: State-of-Art, 86 technology superseded, 66 W Inter-Service valve work, 19 WA radar, 309; see also sets noted on valves - specific: 310-13 specific numbers, 366 Walden, S de (HMSS/ASE), 241 CRT, 235, 245, 290 Walker, Captain F.J., 212 crystal-mixer, 19, 202 Walrus, amphibious aircraft, 182, 313 gas-switch, 61 'WAnz',370 klystron, 67, 202, 225, 319 War Office, 76 magnetron: description, 319; warming up time for radar sets, 176 resonant-cavity, 19; 'Mandarin­ warning radar: anode', 225--6; spectrum, 225; general, 38-41, 165, 193 'strapping', 21, 226; Allied S­ aircraft, 8, 24, 165, 310-13 Band, 19,21,22,67, 202; Allied surface craft, 8, 19-20, 165,310-13 X-Band, 204; German combined air/surface craft, 17, 18, magnetrons, 202, 223, 224, 267, 309,310-12 274,305; German discovery of Warren, Norman (ARL,AGE), 145 Allied magnetrons, 284, 291, Warspite, HMS (battleship), 66, 212 300-1; Japanese experience, 209, 'Wasserman', 370 225--6; comparison of German water vapour in atmosphere, 10 and Allied magnetrons, 295 Watson-Watt, R.A., (later Sir Robert): mixer, 19,202 demonstrates radar potential, xxi, 7, modulator, 273 52 oscillator, 192, 202 DF receiver, 240 spark-gap, 61 'The Cult of the Third Best', 240 thyratron, 215, 273, 321 and CRDF, 235, 241, 260 triode: British, xxi, 194,195; German, Watson,D. Stewart (HMSS/ASE), 192,274,295; seealso E1190, LD6 227 Vancouver, Canada, 170 Watson, D.W. (Marconi), 248 Vanguard, HMS (battleship), xxiii, 158 wattmeter, 211 360 General Index waveguides, 79, 198, 204, 205, 206, 206, 83-cm (361-363MHz), 194, 288 208,291 metric radar, 18, 192 see also antennae, feeders 1.4-m (214MHz), 10, 16-18, 226 wavelength (frequency shown in l.5-m (200MHz), 210; see also sets brackets); noted on 310-13 definitions: l.8-m (171-167MHz), 273 K-band, around 1.25-cm (24,000 2-m (150MHz), 270 MHz),319 2.4-m (125MHz), 192,202,267,273, L-band, around 50-em (600MHz), 52 274 5-band, around 10-em (3,000MHz), 3.3-m (90MHz), xxi, 13 321 3.5-m (86MHz), 13; see also Type 281 X-band, around 3-cm (10,000MHz), series 322 3- to 4-m (100-75MHz), 53 millimetric, 53 6-m (50MHz), 213 centimetric radar (before WW2 the 7-m (43MHz), xxi, 10, 53 term 'centimetric' included all 11-m (27MHz), 10 wavelengths below 1-m), 209, 71.4-m (4.2MHz), 270 229 'W'-class destroyers, 154 l.25-cm (24,000MHz) (K-band), 68 WC radar, 17, 18,309,310-12 1.5-cm (20,000MHz), 293 Weapon Control Systems, see gun 3-cm (10,000MHz) (X-band), 65-6, direction systems 168-9, 202, 204, 293 weather reports (German), 232 9-cm (3,333MHz), 284 Wellington bomber, 209, 210, 277, 281 decimetric radar, 45, 192,267,271, Wembley, GEC premises, 194 295-6 'Wespe g', 370 9- to 50-em, 211 Whipple, R.T.P. (HMSS/ASE), 247, 10-cm (3,000MHz) (5-band) : Did 256 Germany have 5-band?, 202-9; White, E.L.e. (EMD, 42, 144 Germans find Allied S-band, White Sea, 167 290-5; German search Willett, Captain Basil R., 193 equipment, 301-5; Japanese 'William', 312 equipment, 226; pre-WW2 'Window', 218, 273, 322 German tests, 269; sensor for Wireless Office, 154 gunnery, 10, 19-25, 65-73; wireless 'silence', 150, 176 Swanage trials, xxi; see also wireless telegraphy (W/T - morse), 28, specific sets noted on 311-13 147-8, 175, 178, 269 10- to 30-cm, 205-6 'Wolf-packs', see Ll-boats l3.5-cm (2, 222MHz), 192,270-1 Women's Royal Naval Service 25-cm (1, 200MHz), xxi, 53 (WRNS), 157, 160, 168, 197, 200, 48-cm (625MHz), 271 259 50-em (600MHzHL-band), xxi, Wooley, J.e. (ASE), 239 52-65, 67, 267, 268-9, 271; Woolrych, Commander R.S., (Author, see also specific sets noted on Monograph 4), xxvi 310-12 work with/by private firms, see 53-em (566MHz), 192, 196,202 outside contractors 53.5-cm (561MHz), 278 Wright, S.T. (HMSS/ASE), 227 60-cm (500MHz), 192, 193, 273, 274 WS radar, 309, see warning radar - 62.5-cm (480MHz), 273 surface craft and 310-13 70-cm (429MHz), 273 'Wiillenweber', 370 70- to 91-cm (430-330MHz), 288 'Wiirzburg', 370 80-cm (375MHz), 192, 194, 202 Wynne-Edwards, Commander C}, 81.5-cm (368MHz), 273 157, 158, 161, 164-5 General Index 361

X 'V' Office, 154,323 XG2, see HMSS, RCM Section Yorke, Commander Philip, 178 XRE3, see ASE Young, L.c. (Naval Aircraft Radio X-band, see wavelength Lab., USA), 270

Y Vagi, see antennae YE, aircraft homing beacon (US), 182, 2 184 zeppelins, 270 Yeovilton, , FD School, 156, zero phase-gradient in DF, 233 157, 161 '2' Stations, 196, 197, 198, 199,218,221 Equipment Index

Brief descriptive notes are given in the Appendix. Technical data is tabulated on pp. 40-1, 128-9 and in the Appendix.

German Equipment is gathered together in the Supplement to this Index, p. 367 et seq.

21, Japanese WA radar, l.4-m, 226 242, interrogator, 310 22, Japanese WS radar, Ill-em, 226 242M, interrogator, 310 79, WA radar: 243, interrogator, 310 development, xxi 244, interrogator, 310 technical data, 40, 310 245, interrogator, 310 vertical-lobe structure, 9 251, shipbome beacon, 310 in large ships, 10-12 251M, shipbome beacon, 310 performance, 12, 29, 181 251P, shipbome beacon, 310 detected other Type 79 at 100 miles, 252, IFF transponder, 310 176 253, IFF, 310 and Action Information, 150-1 253P, IFF, 310 and FD, 173, 174-6 2535, IFF, 310 and navigation, 166 255, beacon, 310 and plotting, 182 256, shore-beacon, 310 and weapon control, 12 257, carrier-controlled approach radar, replaced, xxiii 310 ship-fitting, numbers, 12 258, shore-radar beacon, 310 79B, WA radar, xxii, 12, 310 259, shipbome beacon, 310 79M, WA radar, 310 261, W5 radar, 310 79X, WA radar, xxi, 8, 10-11 261W, WS radar, 310 79Y, WA radar, xxi, 10-11, 40 262, GC radar (search-and-lock-on): 792, WA radar, xxi, 11-12 general, 70-3 91, radar jammer: initiated, xxii antenna, 196, 198 development contract, xxii effectiveness, 199 first installation, xxiii enemy change of frequency, 197 accuracy, 112 engineered version, 196 aiming-errors, 78, 112 extended to l.5-m band, 210 limitations, 72-3 general, 191 technical data, 128, 310 redesigned for Far East, 226 variants, 71-2 shipbome version, 201 on 5TAAG mounting, 72 technical data, 310 263, GB radar, 70-3, 310 waveguides, 196-7 267W, submarine WS/WC radar, xxiii, and Assault Craft, 226 310 and US, 215 267MW, submarine WS/WC radar, in Actions, 201 310 in Operations, 202, 215, 218, 221 267PW, submarine W5/WC radar, 310 ships fitted - general, 201, 215 268, WS radar, xxiii, 170, 310 241, interrogator, 310 269, coastal forces GS radar, 310

362 Equipment Index 363

271, WS radar: technical data, 41, 311 adapted for older destroyers, 21 performance, 24, 43, 182 chronology, xxii advantage, 23 development, xxii pulse-to-pulse variation, 23 Marks, 20-1 sea trials, 23 navigation in fog, 167 and ADR displays, 183 technical data, 41, 311 and general WA, 23 and monitor receivers, 205, 207, 209 in Operations, 183 and plots, 151, 153 superseded, xxiii and target-handling capability, 29 ships fitted - general, 162 and Ll-boat kills, 153 ships fitted - specific, xxiii, 24, 183 271M, WS radar, 20, 21, 41, 311 277P, WS radar, xxiii, 24, 311 271P, WS radar, xxii, 20-1, 41, 311 277Q, WS radar, 24, 25, 26, 41, 311 271Q, WS radar, xxii, 20-2, 41, 311 277S, WS/low air-cover radar, 311 271X, WS radar, xxii, 20, 67 2771', WS/low air-cover radar, xxiii, 272, WS radar, xxii, 21, 22, 41, 151, 311 311 272M, WS radar, 311 277X, WS radar, xxiii, 23, 41, 181 272P, WS radar, xxii, 311 279, WA radar: 273,WS radar, xxii,41, 54, 151, 167, 311 general, 10-12 273M, WS radar, 311 technical data, 40, 311 273P, WS radar, xxii, 311 accurate ranging facility, 12, 54 273Q, WS radar, xxii, 22, 23, 41, 311 detection range, 43 274, GS radar: kill-probability, 98, 105 technical data, 128, 311 lobe-structure and Type 281's, 14, development, xxii, 65 282 installation, xxiii, 66 and gunnery, 12, 97, 98, 105 sea trials, 67 numbers, 12 beamwidth,68 ships fitted - general, 162 target resolution, 75 279B, WA radar, 12, 40 and automatic target tracking, 74 280, WA/GA radar: ships fitted - specific, 66 adapted from GL 1, 12-15 275, GA radar: accurate ranging, 54 chronology, xxii, xxiii, 6~, 108 kill-probability of system, 98, 105 first set capable of full blind-fire, 101 technical data, 40, 311 inherent aiming-error, 74, 79 ships fitted - general, 97 integrated design, 66 281, WA radar: performance, 74-5 development, xxi radar not limiting the system, 70, 74 technical data, 13-14, 40, 311 sea trials, 66 range performance, 14, 22, 42, 43 size, 71 accurate ranging unit, 54, 97 technical data, 128,311 kill-probability, in gunnery, 98, 105 and auto-following, 74, 112 lobe-maximum procedure, 274 and blind-fire, 69, 69 lobe structure, 9, 14,23,29,282 and Mark 6 Director, 100, 108-9 vertical polar-diagram, 42, 43 and missile guidance, 77 and Heightfinding, 183 and sea reflections, 74 and IFF, 310 and shell-splash spotting, 70 and PPI, seeType 281B ships fitted - specific, 66 and RDR, 183 276, WS radar, xxii, xxiii,22, 24, 41, 311 superseded, xxiii 277, WS radar: numbers, xxii description, 23 ships fitted - general, 162 development, xxii ships fitted - specific, xxii, 13 into service, xxiii, 23 281B, WA radar, xxii, 13-15,40,311 364 Equipment Index

281BM, WA radar, 311 receiver in ECM laboratory test, 223 281BP, WA radar, 311, 312 and AA control, 54 281BQ, WA radar, xxiii, 14-15,40,311, and FC, 99 312 and Scharnhorst action, 153 282, GC radar: and tracking surface targets, 151 started, xxi, 53 and plotting, 154 technical data, 56, 128, 311 and navigation, 166 range accuracy, 58-9 modifications, 58, 65 beamwidth,61 numbers, 54 beam-splitting, 130-1 285M, GA radar: common transmit/receive working, ABV,6~ 61 full remote power control, 105-6 converted to Type 283, 58, 64 kill-probability, 98, 105 numbers, xxi, 53, 54 technical data, 128, 311 282M, GC radar, 128, 311 and blind-fire, 68 282P, GC radar, 71, 128 285M2, GA radar, 65 282Q, GC radar, 311 285P, GA radar: 283, GB radar, 58, 64, 128, 311 chronology, xxii 283M, GB radar, 311 aiming jitter, 78 284, GS radar: Director control from TS, 105-6 technical data, 128, 311 kill-probability, 98, 105 comparison with 5-band sets, 22 limitations, 68-9, 108-9 sea trials, xxii, 58 technical data, xxii, 97, 128, 311 aiming accuracy, 61, 62-3 285Q GA radar, 311 beam-splitting, 130-1 286, WC radar: beamwidth, 61 German equivalent, 285, 287 common transmit/receive, 61 range of detection, 17, 20 range accuracy, 56, 58 RAF ASV modification, xxi, 16 range of detection, 58 small-ship radar, 16-17, 18, 22, 29 and navigation, 166 technical data, 40 and shell-splash spotting, 63 ships fitted - general, xxi and specification, 58 286M, WC radar: and tracking surface targets, 151 numbers, 16 modifications (to new variant), 58, performance, 17, 18 65 ships fitted - general, 18 numbers, 54 technical data, 16, 40, 311 ships fitted - specific, 54 and bearing accuracy, 151 284M, GS radar, 128, 311 and plotting, 154 284P, GS radar, xxii, 68, 128, 311 and station-keeping, 153 285, GA radar: and tactical information, 151 authority to proceed, 54 and U-boats, 153 technical data, 128, 311 286P, WC radar, 17-18, 29,40,43, 151, sea trials, xxii, 54, 56 311 range of detection, 56 286PQ, WC radar, 17-18, 40, 311 range accuracy/errors, 56, 58, 97 286V, WC coastal forces radar, 311 aiming by radar, 130-1 286W, submarine we radar, 311 aiming accuracy/errors, 61, 62-3, 98 287, minewatch radar, 311 beamwidth, 61 288(1), GC radar, 311 common transmit/receive, 61 288(2), GC radar, 312 beam-switching, 98, 130-1 289, GA radar, 312 range-rate accuracy, 97 290, WC radar, xxii, 16-18, 40, 312 kill-probability, 98, 105 291, WC radar: antenna, 55 associated beacons, 310 Equipment Index 365

detection range, 17, 43, 153 932, GS/splash radar, 68 fitting, xxii, 151 940, interrogator, 312 general, 16-18 941, interrogator, 312 replacement for Type 286, xxii 951, beacon, 312 sea trials, 17 952, beacon, 312 small-ship radar, 21, 22, 29 960, WA radar, xxiii, 15, 180, 312 technical data, 40, 43, 312 961, CCA radar, 312 voice-pipe to Plot, 154 970, WS radar, 168, 312 and station-keeping, 153 971, WS radar, 168, 312 291M, WC radar, 312 971M, WS radar, 312 291U,coastal forces WC radar, 310, 312 972, WS radar, 312 291W, submarine WC radar, 312 980, WC/FD radar, xxiii, 25, 181, 312 293, WC/TI radar, xxiii, 25, 30-3, 162, 981, heightfinder radar, xxiii, 181, 312 312 990, WC radar, 312 293M, WC/TI radar, xxiii, 30, 41, 43, 992, TI radar, 26, 33-5, 37, 41, 312 312 992Q, TI radar, 37 293P, WC/TI radar, xxiii, 26, 41 992Y, TI radar, 37 293Q WC/TI radar, 26, 41 993, TI radar, 37 293QW, WC/TI radar, 30 994, TI radar, 37 293X, WC/TI radar, 2~, 41 AB2 (receiver): 294, WC/FD radar, xxii, 180-1,312 GEC version, 203, 205, 206 295, WC/FD radar, xxii, 180-1, 312 first modification, 206, 206, 208, 208, 650, jammer, 213-14, 312 209 651, jammer, 213-14, 312 CV39 modification, 207, 207, 208, 901, WA radar: 208,209 general, 78-81 AH4 (Admiralty designation of antenna, 80-1 Marconi OFG 26), 249 attack on aiming errors, 78-9 AH6 (Admiralty designation - Plessey beam-riding, 77 shore HF OF), 250 chronology, 77, 129, 142 AI, RAF air interception (airborne) errors, 115 radar, 303, 310 for large ships, 82 AlA radar, 313 GMSI application, 113 ANI APS-4 (US airborne radar), 313 guided-missile project, 77 ANIAPS-6 (US airborne radar), 313 'jitter', 133 ASB (US airborne radar), 313 LRSI radar, 75, 113, 142 ASH (US airborne radar), 313 performance, 77, 79-80, 133 ASV (RAF and Naval versions): prototype, 80 aircrew helped by FD, 184 servos, 134, 137 Germans develop ASV after shipborne tracking radar, 77 capturing Allied equipment, technical data, 129, 130 210, 276-7 X-Band,77 German detectors in U-boats, 299 and 'glint', 133 modified RAF set in small ships, 16 903, radar, 75, 122-3, 123 Mark I, 16, 298, 305 904, radar, 75 Mark II, 210, 277, 298, 299, 300, 305, 905, radar: 313 errors, 115, 116, 121, 123, 123, 133 Mark IIN, 313 'noise', 115 Mark III, 291, 300, 302, 305 technical data, 115, 129, 130, 134 Requirement not foreseen by and MRS5, 75, 113 Germany, 276 930, GS/splash radar, 312 technical data, 313 931, Canadian GS/splash radar, 68, and U-boat detection, 262, 291, 301 312 3-cm ASV, 184 366 Equipment Index

B21 (HF DF receiver), 240 Outfit FV3 (DF), 200 'Battle-axe', monitoring receiver, 205-b Outfit QM (Decca Navigator), 169 CA No.1 (Army Set), 312 Outfit RU1 (DF of enemy radar), 224 CD No .1, Mk.IV (Army radar set), xxii Outfit RU2 (DF of enemy radar), 224 Decca Navigator (Outfit QM), 169 Outfit RU3 (DF of enemy radar), 224 DFG 24 (Marconi shore HF DF Outfit RU4 (DF of enemy radar), 224 equipment),248 P19, monitor receiver, 194, 195 DFG 25 (Marconi shore HF DF P29, monitor receiver, 195, 201, 210 equipment), 248 QM, ('Decca Navigator'), 169 DFG 26 (Marconi shore HF DF RBL 10, precision range-panel, 98, 105 equipment), 249 RBL 11, precision range-panel, 98, 105 FH3 (shipborne HF DF Outfit), 240-2, RL7, search receiver, 200 245-6, 258, 266 RL66A (Plessey twin-channel CRDF FH4 (shipborne HF DF Outfit), 240-1 , receiver), 241 246,258,260 S25B, (HF DF frame-coil), 238, 240 FH4X (experimental shipborne HF DF SA, WA radar (US), 313 Outfit),241, 260 SCR-291 (US DF equipment), 245 GCI, RAF ground-control interception SG, WS radar (US), 313 radar, 177, 318 SJ, WS radar (US), 313 GL 1, Army gunlaying set, 12, 40, 54 SK, WA radar (US), 313 H2S, RAF airborne radar: SL, WS radar (US), 310, 313 captured,209, 262,276,284,290, 293, SM-1, FD radar (US), 176,313 300,307 SO, WS radar (US), 313 German copy, 291, 295 SQ, WS radar (US portable), 313 technical data, 312 Target Indication Unit (TIU) Mark 2, for Navigation Leaders, 168 30-3 H2X, US airborne 3-cm radar, 168, 209, Target Indication Unit (TIU) Mark 3, 291,295 33-5 'Headache', monitor receiver, 154,200 'Trumpet', monitor receiver, 8- to L12, ranging panel, 55, 57 12-cm, 205, 205-b, 208 L17, precision ranging panel, 54 Valves, specific: L22, ranging panel, 63-4, 64 CV39, (klystron, S22 AF), 207, 207, L24, precision ranging-panel, 98, 105 222 'Mandrel'. TRE jammer, 215 E1l90 (triode), 194, 195 Mark 35 (US 3-cm radar), 75 S22 AF (klystron, CV39), 207 Mark 56 (US MRS system), 75 'William', 312 'Matador', jammer, 215 YE, US aircraft homing beacon, 183, 'Moonshine', TRE echo-repeater 184 equipment, 218 Supplement to Equipment Index

German Equipment

'Athos', centimetric search/DF 'Freiburg', Naval radar (frequency receiver for Ll-boats (FUMB 35), variant of 'Freya', 286 303,305,306 'Freya', Naval land-based WA/WS 'Bali 1', radar search-receiver (FuMB radar: 29),300 A/I procedures, 278 'Barbara', fire-control radar (FuMO associated IFF, 296 111),294 coastal defence, 192, 196,281,282 'Berlin', original radar developed from Luftwaffe use, 192, 193, 273,275 captured H2S radar, 293-4 manufacturer, 273, 282, 286 'Berlin A', radar, 291, 293 Naval sets, 192, 193, 273 'Berlin K', radar (FuMO 82),292,293 numbers, 282 'Berlin 5', ship-borne radar (FuMO 81), polarisation, 275 291, 292, 293 range, 193,274-5,281-2 'Berlin VI', V-boat radar (FuMO 83), technical data, 281 293 to be countered in NEPTUNE, 'Berlin V2', V-boat radar (FuMO 84), 216 293 transmitter used in V-boat search 'Biene r. IFF, 296 and warning set, 296 Blaupunkt, manufacturer of 'Korfu' WA, 192,274-5,281-2 series of search-receivers (FuMB WS,282 12, 13, 14, 17), 302 for putting other radar on target, 'Blau-Strumpf', (long-afterglow CRT), 280 290 'Frischling', IFF (FuME 5), 297 'Boulogne', shore-based radar (FuMO FuG 25a, 'Erstling' IFF, used with 5),290 'Freya' and 'Wiirzburg's, 297 'Calais', shore-based CD radar (FuMO FuG 200, Luftwaffe number of FuMO 1), 281, 290, 293 61,285 'Calais B', shore-based CD radar FuG 202, Luftwaffe number of FuMO (FuMO 2), 281 71,285 'Cuba', DF receiver (FuMB 24), 301, FuG 224, Luftwaffe number of FuMO 301 81,291 'Demeyer', FuMB 3 radar search/DF FuG 350Z, airborne 'Naxos' intercept/ receiver, 298 DF receiver, 303 'Drauf', PPI, 283, 290, 294 FuKG 41g, 'Wespe g' IFF (FuME 1),296 'Erstling', IFF (FuME 3) used with FuMB 1, 'Metox' radar search/DF 'Freya' and 'Wiirzburg's, 297 receiver, 298 'Euklid', ship-borne radar (FuMO 231), FuMB 2, 'Sadir' radar search/DF 295 receiver, 298 'Fano', radar search-receiver (FuMB 5), FuMB 3, 'Demeyer' radar search/DF 298 receiver, 298 'Flakheit', terminology, 279 FuMB 4, 'Sames' radar search/DF 'Hum', terminology, 279 receiver, 298, 300

367 368 Supplement to Equipment Index

FuMB 5, 'Fano' radar search/DF FuMG41G(g, A), 'Freya' land-based receiver, 298 CD radar, (FuMO 311, 'Freiburg' FuMB 7, 'Naxos I' radar search/DF series), 290 intercept unit, 301, 303, 304 FuMG42G(c, F), 'Freya' land-based CD FuMB 8, 'Cypem I' radar search/DF radar, 290 receiver, 299 FuMG42G(f, Z), 'Freya' land-based FuMB 9, 'Cypem II' radar search/DF radar, 282 receiver, 299 FuMG401 series, Luftwaffe 'Freya' FuMB 16, 'Cypem III' radar search/DF radars, 286 receiver, 299 FuMG450, Luftwaffe 'Freya' radar, FuMB 20, land-based radar search/DF 282 with 'Gronland' antenna, 299 FuMG451 A - H, Luftwaffe 'Freya' FuMB 23, 'Naxos ZM1' radar search/ radars, (Naval numbers FuMO DF receiver, 303 321-328), 286 FuMB 24, 'Cuba' radar search/DF FuMO 1, CD radar, 'Calais', 281 antenna, 301 FuMO 2, CD radar, 'Calais B', 281 FuMB 25, 'Miicke' radar search/DF FuMO 3, CD land-based 'Seetakt' receiver, 302, 302 radar, 290 FuMB 35, 'Athos l ' radar search/DF FuMO 5, CD land-based 'Boulogne' receiver, 303 radar, 290 FuMB Ant3, DF antenna, used with FuMO 11, CD 'Renner I' radar, 293-4 FuMB 8, 9, 10 FuMO 12, CD 'Renner II' radar, 293 and 29 receivers, 299 FuMO 13, CD 'Renner III' radar, 294 FuME 1, 'Wespe g' IFF, 296 FuMO 15, CD 'Scheer' radar, 294 FuME 2, 'Wespe' IFF, 296 FuMO 21-28 series 'Seetakt' radar, 279, FuME 3, 'Erstling' IFF, 297 280, 281, 286-7, 289 FuME 5, 'Frischling' IFF,297 FuMO 31, 'Sophie' radar, 288 FuMG38G(g), early experimental FuMO 32 to FuMO 34, 'Seetakt' radar, 'Freya', 274 289 FuMG38G(B), early experimental FuMO 41, shipbome fire-control 'Freya', 274 'Segler I' radar, 291 FuMG39G(f, B), mobile WA radar, 279 FuMO 51, 'Mammut Gustav' shore­ FuMG39G(g, B), shore-based CD based CD radar, 290 'Calais A' (FuMO 1) radar, 281 FuMO 52, 'Mammut Caesar' shore­ FuMG39G(g, P), Naval radar 'Freya' based CD radar, 290 on rangefinder, 280 FuMO 53, 'Mammut Cacilie' CD radar, FuMG39G(g, L), Naval radar 'Freya' 290 on Bridge, 281 FuMO 61-{)3, 'Hohentwiel' series FuMG40G series, Naval and land­ shipbome radar, 285 based radar, 279, 286, 287 FuMO 64, 'Hohentwiel L' land-based FuMG40G(f, B), 'Freya' radar, 281 radar, 285 FuMG40G(g, B), shore-based CD FuMO 65, 'Hohentwiel V2' submarine 'Calais B' (FuMO 2) radar, 279 radar, 285 FuMG40G(g, D), land-based 'Freya' FuMO 71, shipbome 'Lichtenstein' radar, 290 radar, 285 FuMG40G(g, S), fixed antenna 'Freya' FuMO 81, 'Berlin S' Naval radar, 291, radar for torpedo-boats, 287 292 FuMG41G(c, F), 'Freya' land-based CD FuMO 82, shipbome 'Berlin K' radar, radar, (FuMO 311, 'Freiburg' 292 series), 290 FuMO 83, V-boat 'Berlin ur radar, 293 FuMG41G(f, B), 'Freya' mobile land­ FuMO 84, V-boat 'Berlin V2' radar, 293 based radar. (FuMO 311, FuMO 111, 'Barbara' land-based FC 'Freiberg' series), 282 radar, 294 Supplement to Equipment Index 369

FuMO 201, land-based 'Seetakt' radar, Hs 293, German Glider-bomb, radio­ 296 controlled from parent aircraft, FuMO 213, 'Wiirzburg 0' radar, 283 211, 212, 213, 221, 222, 312 FuMO 215, 'Giant Wiirzburg' CD 'Kassel', FuMO 232 radar, 295 radar, 283, 290 'Korfu' Series receivers, 302 FuMO 231, shipbome 'Euklid' AA 'Kiih', interrogation system, 297 radar, 295 'Lessing', U-boat radar (omni- FuMO 232, Naval radar, 'Kassel', 295 directional 'Seetakt', FuMO 391), FuMO 301, land-based WA radar, 279 296 FuMO 302, early shipbome 'Freya' 'Lichtenstein', FuG 202 (FuMO 71) AI radar, 281 radar, 276, 278, 285 FuMO 303, Naval radar, 'Freiburg 1', 'Mammut-Caesar', CD radar, FuMO 286 52,290 FuMO 311 to FuMO 318, 'Freiburg I' 'Mammut-Cacily', CD radar, FuMO 53, Series radar, variants, 286 290 FuMO 321 to FuMO 328, 'Freiburg II' 'Mammut-Gustav', CD radar, FuMO Series radar, variants, 286 51,289 FuMO 391, V-boat 'Lessing' (omni­ 'Metox', FuMB 1 If-boat ASV search directional 'Seetakt') radar, 296 receiver, 262, 298, 298 FX 1400, air-launched radio-guided 'Mucke', FuMB 25 search/OF armour-piercing bomb, 212, 312 equipment, 302, 302 'Giant Wiirzburg', German radar: 'Naxos', FuMB 7 5-Band radar accuracy, 283 intercept receiver, 301, 303, seealso AA FC, 196, 203, 271 'Spinning-Naxos' Coastal Defence, 203, 271, 278, 283, 'Pendulum', IFF receiver, 296 284,290 'Quirl', conical scan, 276, 283 GCI, 196, 203, 271, 276 'Radattel', aural-null device, 287, 287, general, 192, 277 288, 288, 296 manufacturers, 271, 283 'Renner 1', FuMO 11 land-based WS mounting used in FC radar, 294 radar, 293 numbers, 276 'Renner II', FuMO 12 land-based WS performance, 280 radar, 293 post-WW2 uses, 276 'Renner III', FuMO 13 land-based WS prf, 283 radar, 294 'Seeburg', 278, 283, 284 'Retten', land-based radar control of shipbome stabilised mounting, 280 multi-barrel AA, 295 wavelengths, 196,202-3,271,278, 'Rotterheim', land-based experimental 283-4 5-Band WA radar, 293 and 'Quirl', 276, 283 'Sadir', FuMB 2 radar search/OF on coasts of occupied Europe, 196, receiver, 298 202,211 'Sames', FuMB 4 radar search/OF to be countered in NEPTUNE, 216 receiver, 298, 300 'Gronland', shore-based antenna used 'Scheer', FuMO 15 CD radar, 294 with FuMB 20, 299 'See-Art', terminology, 279 'Haffkrug', experimental blind-fire 'Seeburg', CD version of 'Giant shipbome AA radar, 295 Wiirzburg' radar (FuMO 215), 278, 'Hohentwiel', German 55-cm ASV: 283, 284 Lorenz, 273, 277 'Seetakt', WS and gunnery radar: modular construction, 285 general, 193,274,275 Naval uses, 285, 289 coastwatcher, 193, 196, 216 and FC,292 early installation, 192 in 5-boats, 285 range of detection, 279 in If-boats, 306 terminology and variants, 279 370 Supplement to Equipment Index

technical data, 192, 273, 274, 275, 278, wavelength, 271, 276, 283 286,289 and Gel, 276 and 'Berlin' Series, 292 and NEPTUNE, 216 and Dover Straits, 194 and 'Quirl', 283 and GEMA, 273, 274, 286, 288 'Spinning-Naxos', FuMB 7, detection and IFF,296