Code Breaking at Bletchley Park
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To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?
Portland State University PDXScholar Young Historians Conference Young Historians Conference 2016 Apr 28th, 9:00 AM - 10:15 AM To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology? Hayley A. LeBlanc Sunset High School Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians Part of the European History Commons, and the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y LeBlanc, Hayley A., "To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?" (2016). Young Historians Conference. 1. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2016/oralpres/1 This Event is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Young Historians Conference by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. To what extent did British advancements in cryptanalysis during World War 2 influence the development of computer technology? Hayley LeBlanc 1936 words 1 Table of Contents Section A: Plan of Investigation…………………………………………………………………..3 Section B: Summary of Evidence………………………………………………………………....4 Section C: Evaluation of Sources…………………………………………………………………6 Section D: Analysis………………………………………………………………………………..7 Section E: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………10 Section F: List of Sources………………………………………………………………………..11 Appendix A: Explanation of the Enigma Machine……………………………………….……...13 Appendix B: Glossary of Cryptology Terms.…………………………………………………....16 2 Section A: Plan of Investigation This investigation will focus on the advancements made in the field of computing by British codebreakers working on German ciphers during World War 2 (19391945). -
How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bombe: Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CURVE/open How I learned to stop worrying and love the Bombe: Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park Smith, C Author post-print (accepted) deposited by Coventry University’s Repository Original citation & hyperlink: Smith, C 2014, 'How I learned to stop worrying and love the Bombe: Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park' History of Science, vol 52, no. 2, pp. 200-222 https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275314529861 DOI 10.1177/0073275314529861 ISSN 0073-2753 ESSN 1753-8564 Publisher: Sage Publications Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This document is the author’s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it. Mechanising the Information War – Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park Christopher Smith Abstract The Bombe machine was a key device in the cryptanalysis of the ciphers created by the machine system widely employed by the Axis powers during the Second World War – Enigma. -
Tyringham Hall Tyringhamtyringham
Tyringham Hall TyringhamTyringham ... Buckinghamshire Hall Tyringham Hall by H. Hobson, March 1890 A magnificent Grade I Listed Soane Georgian Mansion with garden buildings and landscape by Lutyens 1 Tyringham Hall TyringhamTyringham ... Buckinghamshire Hall Central London: 45 miles Olney: 4.5 miles M1 (Junction 14): 5 miles Trains to London Euston from 35 minutes (Milton Keynes) International Airport: 25 miles (Luton) in all about 59.21 ACRES (23.966 HECTARES) Please note: Freehold 37.50 acres (15.18 hectares) Leasehold 21.71 acres (8.786 hectares) 4 Crispin Holborow Nick Ingle Savills London Savills Harpenden Tel: 0207 409 8881 Tel: 01582 465 002 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Your attention is drawn to the Important Notice on the last page of the text. 5 6 The Bridge over the River Ouse The founTain To The fronT elevaTion of The house feaTuring Diana anD apollo 7 TyringhamTyRingham HallHALL SUMMARY Lutyens masterpieces and one of Europe’s largest reflecting pools. Tyringham Hall is a beautiful Grade I listed English stately home The majority of furniture and contents in the house, stable house built by Sir John Soane with gardens and garden buildings by Sir and grounds will be available by separate negotiation. Edwin Lutyens, one of only a handful of country houses that can lay claim to have been worked on by two of England’s greatest architects. SITUATION Tyringham Hall is situated in magnificent parkland setting The 18th century neo-classical villa includes 4 magnificently approximately 4.5 miles south of the picturesque market town of proportioned reception rooms, a kitchen, breakfast room and Olney and 5 miles from Junction 14 of the M1. -
Stdin (Ditroff)
Notes to accompany four Alan Turing videos 1. General The recent (mid-November 2014) release of The Imitation Game movie has caused the com- prehensive Alan Hodges biography of Turing to be reprinted in a new edition [1]. This biog- raphy was the basis of the screenplay for the movie. A more recent biography, by Jack Copeland [2], containing some new items of information, appeared in 2012. A more techni- cal work [3], also by Jack Copeland but with contributed chapters from other people, appeared in 2004. 2. The Princeton Years 1936–38. Alan Turing spent the years from 1936–38 at Princeton University studying mathematical logic with Prof. Alonzo Church. During that time Church persuaded Turing to extend the Turing Machine ideas in the 1936 paper and to write the results up as a Princeton PhD. You can now obtaing a copy of that thesis very easily [4] and this published volume contains extra chapters by Andrew Appel and Solomon Feferman, setting Turing’s work in context. (Andrew Appel is currently Chair of the Computer Science Dept. at Princeton) 3. Cryptography and Bletchley park There are many texts available on cryptography in general and Bletchley Park in particu- lar. A good introductory text for the entire subject is “The Code Book” by Simon Singh [5] 3.1. Turing’s Enigma Problem There are now a large number of books about the deciphering of Enigma codes, both in Hut 6 and Hut 8. A general overview is given by “Station X” by Michael Smith [6] while a more detailed treatment, with several useful appendices, can be found in the book by Hugh Sebag-Montefiore [7]. -
Index Class: Minor Applications Min 01 09/00637
INDEX CLASS: MINOR APPLICATIONS No. Reference Address Ward Parish Report Plan(s) Page Page MIN 01 09/00637/FUL 111 Buckingham Bletchley & West 14 28 Road Fenny Bletchley Bletchley Stratford Town Council MIN 02 09/01873/FUL Five Acres Bletchley & Simpson 34 44 Nursing Home Fenny Parish Simpson Stratford Council MIN 03 09/01923/FUL 8 Marshworth Woughton Woughton 52 63 Tinkers Bridge Community Council MIN 04 09/02119/FUL Milton Keynes Woughton Woughton 67 73 General Hospital Community Standing Way Council Eaglestone MIN 05 09/02264/FUL Church View Sherington Moulsoe 76 86 Bungalow Parish Newport Road Council Moulsoe MIN 06 09/02292/FUL Church Farm Sherington Sherington 90 97 Church End Parish Sherington Council MIN 07 10/00100/FUL Glebe House Hanslope park Hanslope 102 106 Forest Road Parish Hanslope Council MIN 08 10/00271/FUL 7 Anglesey Court Loughton Park Loughton 109 118 Great Holm Parish Council Index cont……………… CLASS: OTHER APPLICATIONS No. Reference Address Ward Parish Report Plan(s) Page Page OTH 01 09/01872/FUL 1 Rose Cottages Wolverton Wolverton & 122 130 Mill End Greenleys Wolverton Mill Town Council OTH 02 09/01907/FUL 6 Twyford Lane Walton park Walton 135 140 Walnut Tree parish Council OTH 03 09/02161/FUL 16 Stanbridge Stony Stony 143 148 Court Stratford Stratford Stony Stratford Town Council OTH 04 09/02217/FUL 220A Wolverton Linford North Great Linford 152 159 Road Parish Blakelands Council OTH 05 10/00117/FUL 98 High Street Olney Olney Town 162 166 Olney Council OTH 06 10/00049/FUL 63 Wolverton Newport Newport 168 174 Road Pagnell North Pagnell Newport Pagnell Town Council OTH 07 10/00056/FUL 24 Sitwell Close Newport Newport 177 182 Newport Pagnell Pagnell North Pagnell Town Council CLASS: OTHER APPLICATIONS – HOUSES IN MULTIPLE OCCUPATION No. -
Cryptography in a Quantum World
Cryptography in a Quantum World ⋆ Gilles Brassard 1,2 1 D´epartement d’informatique et de recherche op´erationnelle Universit´ede Montr´eal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville Montr´eal (QC), H3C 3J7 Canada 2 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research [email protected] http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~brassard/en/ Abstract. Although practised as an art and science for ages, cryptog- raphy had to wait until the mid-twentieth century before Claude Shannon gave it a strong mathematical foundation. However, Shannon’s approach was rooted is his own information theory, itself inspired by the classical physics of Newton and Einstein. But our world is ruled by the laws of quantum mechanics. When quantum-mechanical phenomena are taken into account, new vistas open up both for codemakers and codebreakers. Is quantum mechanics a blessing or a curse for the protection of privacy? As we shall see, the jury is still out! Keywords: Cryptography, Quantum mechanics, Quantum computa- tion, Post-quantum cryptography, Quantum communication, Quantum key distribution, Edgar Allan Poe 1 Introduction For thousands of years, cryptography has been an ongoing battle between code- makers and codebreakers [1,2], who are more formally called cryptographers and cryptanalysts. Naturally, good and evil are subjective terms to designate code- makers and codebreakers. As a passionate advocate for the right to privacy, my allegiance is clearly on the side of codemakers. I admit that I laughed hyster- ically when I saw the Zona Vigilada warning that awaits visitors of the Pla¸ca de George Orwell near City Hall in Barcelona [3]. Nevertheless, I recognize that codebreakers at Bletchley Park during the Second World War were definitely on the side of good. -
The Imagination Game Storia E Fantasia in the Imitation Game
The Imagination Game storia e fantasia in The Imitation Game Cap. 2: Bletchley Park e Ultra Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 1/28 Bletchley Park e Ultra • Un’organizzazione poderosa • Bletchley Park • I luoghi, le strutture, le procedure • I meccanismi e gli appoggi • Il personale, le (tante) donne di BP • Ultra • Cos’era, come era nascosto • L’impatto sul conflitto, episodi e numeri Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 2/28 A lezione dai Polacchi • 1919, Biuro Szyfrów • Militari, Kowalewski, e matematici, Mazurkiewicz, Sierpiński, Leśniewski • Nel 1938 il 75% dei messaggi tedeschi intercettati era decifrato (Rejewski, Zygalski, Różycki) • Dopo il ’39 PC Bruno, Cadix, Boxmoor • In Inghilterra • Room40 (1914), GC&CS (1919), BP (1938) • Parigi (gennaio ’39), con Francesi e Polacchi • Pyry vicino Varsavia (luglio ’39) Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 3/28 Un posto strategico Bletchley Park - Gayhurst - Wavendon - Stanmore - Eastcote - Adstock Cambridge Banbury Letchworth Oxford London Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 4/28 Bletchley Park, 1942ca Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 5/28 Nel film, ci somiglia... Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 6/28 … ma non è Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 7/28 Il nume tutelare • 1941.10.21: Action this day! • In un momento di successo • Dopo una visita di Churchill • Le Bombe ci sono, mancano persone • Garanzie per i tecnici BTM • Personale per la catena • Intercettazione in grande • Risorse per una pesca industriale • Un po’ come “Echelon” Giovanni A. Cignoni – Progetto HMR 8/28 Il personale • Una grande industria • Da 9000 a 10000 persone, centinaia di macchine • Piuttosto stabile, circa 12000 nomi • Escluso l’indotto, fornitori e logistica • Reclutamento • Inizialmente diretto, da persona a persona • Poi attraverso controlli e selezioni metodiche • Soprattutto nell’ambito delle leve militari • Ma con un occhio anche ai civili Giovanni A. -
War Machines: Women's Computing Work and the Underpinnings of the Data-Driven State, 1930-1946
Programmed Inequality How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost Its Edge in Computing Marie Hicks HD 6135 H53 2017 The Library Mt. St. Vincent Univ. Halifax, N.S. B3M 2J6 The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 1 War Machines: Women's Computing Work and the Underpinnings of the Data-Driven State, 1930-1946 In recent years, the restoration of Bletchley Park has attracted worldwide attention. The country estate in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, was the site of the most important codebreaking operations of World War II and home to the first digital, electronic, programmable computer: the Colossus. The British-designed and manufactured Colossus computers, of which there were ten in all by war's end, were critical to the conduct of Allied wartime operations. Unlike their better-known U.S. counter part, the ENIAC, the Colossus computers were actually deployed during the war, actively changing its outcome. Kept secret for decades, the full import of the developments at Bletchley has only recently become widely known.1 Yet while popular culture has begun to recognize the importance of Bletchley's wartime operations, misunderstandings persist about the nature of the information work performed there. The 2014 blockbuster The Imitation Game, for instance, cleaves the Colossus computers from the narrative entirely in favor of building a "great man" narrative for a single codebreaker.2 Hidden within the story of Bletchley is a less popular narrative that cannot leverage the appeal of a lone genius and his accomplishments. Thousands of women worked at Bletchley during the war-most in tech nical roles.3 Although it is generally accepted that the striking and wide ranging roles of the mostly women workers within Bletchley Park give lie to stereotypes about computing as a traditionally masculine field, the contributions of these women have not been analyzed as constitutive of larger trends in the history of computing. -
ANNEX a to ITEM 8 Central Bletchley Regeneration Strategy
ANNEX A TO ITEM 8 Central Bletchley Regeneration Strategy - Executive Summary Key Principles Use & activities Currently, Bletchley town centre remains comparatively unattractive to property developers and occupiers. The environment is out dated and creates a negative image for the town and its communities; reducing its ability to attract significant investment. This in turn has led to less people using the centre, creating lower expenditure and investment within the town. Bletchley needs to move forward from its existing primary role as a discount and value retailing location and strengthen its role as the second centre for the city of Milton Keynes. The challenge for the Framework is to create the conditions for Bletchley to promote itself as a place quite distinctive from the rest of Milton Keynes, yet complementary to CMK in its scale and richness of uses and activities. Achieving this will require the town to increase the diversity, quality and range of uses and activities offered in the centre. The Framework promotes the growth of key uses and activities including diversified mixed-use development; new retailing opportunities; residential town centre living; an evening economy with a range of restaurants, bars and cafes; employment opportunities to stimulate appropriate town centre employment; a new leisure centre and cultural and civic uses to fulfil Central Bletchley’s role as the city’s second centre. Access and Movement Pedestrian movement and cycle access throughout Central Bletchley is severely constrained by highly engineered road infrastructure, the railway station and sidings and through severance of Queensway caused by the Brunel Centre. Congested double roundabouts at Watling Street and Buckingham Road offer poor arrival points into the town and restrict car access into Bletchley. -
STEM DISCOVERY: LONDON 8 Or 11 Days | England
® Learn more at Tour s for Girl Scouts eftours.com/girlscouts or call 800-457-9023 STEM DISCOVERY: LONDON 8 or 11 days | England Let STEM be your guide during your exploration of London. Uncover secret messages at Bletchley Park, the birthplace of modern information technology. Practice your sleuthing skills during a CSI-inspired forensics workshop. And plant your feet on two different hemispheres at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, with the English capital as your backdrop. Make a special visit to Pax Lodge in Hampstead where you will participate in unique Girl Scout programming. EVERYTHING YOU GET: Full-time Tour Director Sightseeing: 2 sightseeing tours led by expert, licensed local guides (3 with extension) Entrances: London Eye, Science Museum/Natural History Museum, Tower of London, theater show, National Museum of Computing, Thames River Cruise, Royal Observatory; with extension: Louvre; Notre-Dame Cathedral Experiential learning: Forensics workshop, Stonehenge activities, Bletchley Park interactive workshop WAGGGS Centre visit: Pax Lodge All of the details are covered: Round-trip flights on major carriers; Comfortable motorcoach; Eurostar high-speed train with extension; 7 overnight stays in hotels with private bathrooms (9 with extension); European breakfast and dinner daily DAY 1: FLY OVERNIGHT TO ENGLAND DAY 2: LONDON – Meet your Tour Director at the airport in London, a city that has become one of the world’s great melting pots while maintaining a distinct character that’s all its own. – Take a walking tour of the city and ride the London Eye, a large Ferris wheel along the River Thames that offers panoramic views of the city. -
Polish Mathematicians Finding Patterns in Enigma Messages
Fall 2006 Chris Christensen MAT/CSC 483 Machine Ciphers Polyalphabetic ciphers are good ways to destroy the usefulness of frequency analysis. Implementation can be a problem, however. The key to a polyalphabetic cipher specifies the order of the ciphers that will be used during encryption. Ideally there would be as many ciphers as there are letters in the plaintext message and the ordering of the ciphers would be random – an one-time pad. More commonly, some rotation among a small number of ciphers is prescribed. But, rotating among a small number of ciphers leads to a period, which a cryptanalyst can exploit. Rotating among a “large” number of ciphers might work, but that is hard to do by hand – there is a high probability of encryption errors. Maybe, a machine. During World War II, all the Allied and Axis countries used machine ciphers. The United States had SIGABA, Britain had TypeX, Japan had “Purple,” and Germany (and Italy) had Enigma. SIGABA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGABA 1 A TypeX machine at Bletchley Park. 2 From the 1920s until the 1970s, cryptology was dominated by machine ciphers. What the machine ciphers typically did was provide a mechanical way to rotate among a large number of ciphers. The rotation was not random, but the large number of ciphers that were available could prevent depth from occurring within messages and (if the machines were used properly) among messages. We will examine Enigma, which was broken by Polish mathematicians in the 1930s and by the British during World War II. The Japanese Purple machine, which was used to transmit diplomatic messages, was broken by William Friedman’s cryptanalysts. -
Idle Motion's That Is All You Need to Know Education Pack
Idle Motion’s That is All You Need to Know Education Pack Idle Motion create highly visual theatre that places human stories at the heart of their work. Integrating creative and playful stagecraft with innovative video projection and beautiful physicality, their productions are humorous, evocative and sensitive pieces of theatre which leave a lasting impression on their audiences. From small beginnings, having met at school, they have grown rapidly as a company over the last six years, producing five shows that have toured extensively both nationally and internationally to critical acclaim. Collaborative relationships are at the centre of all that they do and they are proud to be an Associate Company of the New Diorama Theatre and the Oxford Playhouse. Idle Motion are a young company with big ideas and a huge passion for creating exciting, beautiful new work. That is All You Need to Know ‘That Is All You Need To Know’ is Idle Motion’s fifth show. We initially wanted to make a show based on the life of Alan Turing after we were told about him whilst researching chaos theory for our previous show ‘The Seagull Effect’. However once we started to research the incredible work he did during the Second World War at Bletchley Park and visited the site itself we soon realised that Bletchley Park was full of astounding stories and people. What stood out for us as most remarkable was that the thousands of people who worked there kept it all a secret throughout the war and for most of their lives. This was a story we wanted to tell.