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Notes and References Documents Held at the Public Record Office, London, Are Crown Copyright and Are Reproduced by Permission of the Controller Ofhm Stationery Office Notes and References Documents held at the Public Record Office, London, are crown copyright and are reproduced by permission of the Controller ofHM Stationery Office. I NTRODUCTION Christopher Andrew and David Dilks I. David Dilks (ed.), The Diaries rifSir Alexander Cadogan O.M. 1938-1945 (Lon­ don , (971) , p. 21. 2. Interview with Professor Hinsley in Part 3 of the BBC Radio 4 documentary series 'T he Profession of Intelligence', written and presented by Christopher Andrew (producer Peter Everett); first broadcast 16 Aug 1981. 3. F. H. Hinsleyet al., British Intelligencein the Second World War (London, 1979-). The first two chapters of volume I contain a useful retrospect on the pre-war development of the intelligence community. Curiously, despite the publication of Professor Hinsley's volumes, the government has decided not to release the official histories commissioned by it on wartime counter-espionage and deception. The forthcoming (non-official) collection of essays edited by Ernest R. May, Knowing One's Enemies: IntelligenceAssessment before the Two World Wars (Princeton) promises to add significantly to our knowledge of the role of intelligence on the eve of the world wars. 4. House of Commons Education, Science and Arts Committee (Session 1982-83) , Public Records: Minutes ofEvidence, pp . 76-7. 5. Chapman Pincher, Their Trade is Treachery (London, 1981). Nigel West, A Matter of Trust: MI51945-72 (London, 1982). Both volumes contain ample evidence of extensive 'inside information'. 6. Nigel West , MI5: British Security Operations /90/-/945 (London, 1981), pp . 41, 49, 58. One of the most interesting studies of British peacetime intelligence which depends on a substantial amount of inside information is Antony Verrier's history of post-war British foreign policy , Through the Looking Glass (London, 1983) . Though Mr Verrier's references are inevitably far from complete, they are generally suffi­ cient to indicate at what points he depends on unattributable evidence. Nigel West , MI6: British SecretIntelligence Operations /909-/945 (London, 1983) was published after this volume went to press. 7. German Spies in England was first published on 17 Feb 1915; the sixth edition appeared on 6 Mar 1915. Le Queux's career is examined in chapter 2 of Christ­ opher Andrew's forthcoming history ofthe British intelligence community. 8. Thames Television advertisements in most of the Sunday press, 4 Sept 1983. 9. Sunday Times, 4 Sept 1983. A rather different but by no means uncontroversial version of Reilly's life appears in Michael Kettle, Sidney Reilly: The True Story (London, 1983) . The TV Times Special produced to accompany the Reilly series contains an 'exclusive extra episode ' by the scriptwriter Troy Kennedy Martin which describes a dramatic encounter between Reillv and Sir Mansfield Cum­ ming , head of SIS , in 1924. This episode aptly illustrat~s som e of the limitations of Mr Martin's research. Cumming (whose name Mr Martin consistently misspells) died in 1923. 10. H. Montgomery Hyde, Cynthia, Ballantyne Books edition (New York, 1979): a more valuable work than the publisher's sensational pres entation suggests. II . See, for example,T 162/76 , E 7483/ I on the Passport Control Officers ; and FO 366/800 on the Government Code and Cypher School. 250 NOTES TO INTROD U CTION 251 12. See, for exa mple, House of Co mmons, Public Records, cited in note 4. 13. FO to Sir R. Ca mpbell, 20 Feb 1939, FO 371/22944, C 2190/42 1/62. 14. Sir P. Loraine to Sir L. O lipha nt (FO ), 17June 1932, enclos ing minute by N. Mayers; and FO minutes by P. .1 . Dixon and W. .1. Childs. FO 371/16009 E 3389/56/65 . 15. We are inde bted to Ian Nish for information on J ap anese usage. 16. See below, p. 205. 17. Ewan Butler, Mason-Mac (London, 1972), p. 75. Int erestin gly, it was decided not to atte mpt Hitl er's assassinat ion during the war. 18. C hristopher Andrew, ' France and the German Menace', forthcomin g in Ern est May, Knowing One's Enemies, and 'The Mobil ization of British Int elligence for the Two World War s', in N. F. Dreisziger (ed.) , Mobilieationfor Total War (Waterloo, Ontari o, 1981). 19. R. C . Elwood , RomanMalinoosky (London, 1977). 20. W. C . Beaver, 'The Developm ent of the Intelligen ce Division and Its Role in Aspects oflmperial Policymaking 1854-1 90 1' (Oxford D. Phil disserti on, 1976). 21. Major-General Lord Edward Gleichen, A Guardsman's Memories (Londo n, 1932), p. 325. 22. Lieut enant-General Sir (later Baron ) Robert Baden-Powell, My Adventures as a Spy (London, 1915), pp . 11-1 2, 159. 23. And rew, ' Mobilization of British Int elligence', p. 93. 24. See below, pp . 35-8. 25. And rew, ' Mobilization of British Intelligence', pp . 94-7 . 26. GC& CS was, however, initi all y suspicious of mathemat ician s, believing that 'the right kind of brain to do th is work' was 'not mathemat ical but classical'. Christopher Andrew, ' Govern ments and Secret Services: A Historical Perspective' , Internationaljournal , XXXI V, no. 2 (1979 ), 167. 27. Hu gh T revor- Roper, The Philby Affair (London, 1968), p. 47. 28. 'J ohn Whitwell' (Leslie Nicholson), British Agent (London, 1966), chapter I. 29. The most recent stu dy of the Na tiona l Security Agency an d Anglo-Am erican cooperat ion in communications intelligence is J ames Bam ford, The Puzzle Palace (Boston, Mass., 1982). 30. Christo pher Andrew, 'Whitehall, Washington and the In telligence Services', International Affairs (july 1977), 396-7. 31. Lord Va nsitta rt, The M ist Procession (London, 1958), p. 597. 32. Andre w, 'Whitehall, Wash ington and the Intelligence Services', p. 395. 33. Cmnd. 8787 (1983 ), p. 85. 34. Michael Handel , 'A voiding Politi cal and T echn ological Surprise in the 1980s'; David S. Sulli van , ' Evalua ting United States Int elligence Estima tes' ; R. Pipes, ' Recruitment, Trainin g and In centi ves for Beller Analysis, Part 2', all in R. Godson (ed.), Intelligence Requirementsfor the 1980s: Analysis and Estimates (Washington, 1980). 35. Angelo Codevilla, 'Com parati ve Histori cal Experience of Doctrine and Organi zati on', ibid., pp . 15-1 6. 36. Cmnd. 8787 (1983), p. 86. 37. William Colby, interviewed by Christopher Andrew in Part 5 of 'T he Profession oflntelligence', first broad cast on BBC Radio 4 on 30 Aug 1981. 38. Sir Harold Wilson , The Governance ofBritain (London, 1976), cha pter 9. 39. Hous e of Comm ons, Parliamentary Debates, 28July 1977, col. 1223. 40. Cha pman Pinch er, Inside Story (London, 1978) pp . 15-21 , 32- 40. 41. David Ow en, Alan Beith , Roy Hatt ersley, Robin Cook and J onathan Aitken, interviewed by Christopher Andrew in ' File on Four', BBC Radio 4, 4 and II Aug 1982 (Prod ucer Peter Everett ), 252 THE MISSI NG DIMENSION 42. House of Co mmons, Parliamentary Debates, 15 Dec 1924, col. 674. 43. DO (48)5, 5J uly 1947, CAB 21/2554 . I. J A PANES E INT E LI.I GE NCE AN D T HE APPROACH OF T HE RUSSO-J APANESE W AR Ian Nish N .B . J apan ese nam es are shown in this essay with surna mes preceding given names, according to normal J apan ese convention. I. Thanks are du e for help in the preparation of this pap er to Mr S. Boehn cke, Mr M. Falku s, Dr J . Ost erh ammel and Dr S. Sugiyama. 2. See G. Kerst, J acob Meckel: sein Leben, sein Wirken in Deutschland und Japan (Gottingen, 1970). 3. T. T akakura, Tanaka Giichi denki, 3 vols (Tokyo, 1958), vol. I, pp. 108-9. 4. Mutsu to Kurino, 15 Dec 1894, qu oted in G. M. Berger (ed.), Kenkenroku: A diplom atic recordiftheSino-Japanesewar, /894-5 (Mutsu) (To kyo, 1982), p. 271. 5. For the use made of Siebold by the promin ent diplomat, Aoki Shiizo, see I. H. Nish,Japaneseforeign policy, 1869-/942 (London, 1977), pp . 45 and 270-2. 6. Tokut omi Iichiro, Kiishaku Yamagata Aritomoden , 3 vols (Tokyo, 1933),vol. III , pp. 98-109. 7. Yamagata-den, III , 100-1. 8. Tanaka-denki; I, 110. 9. Shimada Ki nji, Roshiya ni okeru Hirose Takeo, 2 vols (To kyo, 1976). 10. Tanaka-denki, J, p. 113. I I. Tanaka-d enki; I, pp . 115-16. 12. Tanaka-denki , I, pp. 165-74. 13. Tanaka-denki, I, pp. 174-80 . 14. Tanaka-denki, I, p. 115; Komura gaikoshi (To kyo, 1953), vol. I, pp . 148-9. 15. Tanaka-denki, I, p. 181. 16. T his is a precis oforiginal ma ter ials taken from T an aka's diary and memorand a to be foun d in Tanaka-denki, I, pp. 185-214. 17. Tanaka-denki, J, pp . 260-2. 18. Ol avi Falt , 'Collaboration between J ap an ese intelligence and the Finnish und erground during the Russo-Japan ese war ', in Asian Profile, Iv/2 (1976) and 'J apan in Finnish und erground newspapers during the Russo-Japanese war' in 1. H. Nish and C. J. Dunn (eds ), European Studies onJapan (Tenterden, 1979), pp . 130-1. 19. Michael Fut rell, 'Colonel Akash i and J ap an ese contacts with Russian revolut ionaries in 1904-5', in St Antony's Papers, No.2: Far Eastern Affairs (1967), pp . 17-18. 20. Tanaka-denki, I, p. 181. 21. K uro bane Shigeru , Nichi-Ro sense to Akashi kiisaku (To kyo, 1976), pp . 73- 4. 22. Ku roban e, p. 74. 23. A. Hir at suka, Shishaku Kurino Shinichirii den (To kyo, 1942). 24. Ku rob ane, pp. 86--7. 25. Rakka ryiisui is reproduced in Ku rob ane, pp.
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