DOCSLIB.ORG

German WW2 ECM (Electronic Countermeasures)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

- • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • German WW2 ECM (Electronic Countermeasures) Adam Farson VA7OJ 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 1 Glossary of terms - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Common acronyms: SIGINT: SIGnals INTelligence COMINT: COMmunications INTelligence (communications between people or entities) ELINT: ELectronics INTelligence (electronic signals not directly used in communications e.g. radar, radio-navigation) ECM: Electronic CounterMeasures ECCM: Electronic Counter-CounterMeasures EW: Electronic Warfare (encompasses all the above) System designators: AI: Airborne Interception radar ASV: Air to Surface Vessel radar CD: Coastal Defence radar CH: Chain Home radar (CHL = Chain Home Low) D/F: Direction Finding Huff-Duff: High Frequency D/F H2S: British 3 GHz radar with PPI (plan-position indicator) display (possible abbreviation for “Home Sweet Home”) H2X: US 10 GHz variant of H2S 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 2 Scope of presentation - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Detection, interception & analysis Communications vs. radar monitoring Direction-finding Examples of COMINT, ELINT, SIGINT sites Radar detection VHF/UHF & microwave radar detectors & threat receivers Land, shipboard & airborne systems Notes on German microwave technology Jamming & spoofing: Radio communications: HF, VHF Navaids: GEE, OBOE Radar: VHF/UHF, 3 GHz, 10 GHz Equipment examples A case history: Operation Channel Dash (Cerberus) 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 3 COMINT/ELINT/SIGINT - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Communications monitoring HF and VHF land, sea and air radio interception Decryption; content analysis, distribution to client agencies Analysis of signals and equipment signatures Radar monitoring Signal evaluation; pulse rate, spectral & signature analysis Location of fixed radar sites Identification of land, sea and airborne radars COMINT/ELINT/SIGINT clients Countermeasures developers and operators Tactical and strategic intelligence agencies Field signals and radar formations Naval and air force ECM units 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 4 Comms vs. radar monitoring a question of bandwidth - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Comms emissions & nominal bandwidths (in WW2) A1A (CW), ≈ 150 Hz A3E (AM) voice, 6 kHz F3E (FM), 36 kHz F1B (FSK) RTTY, 350 Hz Radar emissions & nominal bandwidths CW/FM: 100 kHz – 1 MHz Doppler: 100 kHz – 1 MHz Pulsed: 1 – 10 MHz Receiver requirements differ radically: Comms: freq. ranges 0.1 – 75, 100 – 156, 225 – 400 MHz (typ.) CW, AM & FM detectors VHF/UHF radar: 20 – 40, 100 – 400, 400 – 800 MHz (typ.) CW, FM & pulse detectors Microwave radar: 3 – 18 GHz; pulse detectors 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 5 Direction-finding (D/F) an essential part of SIGINT - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Interceptors needed to locate the source of the enemy signal as accurately as possible Omni-directional and highly directional antennas were used in combination to read bearing of signal Two or more sites could obtain position fix Same RX & antenna served for D/F and monitoring Comms D/F antennas: HF: Adcock (4 verticals & goniometer) HF: Rotatable loop VHF: Yagi or corner reflector on rotatable mount Radar D/F antennas: “Mattress” dipole array (rotary or fixed to ship superstructure) Rotatable corner reflector (VHF/UHF) Yagi array on aircraft nose Microwave: horn, dielectric (polyrod), parabolic dish Rotatable, or fixed to land vehicle 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 6 An early ELINT mission - and its failures - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • On 2 August 1939, LZ130 Graf Zeppelin flew one of the first ELINT missions ever, off the British east coast with 25 RF engineers aboard. She was fitted with fairly broadband receivers covering 2 -100 MHz. Believing that Britain was developing radars in the same 100-150 MHz range as Germany, the team concentrated on that band. They never imagined that the British, limited by their tube technology, had developed a radar system (Chain Home, CH) working around 30 MHz. They picked up signals from the new 100 MHz R/T under development for the RAF, but strangely never followed this up! The German researchers picked up pulsed signals modulated by mains hum in the 20-50 MHz range, but discounted these as ionosonde signals or EMI from the UK national grid. In fact, as the British grid was synchronous, the 250 kW peak pulse CH transmitters were keyed from different points on the 50 Hz mains cycle to avoid co-channel interference between stations. This clever synchronization scheme totally misled the Germans! 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 7 Naval shipboard SIGINT/ELINT centre Source: Fritz Trenkle - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Prinz Eugen ECM centre in foretop. Table: R&S SAMOS receiver (80 – 480 MHz) & W.Anz g2 spectrum analyzer (146-254MHz). Bulkhead above table: 3 Naxos radar detectors (3 GHz). Source: Fritz Trenkle. Spectrum analyzer display 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 8 Typical mobile COMINT station Images courtesy LA6NCA - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Interior: Operator at EP2a RX (75 kHz - 3.3 MHz). The interceptors passed their data to the ECM (jamming) unit via HF CW, with Enigma encryption. This was often most helpful to Allied ECCM if the traffic was decrypted in time. Left: D/F antenna. Right: HF TX antenna. 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 9 Early radar detectors: Metox, Naxos - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • From 1940, RAF sub-hunter aircraft were fitted with 1.5m Mk. II ASV (Air to Surface Vessel) radar (180-210 MHz). Mk. II ASV could detect a U-boat at 20 km range. For night ops, a Leigh light (a powerful searchlight steered by the radar) was also fitted. The radar operator switched on the light when radar returns were lost, trapping the U-boat and allowing visual attack. Metox beeped on detecting radar pulses. The beep rate doubled when the radar operator switched to a higher PRF at closer range, alerting the U- boat to imminent attack. This allowed the boat to crash-dive in time. Rumours that the Allies were locating U-boats via Metox LO leakage proved untrue – but triggered orders to shut the system down fleet-wide! The advent of 3 GHz H2S radar in 1943 neutralized Metox, so the German side developed the Naxos series. The US 10 GHz H2X radar deployed by the RAF in 1945, rendered Naxos useless. This is the nature of EW; measure, countermeasure, counter-countermeasure without end. 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 10 Examples of radar SIGINT: FuMB 1 Metox Source: Fritz Trenkle - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • FuMB 1 Metox: fitted to U-boats to detect British ASV radar (180-210 MHz) Receiver Newer U-boat mounted Bali circular dipole (90-470 MHz). RX interior Biscay Cross antenna: erected above conning-tower hatch & taken below prior to dive! Bali antenna replaced it. 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 11 FuG 227 Flensburg detector: countermeasure to RAF Monica (FuG: Funkgerät = radio equipment) - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Brightness Focus Flensburg cockpit display Flensburg was a threat receiver fitted to Luftwaffe night-fighters in Spring 1944, and tuned to the 300 MHz emissions of the RAF Monica tail-warning radar. It had good sensitivity and angular discrimination, and enabled the fighter pilot to pick out a single bomber even in a stream, radiating multiple Monica signals. Flensburg caused such an escalation in bomber losses that RAF Bomber Command ordered withdrawal of Monica from all its aircraft. Similar measures reduced the use of H2S radar sets until the bombers were within 25 km of their targets. 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 12 Examples of radar SIGINT: FuMB 11 – 17 Korfu ground stations (FuMB: Funkmeßbeobachtung = radar monitoring) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • FuMB- 11 - – 17 Korfu - - was -a superhet - system - - - - - covering the microwave bands 1.6-7.5 GHz, later 7.5-11 and even 11.5-17.7 GHz. It was developed by Blaupunkt Radio GmbH. It gave bearings of aircraft operating H2S/H2X radar. Kornax-X, with a rotating polyrod antenna, covered the 10 GHz band and was able to detect RAF and USAAF bombers assembling over the English coast, 550 km away. Another variant, Naxburg, used the Würzburg ground radar dish to increase gain. 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 13 Korfu microwave radar threat receiver Source: Arthur O. Bauer - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Plug-in tuning units cover 3 and 10 GHz bands. Front end consists of semiconductor diodes (NF > 26 dB!) and a split- anode magnetron LO. 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 14 The Naxos Z Series: U-boat, surface ship & airborne variants Sources: Fritz Trenkle, Arthur O. Bauer - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Directional display Rotating polyrod antenna Distant Near (Clear plastic radome removed) Naxos Display & Receiver 17 October 2013 NSARC – German WW2 ECM 15 The Naxos Z Series: Block diagram Source: Fritz Trenkle - • - • - - • - - • • • • • • - • - - • • • - • • • • • - • Naxos was a wideband, untuned detector-type receiver – in effect, a crystal set. Initially, a ceramic HPF was fitted as shown, but this Coax was later removed to improve sensitivity
Recommended publications
  • Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 29

    Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 29

    ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 29 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. Copyright 2003: Royal Air Force Historical Society First published in the UK in 2003 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISSN 1361-4231 Typeset by Creative Associates 115 Magdalen Road Oxford OX4 1RS Printed by Advance Book Printing Unit 9 Northmoor Park Church Road Northmoor OX29 5UH 3 CONTENTS BATTLE OF BRITAIN DAY. Address by Dr Alfred Price at the 5 AGM held on 12th June 2002 WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE LUFTWAFFE’S ‘TIP 24 AND RUN’ BOMBING ATTACKS, MARCH 1942-JUNE 1943? A winning British Two Air Forces Award paper by Sqn Ldr Chris Goss SUMMARY OF THE MINUTES OF THE SIXTEENTH 52 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING HELD IN THE ROYAL AIR FORCE CLUB ON 12th JUNE 2002 ON THE GROUND BUT ON THE AIR by Charles Mitchell 55 ST-OMER APPEAL UPDATE by Air Cdre Peter Dye 59 LIFE IN THE SHADOWS by Sqn Ldr Stanley Booker 62 THE MUNICIPAL LIAISON SCHEME by Wg Cdr C G Jefford 76 BOOK REVIEWS. 80 4 ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY President Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael Beetham GCB CBE DFC AFC Vice-President Air Marshal Sir Frederick Sowrey KCB CBE AFC Committee Chairman Air Vice-Marshal
  • CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY NEWSLETTER Volume 7, Issue 3 Trinity 2011

    CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY NEWSLETTER Volume 7, Issue 3 Trinity 2011

    CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY NEWSLETTER Volume 7, Issue 3 Trinity 2011 ISSN 1756-6797 (Print), ISSN 1756-6800 (Online) The Aeschylus of Richard Porson CATALOGUING ‘Z’ - EARLY PRINTED PAMPHLETS Among the treasures of the library of Christ Church is It is often asserted that an individual is that which an edition of the seven preserved plays of they eat. Whether or not this is true in a literal sense, Aeschylus, the earliest of the great Athenian writers the diet to which one adheres has certain, of tragedy. This folio volume, published in Glasgow, predictable effects on one’s physiology. As a result, 1795, by the Foulis (‘fowls’) Press, a distinguished the food we consume can affect our day to day life in publisher of classical and other works, contains the respect to our energy levels, our size, our Greek text of the plays, presented in the most demeanour, and our overall health. And, also as a uncompromising manner. I propose first to describe result, this affects how we address the world, it this extraordinary volume and then to look at its affects our outlook on life and how we interact with place in the history of classical scholarship. The book others. This is all circling back around so that I can contains a title page in classical Greek, an ancient ask the question: are we also that which we read? To life of Aeschylus in Greek, and ‘hypotheses’ or an extent, a person in their early years likely does summaries of the plays, some in Greek and some in not have the monetary or intellectual freedom to Latin.
  • North Hill in World War II Minehead, Somerset SCHOOLS RESOURCE PACK for Key Stages 2 & 3

    North Hill in World War II Minehead, Somerset SCHOOLS RESOURCE PACK for Key Stages 2 & 3

    BACKGROUND READING AND TEACHER SUPPORT & PREPARATION North Hill in World War II Minehead, Somerset SCHOOLS RESOURCE PACK for Key Stages 2 & 3 SECTION 1 – NORTH HILL BEFORE AND DURING WORLD WAR 2 P1 -3 SECTION 2 – TANKS IN WORLD WAR 2 P4-5 SECTION 3 – TANK TRAINING IN WORLD WAR 2 P6-9 SECTION 4 – RADAR IN WORLD WAR 2, NORTH HILL RADAR STATION P10-13 SOURCES, VISUALS AND LINKS – TANK BACKGROUND READING AND TASKS P14-15 TEACHER SUPPORT AND PREPARATION P16 -20 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ BACKGROUND READING SECTION 1 – NORTH HILL BEFORE AND DURING WORLD WAR 2 WORLD WAR 2, 1939 -45 On September 1st 1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland, two days later the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, declared war on Germany. Britain joined with France and Poland, followed by the countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth. This group came to be known as ‘the Allies’. In 1941 they were joined by America and Canada, whose armies came to Minehead to train. Britain was badly-equipped for war and there was an urgent need for military training. Existing facilities were outdated and land for tank training was in short supply. North Hill became one of five major new tank training grounds in the country. NORTH HILL AS A MILITARY SITE During the Iron Age (700 BC – 43 AD), and the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I North Hill was considered an important military site. A beacon was set up above Selworthy in 1555, and in the late 1800s a large military training camp was established. The area continued as a training ground right up to the First World War.
  • Canadian Airmen Lost in Wwii by Date 1943

    Canadian Airmen Lost in Wwii by Date 1943

    CANADA'S AIR WAR 1945 updated 21/04/08 January 1945 424 Sqn. and 433 Sqn. begin to re-equip with Lancaster B.I & B.III aircraft (RCAF Sqns.). 443 Sqn. begins to re-equip with Spitfire XIV and XIVe aircraft (RCAF Sqns.). Helicopter Training School established in England on Sikorsky Hoverfly I helicopters. One of these aircraft is transferred to the RCAF. An additional 16 PLUTO fuel pipelines are laid under the English Channel to points in France (Oxford). Japanese airstrip at Sandakan, Borneo, is put out of action by Allied bombing. Built with forced labour by some 3,600 Indonesian civilians and 2,400 Australian and British PoWs captured at Singapore (of which only some 1,900 were still alive at this time). It is decided to abandon the airfield. Between January and March the prisoners are force marched in groups to a new location 160 miles away, but most cannot complete the journey due to disease and malnutrition, and are killed by their guards. Only 6 Australian servicemen are found alive from this group at the end of the war, having escaped from the column, and only 3 of these survived to testify against their guards. All the remaining enlisted RAF prisoners of 205 Sqn., captured at Singapore and Indonesia, died in these death marches (Jardine, wikipedia). On the Russian front Soviet and Allied air forces (French, Czechoslovakian, Polish, etc, units flying under Soviet command) on their front with Germany total over 16,000 fighters, bombers, dive bombers and ground attack aircraft (Passingham & Klepacki). During January #2 Flying Instructor School, Pearce, Alberta, closes (http://www.bombercrew.com/BCATP.htm).
  • A Tribute to Bomber Command Cranwellians

    A Tribute to Bomber Command Cranwellians

    RAF COLLEGE CRANWELL “The Cranwellian Many” A Tribute to Bomber Command Cranwellians Version 1.0 dated 9 November 2020 IBM Steward 6GE In its electronic form, this document contains underlined, hypertext links to additional material, including alternative source data and archived video/audio clips. [To open these links in a separate browser tab and thus not lose your place in this e-document, press control+click (Windows) or command+click (Apple Mac) on the underlined word or image] Bomber Command - the Cranwellian Contribution RAF Bomber Command was formed in 1936 when the RAF was restructured into four Commands, the other three being Fighter, Coastal and Training Commands. At that time, it was a commonly held view that the “bomber will always get through” and without the assistance of radar, yet to be developed, fighters would have insufficient time to assemble a counter attack against bomber raids. In certain quarters, it was postulated that strategic bombing could determine the outcome of a war. The reality was to prove different as reflected by Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris - interviewed here by Air Vice-Marshal Professor Tony Mason - at a tremendous cost to Bomber Command aircrew. Bomber Command suffered nearly 57,000 losses during World War II. Of those, our research suggests that 490 Cranwellians (75 flight cadets and 415 SFTS aircrew) were killed in action on Bomber Command ops; their squadron badges are depicted on the last page of this tribute. The totals are based on a thorough analysis of a Roll of Honour issued in the RAF College Journal of 2006, archived flight cadet and SFTS trainee records, the definitive International Bomber Command Centre (IBCC) database and inputs from IBCC historian Dr Robert Owen in “Our Story, Your History”, and the data contained in WR Chorley’s “Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War, Volume 9”.
  • First Developments of Electronic Navigation Systems

    First Developments of Electronic Navigation Systems

    ARTICLE HOW TELEVISION €˜GHOSTS€™ CONTRIBUTED TO POSITIONING First Developments of Electronic Navigation Systems Before and during the Second World War, there were several developments in electronics that changed the course of hydrographic history. These aircraft bombing systems were what ultimately led from the medium-frequency systems to super-high-frequency navigation systems that characterised navigational control for hydrographic surveying throughout much of the world for the next 50 years. Not by coincidence did they also lead to many advances in distance measurement in geodetic and plane surveying. Oboe, Gee, Decca and Loran were developed by the British for various types of navigation during the war. Oboe was the equivalent of a super-high-frequency range- range system in which a bombing aircraft would follow a pre-set range arc from one station called the ‘cat' and would drop its ordnance when it intersected a second predetermined arc from a second station termed the ‘mouse'. This system was capable of placing bombs within at least 65 metres of the desired target. Gee, Decca and Loran were usually set up so that navigation was accomplished by observing and plotting intersecting hyperbolic lines of position. Accordingly, they had varying accuracies depending on factors such as system frequency, hyperbolic lane expansion, lines-of- position intersection angles and the weather. The US contribution to these navigation methods was a 300MHz line-of-sight system called Shoran (an acronym for short-range navigation). The origins of Shoran can be traced to a serendipitous discovery before the war. Stuart Seeley, an engineer with the Radio Corporation of America, developed a concept for an extremely accurate navigation system based not on work with radar, but with television.
  • Shoreham's Radar Station-Bookv2

    Shoreham's Radar Station-Bookv2

    The Story of RAF Truleigh Hill by Roy Taylor Copyright Aug. 2020 Page 1 of 107 Contents Introduction……………………………………………. 1 1. Radar Development………………………………... 3 2. Wartime…………………………………………….. 4 3. Poling………………………………………………. 20 4. GEE Navigational Aid……………………..............26 5. ROTOR Period – Technical Site………………….33 6. Stoney Lane Domestic Site……………………….. 43 7. Sport………………………………………………. .52 8. Commanding Officers…………………….…….. 57 9. Finding the Veterans…………………………….. .61 10. Local Involvement………………………………. 74 11. Later Developments……………………………... 77 Appendix 1 - Roll Call………………………… …… 81 Gallery…………………………............ 86 Appendix 2 – Other Sussex RAF Radar Stations….. 93 Appendix 3 – Further Reading……………………… 94 Appendix 4 – Technical Notes (CHEL) 95 Acknowledgements………………………………… 98 The Story of RAF Truleigh Hill by Roy Taylor Copyright Aug. 2020 Page 2 of 107 Shoreham’s Radar Station The Story of RAF Truleigh Hill Introduction The Story of RAF Truleigh Hill by Roy Taylor Copyright Aug. 2020 Page 3 of 107 It is over fifty years since I first set foot in Shoreham, as a 19-year-old radar operator at RAF Truleigh Hill. I served the final 15months of my compulsory period of National Service at this, the last of my six postings. On demob, I stayed in the area and have been here ever since. I have kept in contact with four of my former colleagues. Photos and memories come out for an airing every so often, but it is only in the last few years, however, that I have started to think seriously about the history of RAF Truleigh Hill. The radar operation started in 1940, just before The Battle of Britain, and continued in several different formats until closure in 1958.
  • Military HEAP for the Isle of Wight

    Military HEAP for the Isle of Wight

    Island Heritage Service Historic Environment Action Plan Military Type Report Isle of Wight County Archaeology and Historic Environment Service April 2010 01983 823810 Archaeology @iow.gov.uk Iwight.com Military HEAP for the Isle of Wight 1.0 INTRODUCTION Page 3 2.0 ASSESSMENT OF THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT Page 4 2.1 Location, Geology and Topography Page 4 2.2 The Nature of the Historic Environment Resource Page 4 2.3 The Island’s HEAP overview document Page 4 3.0 DEFINING MILITARY STATUS Page 5 4.0 ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF MILITARY/DEFENCE Page 5 ASSETS 4.1 Principle Historical Processes Page 5 4.2 Surviving Archaeology and Built Environment Page 7 4.3 Relationship with other HEAP Types Page 21 4.4 Contribution of Military/Defence Type to Isle of Wight Historic Page 22 Environment and Historic Landscape Character 4.5 Values, Perceptions and Associations Page 22 4.6 Resources Page 23 4.7 Accessibility and Enjoyment Page 24 4.8 Heritage Assets of Particular Significance Page 26 5.0 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT Page 28 5.1 Forces for Change Page 28 5.2 Management Issues Page 30 5.3 Conservation Designation Page 31 6.0 FUTURE MANAGEMENT Page 33 7.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Page 34 8.0 REFERENCES Page 36 2 Iwight.com 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Isle of Wight Historic Environment Action Plan (HEAP) consists of a set of general documents, 15 HEAP Area Reports and a number of HEAP Type reports which are listed in the table below: General Documents HEAP Area Reports HEAP Type Reports HEAP Map of Areas Arreton Valley Agricultural Landscapes HEAP Introduction
  • Conventional Weapons

    Conventional Weapons

    ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 45 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. First published in the UK in 2009 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISSN 1361 4231 Printed by Windrush Group Windrush House Avenue Two Station Lane Witney OX28 4XW 3 ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY President Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael Beetham GCB CBE DFC AFC Vice-President Air Marshal Sir Frederick Sowrey KCB CBE AFC Committee Chairman Air Vice-Marshal N B Baldwin CB CBE FRAeS Vice-Chairman Group Captain J D Heron OBE Secretary Group Captain K J Dearman FRAeS Membership Secretary Dr Jack Dunham PhD CPsychol AMRAeS Treasurer J Boyes TD CA Members Air Commodore G R Pitchfork MBE BA FRAes *J S Cox Esq BA MA *Dr M A Fopp MA FMA FIMgt *Group Captain A J Byford MA MA RAF *Wing Commander P K Kendall BSc ARCS MA RAF Wing Commander C Cummings Editor & Publications Wing Commander C G Jefford MBE BA Manager *Ex Officio 4 CONTENTS RFC BOMBS & BOMBING 1912-1918 by AVM Peter Dye 8 THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAF BOMBS, 1919-1939 by 15 Stuart Hadaway RAF BOMBS AND BOMBING 1939-1945 by Nina Burls 25 THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAF GUNS AND 37 AMMUNITION FROM WORLD WAR 1 TO THE
  • Sheet Key.Indd

    Sheet Key.Indd

    Sheet Key The worksheets are avalable, on request, from [email protected]. Each worksheet in the 1939–41 file, unlike other data presented on this CD-ROM, is based on a single documentary source that could not be cross-checked against another. Thus, the information in the three worksheets that make up the 1939 and 1941.xls workbook does not match the criteria and specificity of worksheets for 1942–45. The following lists of documents are the sources of the worksheet in file 1939–41.xls: 1. Sir Charles Kingsley Webster and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, 1939–1945, vol. 4, Annexes and Appendices (London: Her Majesty’s Statio- nery Office, 1961), app. 40 and 41, which include Bomber Command (BC) losses and tonnage by month, September 1939 to May 1941, worksheet 1, BC 1939–41 2. RAF Air Historical Branch Monograph, The RAF in the Bombing Offensive against Germany, vol. 2, app. U 15, May 1940 to 31 May 1941, worksheet 2, BC 1940–41 3. RAF Air Historical Branch Monograph, The RAF in the Bombing Offensive against Germany, vol. 3, app. L1 through L16, Bomber Command operations by day, June 1941 to December 1941, worksheet 3, BC June–December 1941. An explanation for the content of each worksheet’s abbreviation; codes, and other des- ignations follows. Worksheet Columns The following list of abbreviations spells out the names of countries abbreviated in column A of the worksheets: Column A: countries struck by Anglo-American strategic bombers Au = Austria Be = Belgium Bu = Bulgaria Cz = Czechoslovakia De = Denmark
  • Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 28

    Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 28

    ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 28 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. Photographs credited to MAP have been reproduced by kind permission of Military Aircraft Photographs. Copies of these, and of many others, may be obtained via http://www.mar.co.uk Copyright 2003: Royal Air Force Historical Society First published in the UK in 2003 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISSN 1361-4231 Typeset by Creative Associates 115 Magdalen Road Oxford OX4 1RS Printed by Advance Book Printing Unit 9 Northmoor Park Church Road Mothmoor OX29 5UH 3 CONTENTS A NEW LOOK AT ‘THE WIZARD WAR’ by Dr Alfred Price 15 100 GROUP - ‘CONFOUND AND…’ by AVM Jack Furner 24 100 GROUP - FIGHTER OPERATIONS by Martin Streetly 33 D-DAY AND AFTER by Dr Alfred Price 43 MORNING DISCUSSION PERIOD 51 EW IN THE EARLY POST-WAR YEARS – LINCOLNS TO 58 VALIANTS by Wg Cdr ‘Jeff’ Jefford EW DURING THE V-FORCE ERA by Wg Cdr Rod Powell 70 RAF EW TRAINING 1945-1966 by Martin Streetly 86 RAF EW TRAINING 1966-94 by Wg Cdr Dick Turpin 88 SOME THOUGHTS ON PLATFORM PROTECTION SINCE 92 THE GULF WAR by Flt Lt Larry Williams AFTERNOON DISCUSSION PERIOD 104 SERGEANTS THREE – RECOLLECTIONS OF No
  • Air Navigation in the Service

    Air Navigation in the Service

    A History of Navigation in the Royal Air Force RAF Historical Society Seminar at the RAF Museum, Hendon 21 October 1996 (Held jointly with The Royal Institute of Navigation and The Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators) ii The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. Copyright ©1997: Royal Air Force Historical Society First Published in the UK in 1997 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available ISBN 0 9519824 7 8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the permission from the Publisher in writing. Typeset and printed in Great Britain by Fotodirect Ltd, Brighton Royal Air Force Historical Society iii Contents Page 1 Welcome by RAFHS Chairman, AVM Nigel Baldwin 1 2 Introduction by Seminar Chairman, AM Sir John Curtiss 4 3 The Early Years by Mr David Page 66 4 Between the Wars by Flt Lt Alec Ayliffe 12 5 The Epic Flights by Wg Cdr ‘Jeff’ Jefford 34 6 The Second World War by Sqn Ldr Philip Saxon 52 7 Morning Discussions and Questions 63 8 The Aries Flights by Gp Capt David Broughton 73 9 Developments in the Early 1950s by AVM Jack Furner 92 10 From the ‘60s to the ‘80s by Air Cdre Norman Bonnor 98 11 The Present and the Future by Air Cdre Bill Tyack 107 12 Afternoon Discussions and