Dramaguide Written by Gary Cadwallader Dramaguide the Play

Table of Contents

The Play p. 2-3

The Playwright p. 4-5

The History p. 5

The Regency p. 6

Et in Arcadia p. 6-7 Ego

Classicism & p. 8 Romanticism

Free Will vs. p. 9 Determinism

Science of p. 10 Arcadia

Lord Byron p. 11

The Duel p. 12

Education for p. 13 Girls

Glossary p. 14-21

Further Reading p. 22

Director J. Barry Lewis By Donald Margulies Producer By Tom Stoppard Sally Nathanson Costume Sponsor Miriam and Alec Flamm March 31 – April 30, 2017 Charitable Foundation Dramaguide written by Gary Cadwallader Dramaguide The Play

Characters

1809: Septimus Hodge – tutor at Sidley Park and friend of Lord Byron Thomasina Coverly – a brilliant, teenaged math prodigy. Daughter of Lady Croom Lady Croom – the lady of Sidley Park Ezra Chater – second-rate poet and guest at Sidley Park Captain Brice – royal naval officer and brother to Lady Croom Richard Noakes – renowned landscape architect altering the Sidley Park gardens Augustus Coverly –Thomasina’s brother and heir to the Croom title Jellaby – the butler at Sidley Park Present Day: Hannah Jarvis – historian and author researching a new book at Sidley Park Bernard Nightingale –University of Sussex professor researching a book on Ezra Chater Valentine Coverly – Son and heir to the Croom title studying mathematics Chloe Coverly – Valentine’s younger sister who becomes infatuated with Bernard Gus Coverly – Valentine and Chloe’s nonverbal younger brother

The Setting A drawing room at Sidley Park, the large Derbyshire country estate owned by the aristocratic Croom family. The action takes place in the early 19th century and the present day.

The Story “We shed as we pick up, like travelers who must carry everything in their arms, and what we let fall will be picked up by those behind. The procession is very long and life is very short. We die on the march. But there is nothing outside the march so nothing can be lost to it…Ancient cures for diseases will reveal themselves once more. Mathematical discoveries glimpsed and lost to view will have their time again.” Septimus

It is 1809, and Septimus Hodge is tutoring Thomasina Coverly, the thirteen-year-old daughter of Lord and Lady Croom. She asks Hodge about rumors of an unknown man and Mrs. Chater in “carnal embrace” in the gazebo. Ezra Chater barges in, challenging Hodge to a duel for his romantic peccadillo with his wife in the gazebo. Hodge placates Chater by flattering his poetry, and Mr. Noakes accidentally interrupts the conversation.

Lord Croom has hired landscape architect Richard Noakes to transform the manor’s Classical gardens into the more fashionable, Romantic style. Lady Croom and her brother, Captain Brice, appalled at the changes proposed for the landscape, confront Noakes about his design. Mr. Noakes defends his position, citing the new vogue for ruins and “irregularity” in the “picturesque” style. 2 The Story, continued

In the present, Lady Chloe Coverly shows researcher Bernard Nightingale into the room. He is seeking Hannah Jarvis, an author and guest at Sidley Park who is researching the hermit who lived there in the early 19th century. Bernard meets Valentine, Chloe’s elder brother, a mathematics graduate student at Oxford, who is conducting analytical research on the historical grouse population at Sidley Park. Bernard’s interest is Ezra Chater, who he thinks may be connected to Lord Byron’s hasty departure from England in 1809, and is hoping to find any evidence of Chater’s visit to Sidley Park. Hannah discovers that Bernard is the author of a scathing review of her last book, and just as she is about to leave, he shows her a copy of Chater’s book, The Couch of Eros, which contains several handwritten notes by Chater and Mrs. Chater that were discovered between the pages. Bernard theorizes that Byron killed Chater in a duel. In 1809, Hodge is tutoring Thomasina in Latin. Thomasina expresses a deep sadness at the great loss of ancient Greek literature in the burning of the library of Alexandria. Hodge discovers that at breakfast Lord Byron told Ezra Chater that Hodge wrote a scathing, satirical review of Chater’s first book, The Maid of Turkey. Captain Brice and Chater confront Hodge and challenge him to a duel, and he accepts. Brice asks Hodge to consider Lord Byron as his “second” at the duel. In the present day, Hannah reads from Thomasina’s school notebooks, revealing her early exploration of mathematical and scientific concepts. She asks Valentine to explain Thomasina’s notes, but he claims Thomasina was only doodling and unaware of what she was creating. Bernard excitedly reveals his discovery of a handwritten note in a book satirizing Chater’s work, and he believes it to be Byron’s. Hannah reads a newfound letter from Lady Croom which reveals that Captain Brice married Chater’s widow. Valentine tells Bernard and Hannah that there is proof Byron was at Sidley Park; he is notated in an 1809 game book for shooting a hare. Bernard now fully believes that Byron killed Chater, and decides to publish a story. A week later, Bernard rehearses his lecture on Byron and Chater’s duel. Hannah and Valentine challenge his lack of concrete facts, but Chloe defends his research as plausible. Bernard and Valentine dispute one another’s evidences of science and literature, and Bernard angrily offends Valentine and Chloe. Bernard shows Hannah a passage he found in a magazine giving evidence of a hermitage at Sidley Park “occupied by a lunatic.” Hannah theorizes that Hodge may have been the hermit. Early the next morning in 1809, Hodge enters from outdoors, removing two pistols and a dead rabbit from his coat. The butler, Jellaby, tells Hodge that Captain Brice, Mr. and Mrs. Chater, and Lord Byron were all banished from the house in the middle of the night by Lady Croom. The duel never occurred. Lady Croom assumes that Hodge will follow Mrs. Chater, but he expresses his passion for her. In the present day, Valentine, Chloe and their brother Gus are readying for a “fancy dress” party, and are dressing in 19th-century period clothing. Valentine has added Thomasina’s “iterations” into his computer, proving that her mathematic skills were accurate. The past and present intersect when Thomasina, now 16, and her brother, Augustus, enter the room, arguing and tussling. Hodge stops the altercation. A letter is discovered disproving Bernard’s claim of a duel when Chater’s name appears with Captain Brice’s in a letter from Martinique. Bernard is miserable. Lady Croom complains about the state of her garden makeover and the loud noise from Noakes’ garden machine. She realizes that Thomasina has been expertly and overly educated, and determines she should be married as soon as possible. Thomasina asks Hodge to teach her the waltz, as it is the eve of her 17th birthday and she wants to learn to dance. Valentine now realizes that Thomasina was a brilliant, mathematical genius. Gus asks Hannah to dance and they and Thomasina and Hodge waltz simultaneously. 3 The Author: Tom Stoppard

“From principles is derived probability, but truth or certainty is obtained only from facts.” Tom Stoppard

Sir Tom Stoppard is one of the most successful and respected playwrights and screenwriters of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. His popular plays include Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966), Jumpers (1972), Travesties (1974), The Real Thing (1982), Hapgood (1988), Arcadia (1993), and The Invention of Love (1997). His screenplay collaborations include Brazil (1985), Indiana Jones and the Lost Crusade (1989), and the Academy Award-winning Shakespeare in Love (1998). Stoppard was born Tomáš Straüssler into a Jewish family in Zlin, Czechoslovakia on July 3, 1937. Two years later, the day Hitler invaded the country, his father, a doctor for the Bata shoe company, and the family were sent by the company to its manufacturing facility in Singapore. Several years later, as Singapore was threatened by Japan, the Straüssler family was evacuated to Australia. His father, Eugen, recognizing the need for medical professionals, stayed behind in Singapore. In 1941, as Eugen was evacuating Singapore, his ship was bombed and sunk, killing him.

Later that year, Tomáš, his brother Petr, and his mother Martha were evacuated to Darjeeling, India. The brothers attended an American school where their names were anglicized to Thomas and Peter. While in India, Martha met and married a British officer, Kenneth Stoppard, who adopted the boys and, after the war, moved the family to England.

In 1954, at age 17, Tom Stoppard finished school, eschewed college, and became a journalist for the Western Daily Star, a regional newspaper in southwestern England. In 1958, Stoppard moved to the Bristol Evening World, where one of his many assignments was to review plays as the “second-string” drama critic. There, his love for the theatre flourished. In 1960, he sent his first play, A Walk on the Water, to an agent and received an immediate response. The play was optioned, performed in Hamburg, Germany, and presented on television in 1963.

Stoppard moved to London in 1962, where he worked as the drama critic for Scene magazine. Simultaneously, he wrote plays for radio, television, and the stage. In 1966, his play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead premiered at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It was a success, and subsequently produced at the Old Vic Theatre in London, and then on Broadway in 1967.

4 The Author: continued

Stoppard’s work is often characterized as “intellectual,” but he prefers focusing on meticulous language, intricate wordplay, and characters with passionate pursuits. He incorporates unlikely opposites in order to allow multiple philosophies or ideas to bump up against one another. Math, physics, poetry, and passion intersect in Arcadia, academic philosophy and competitive acrobatics interconnect in Jumpers, and the ideas of James Joyce, Vladimir Lenin and Tristan Tzara meet and interact in Travesties as if they were characters in Oscar Wilde’s comedy of manners, The Importance of Being Earnest. He writes in multiple styles, from boisterous farce to realism, always ensuring that his characters’ thoughts and emotions are complex. Stoppard, a staunch advocate for human rights, publicly decries the treatment of writers and artists in authoritarian countries. While many of his works celebrate writers and free thoughts, his plays such as Every Good Boy Deserves Favor (1977) and Rock N’ Roll (2006), and his teleplay, Professional Foul (1977), directly confront the repression of free speech. Stoppard has won four Tony Awards for best play, more than any other playwright. His awards were for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Travesties, The Real Thing, and The Coast of Utopia (2007), his nine-hour, three play trilogy about pre-revolution Russia. His new play, The Hard Problem, opened in London earlier this year, and his screenplay for Tulip Fever, starring Alicia Vikander, Christoph Waltz, and Zach Galifinakas, will be released later this year.

History of the Play “It’s the wanting to know that makes us matter.” Hannah

Arcadia premiered at London’s National Theatre on April 13, 1993. It was directed by Trevor Nunn, and starred Bill Nighy as Bernard, Harriet Walter as Lady Croom, and Rufus Sewell as Septimus. It won the Olivier and Evening Standard Award for Best Play. Arcadia premiered on Broadway at Lincoln Center Theatre on March 30, 1995. Directed by Trevor Nunn, it featured Victor Garber as Bernard, Billy Crudup as Septimus, Robert Sean Leonard as Valentine, Blair Brown as Hannah, and Paul Giamatti as Ezra Chater.

Arcadia was revived on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 27, 2011. Directed by David Leveaux, it starred Billy Crudup as Bernard, Raul Esparza as Valentine, Tom Riley as Septimus, and Margaret Colin as Lady Croom. It was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play.

5 The Big Ideas

The Regency “Everything moved more slowly then. Time was different.” Bernard

Arcadia is set in both the early 19th century and in the present day. The earlier era begins in 1809, placing the story in the Regency period. What is this era and why the title?

King George III (1738 – 1820) became mentally incapacitated, blind, and deaf toward the end of his reign, and his son and heir, George (1762 – 1830), was appointed to rule during his illness. George was named “Prince Regent” in 1811, and ruled in that capacity until the death of his father in 1820, when he was then crowned George IV. While the Regency period is literally 1811 to 1820, it is recognized as a period encompassing 1795 to 1837, including the latter part of the reign of George III, and the reigns of George IV and his brother, William IV (1765 – 1837).

The Regency period is recognized for its distinctive styles of architecture, art, literature, and fashion, and for its technological innovations. The arts flourished due to the solid patronage of George IV and his contemporaries. Steam-driven technology advanced the development of the railroad, the printing press, and other mechanical machines, paving the way for an expansion in the mass production of manufactured goods. King George IV Standing in Garter Robes by Sir Thomas Lawrence, 1818

Et in Arcadia ego “…and I can say with the painter, Et in Arcadia ego. ‘Here I am in Arcadia,’ Thomasina.” Lady Croom

Arcadia is not only the title of the play, but a rich theme running throughout the story. Where is Arcadia, both geographically and philosophically? Arcadia is a mountainous region on the Peloponnesian peninsula, west of Athens, Greece. In ancient times, the people of Arcadia were simple and poor and lived off the land, mainly as shepherds. Arcadia came to be romanticized as a simple, idyllic place whose inhabitants were known for their musicality. The Greek god Pan was thought to have originated in Arcadia, as he was the god of rustic music, shepherds and their flocks, fields and mountains, spring, and fertility. 6 Arcadia: continued

Throughout the centuries, Arcadia came to symbolize the simple life in a pastoral and unspoiled land, where the inhabitants lived close to nature, uncorrupted by civilization. One of the first poets to idealize Arcadia was the Italian author Jacopo Sannazaro (1458 – 1530), whose protagonist from the 1489 poem Arcadia leaves the pain of unrequited love for a simple, solitary life in Arcadia. Giovanni da Verrazano named the American wilderness north of Virginia ‘Arcadia,’ entranced by its rustic beauty.

Lady Croom bemoans the transformation of her beautiful, ‘Arcadian’ garden into a landscape of the new, Romantic style. The painter she is referencing is Nicolas Poussin, who created the 1639 work “Et in Arcadia ego.” Translated more specifically as “Even in Arcadia, there am I,” it is often interpreted as “Even in Arcadia, there is death.” The shepherds are standing by a tomb with the title inscribed in stone, reminded of their mortality and the termination of human pursuits. We see this theme in Stoppard’s play as many of the characters are prevented from realizing their full potential, especially the brilliant Thomasina. It is also interesting to note that anagrams were popular in the 17th century when the painting was created, and “Et in Arcadia ego” is an anagram for “I tego arcana Dei,” translated as a message to those viewing the tomb: “Begone, I conceal God’s secrets.” 7 Classicism And Romanticism

“And here, superimposed by Richard Noakes, untamed nature in the style of Salvator Rosa. It's the Gothic novel expressed in landscape. Everything but vampires.” Hannah One of the major themes championed in Arcadia is the transformation of life, and how the orderliness of Classicism gave way to the more self-reflective, deeply emotional theory of Romanticism. In the contemporary scenes, Stoppard shows that both viewpoints still have their supporters and detractors, and the tug and pull between these principles still resonate. One way the transition is supported is the renovation of the gardens of Sidley Park from the Classical style to the Romantic style, transforming rationalism and order into emotion and mystery. The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw the transformation from the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment, which promoted reason and scientific method, into the expressive Romantic era in literature, art, architecture, and music. Brett and Kate Mckay’s article, “The Basics of Romantic Art,” summarizes the change succinctly: … there was a growing reaction against the philosophy of the Enlightenment, which emphasized science, empirical evidence, and rational thought above all. Romantics challenged the idea that reason was the one path to truth, judging it inadequate in understanding the great mysteries of life. These mysteries could be uncovered with emotion, imagination, and intuition. Nature was especially celebrated as a classroom for self-discovery and spiritual learning, the place in which mysteries could be revealed to the mind of man. Romantics emphasized a life filled with deep feeling, spirituality, and free expression, seeing such virtues as a bulwark against the dehumanizing effects of industrialization. They also extolled the value of human beings, which they believed to have infinite, godlike potential.

Before the play begins, the never-seen Lord Croom has commissioned landscape architect Richard Noakes to redesign and transform the classical Sidley Park gardens, employing the latest technology to change the civilized, rules- driven, orderly estate grounds into a mysterious, “ruined” landscape. The new style was meant to evoke emotion rather than satisfy an orderliness of life. Classicism is based on the idea that the world has fixed laws from God, and life has logic, symmetry, and order; and mastering the concepts of universal thought is ideal. The Romantics, on the other hand, believed in individual thought, and that man can change the world with intuition, irregularity, human will, and sexuality. This opposition is evident not only in the conflict between Lady Croom’s desire to keep the garden classical, but also Hannah’s opinions of the failings of Romanticism: “A century of intellectual rigour turned in on itself. A mind in chaos suspected of genius. In a setting of cheap thrills and false emotion.” Stoppard shows us that though the philosophical differences between Classicism and Romanticism were contemporary in 1809, the two philosophies still conjure argument today. The Chancel and Crossing of Tintern Abbey by JMW Turner, 1794 8 Free Will vs. Determinism

“The unpredictable and the predetermined unfold together to make everything the way it is.” Valentine

Another rich theme in Arcadia is the philosophical conflict between determinism and free will. Many of the characters express thoughts that support one or the other philosophy, or are transformed from one thought to the other. What are these beliefs and how are they used in the story? The debate between determinism and free will has been argued for millennia, especially by the Greek philosophers, and neither are simple principles. At its core, determinism states that what has come previously determines what is to come next. Determinists believe that there is only one course of event possible, and for every event, there exist preceding conditions which made the succeeding event occur. In science, Newton’s laws of physics states the universe is operating with a fixed set of knowable laws, and that one event leads to the next, and can be predicted. Similarly, DNA determines who we are, what we look like, and how we will act. Ethically, determinists believe that right and wrong is clearly defined, and that for every intention there is a “yes” or “no.” Free will, on the other hand, states that there are choices for a course of action. In science, free will states that there is unpredictability, and what is occurring can be random. Quantum mechanics states that there is great deal of probability and interpretation. In genetics, while DNA and biology are important, many factors such as environment, nurture, judgment, advice, and persuasion may cause direction and decision. In Arcadia, the ideological pull between determinism and free will is woven into the fabric of the story. Thomasina and Septimus discuss and debate free will several times, as do Chloe and Valentine. Thomasina’s fate at the end of the play is preceded by an interaction with Septimus in which she speaks deterministically, he replying with an expression of free will. Lady Croom has deterministic opinions because she believes that others’ actions and motives are right or wrong, true or false. Valentine explains that scientists are better able to apply determinism to our galaxies and inside of an atom, than they are to weather, which is difficult to predict. Just as the ancient Greeks debated determinism and free will, so did the scientists and philosophers during the Regency and the scientists and scholars of today.

9 The Science of Arcadia

“When you stir your rice pudding, Septimus, the spoonful of jam spreads itself round making red trails like the picture of a meteor in my astronomical atlas. But if you stir backward, the jam will not come together again. Indeed, the pudding does not notice and continues to turn pink just as before.” - Thomasina

The brilliant Thomasina is ahead of her time, articulating and theorizing scientific concepts decades and centuries before accomplished physicists and mathematicians conceived and tested the same theories. When she recognizes that her jam will not reform itself if she stirs it backwards, she is verbalizing entropy, where order disintegrates into disorder, turning her rice pudding pink. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, formulated in the mid-19th century, suggests that after energy disintegrates, disorganization and randomness increase. Valentine explains it this way:

“Your tea gets cold by itself, it doesn't get hot by itself. Heat goes to cold. It's a one-way street. Your tea will end up at room temperature. What's happening to your tea is happening to everything everywhere. The sun and the stars. It'll take a while but we're all going to end up at room temperature.”

Stoppard presents science and math in Arcadia as both talking points to move the action forward, and as a thematic energy that burns between characters. Stoppard read James Gleick’s book Chaos: Making a New Science and determined its theories on chaos, heat and time would make a fascinating premise for a new play. Gleick’s work suggest that our world is both neat and messy, predictable and unpredictable, and Stoppard uses this theme to great effect in Arcadia. Just as Romanticism is a rejection of Classicism, Chaos Theory rejects much of Newtonian physics, which says the universe is ordered, unless it is compelled to change. Chaos and “heat” at Sidley Park are generated by the unseen Lord Byron and Mrs. Chater, sending the 19th century residents and guests into fits of passion and chaos. In the contemporary scenes, the same occurs when outsiders Hannah and Bernard create intense desire with the current Croom children.

Thomasina’s work on iteration is also central to Chaos theory. Iteration is the repetition of a mathematical algorithm, and though Thomasina starts work on her theory, it is never completed. When Valentine adds her algorithm into a computer, it creates a fractal, which is a geometric shape in which its parts have the same statistical shape as the whole. Fractals are used to describe or define shapes in nature, such as snowflakes, and Thomasina attempts to iterate the leaf of an apple to prove that nature is non-linear: “Mountains are not pyramids, and trees are not cones.” Thomasina also associates her theories with thermodynamics, telling the landscape architect Mr. Noakes why his steam pump machine is not working properly:

“Newton’s equations go forwards and backwards, they do not care which way. But the heat equation cares very much, it goes only one way. That is the reason Mr. Noakes’s engine cannot give the power to driver Mr. Noakes’s engine.”

Valentine realizes that Thomasina was theorizing randomness and unpredictability in her school books well before these concepts were understood. Hannah determines that the hermit at Sidley Park works unceasingly on Thomasina’s iterations. 10 Lord Byron

“His lameness, he confessed to me, is entirely the result of his habit from boyhood of shooting himself in the foot.” Lady Croom Lord Byron, properly called George Gordon, 6th Baron Byron, is the most talked about character not seen in the play (Mrs. Chater is a close second). Who was this mysterious and enigmatic man? Lord Byron, born in 1788, was the leading poet in the Romantic style. He was known not only for his beautiful poetry, but also for his passionate entanglements. Dysplasia, a condition in which one foot and calf were underdeveloped from birth, made Byron self-conscious his entire life. He entered the elite Harrow School in London in 1801, where he began writing poetry to and about his sexual conquests. Byron next attended Trinity College, Cambridge, but found partying preferable to studying. He published his first collection of poems, Hours of Idleness, in 1807. The book was savagely critiqued, anonymously, in the Scottish magazine the Edinburgh Review. Byron responded with a satire on critics and criticism called English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. Though published anonymously, it was quickly determined the author was Byron, and some literary critics, offended at the parody, challenged Byron to duels. Afterward, it became fashionable to be satirized by Byron.

Lord Byron by Richard Westall, 1813 As mentioned in the play, Byron left England in 1809 and traveled to eastern Mediterranean and Aegean countries, carefully avoiding Napoleon’s invasions. During this journey he wrote a successful narrative poem, “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage,” an account of a young man’s journey to foreign lands. In 1811, he returned to England after the death of his mother, and entered into passionate affairs with the married Lady Caroline Lamb and Lady Jane Harley, Countess of Oxford, as well as undertaking an alleged relationship with his half-sister, Augusta Leigh. In 1815 he married Anna Isabella “Anabella” Milbanke, and later that year had a daughter, Ada. The marriage quickly soured, and Anabella legally separated from Byron in 1816 amid accusations of erratic behavior, multiple affairs and bisexuality. Byron hastily left England for good, living in Switzerland, Italy, and finally in Greece, where he died of sepsis in 1824 at age 36. 11 The Duel

“Take command of Lord Byron’s pistols!” Ezra Chater

One of the mysteries Bernard tries to solve is proof of a duel between Chater and Byron. Here are the basic rules and etiquette for participating in a duel in the early 19th century. Duels had been previously fought with swords, but the growing status of firearms during the Regency period saw the pistol as a dueling weapon of choice. The accepted motives for challenging a man to a duel were: a sexual indiscretion with a female relative, an accusation of cheating, slander, or shameful behavior, and physical assault. Dueling had a Code of Honor, a strict set of rules by which a duel should be fought. In this code, the injured party had the prerogative to name the offender’s misconduct and choose the weapons to be used. If the challenge was accepted by the offending party, each would name a “second,” a close, trusted friend who ensured that all procedures were followed. In the code, the first duty of a“second” was to reason or negotiate with the parties to prevent the duel from occurring. Apology or admitting error were honorable solutions, except in the case of a physical attack.

It was protocol for duels to be fought within 48 hours of the challenge, and at a time and place suitable for both parties. Dawn was the preferred time, and a location outside of town was favored. On the day of the duel, “seconds” would check all weapons, load ammunition, and mark the firing distances. Distances were usually between ten and fourteen paces, a pace being essentially a yard. If duelists were expert marksmen, longer distances were chosen.

Once at the duel, the “principals” saluted one another, moved to their marks, saluted a second time, and turned sideways, cocking the pistols and extending the arm. The signal to shoot was the drop of a handkerchief. The “principals” could either fire at one another or fire into the air if fault was admitted. Arms were to stay as extended as long as possible after firing. If a duelist was shot, and had not yet fired, he had two minutes to do so. If neither party was shot, both men saluted one another, expressed their remorse, and left the field. If they were injured, a doctor was present to attend the wounds. If one or both of the principals were killed, their servants or friends would carry their bodies home. Though illegal, duels were still fought to show or restore honor. Dueling as a means of restitution declined in popularity in the mid-19th century, falling out of favor as a tool for settling grievances. 12 Education For Girls

“We must have you married before you are educated beyond eligibility.” Lady Croom

Thomasina is a brilliant teenager, whose education in math and science far exceeds the education most girls received at that time. Here is how girls were characteristically educated in the Regency era. Aristocratic girls were raised with certain “expectations.” Women were expected to be without the vices that were allowed men, and were not expected to have strong opinions, especially regarding politics. A women’s duty was domestic, with her primary responsibility the running of the household and bearing heirs. It was expected that women’s strongest virtue be innocence, especially in knowledge or learning and, if they were knowledgeable, to keep it disguised from others. Respectability required that emotions be tightly controlled, and that any and all circumstances be addressed with calm and dignity. Young aristocratic boys were mainly sent to private schools, such as Eton or Harrow, for their education. Girls, instead, were mainly educated at home, first with a nanny, and then with one or more tutors. Girl Sketching by Henry Raeburn c. 1811-1817 A girl’s education was focused on learning to read and write English and Latin, and occasionally French and Italian. Math was taught only far enough to give women the tools necessary to manage household accounts. Additionally, skills in singing, painting, embroidery, dance and proficiency on the piano or harp were acceptably taught. Manners and etiquette were also imparted, in preparation for a girl’s debut into society, usually around her 17th birthday. Girls of the aristocracy were first presented to the monarch before offers or invitations to social events or balls could be accepted. This presentation to the King or Queen included an appearance with the girl’s mother or other female sponsor. Most girls were expected to be engaged or married within a year of their debut, where their education and manners would be immediately applied.

13 Glossary of Terms

• Alexandria (Library) – “…who burned the great • Athens of Pericles – “Your ladyship should have library of Alexandria without so much as a fine lived in the Athens of Pericles!” Septimus – for all that is overdue.” Thomasina – the ancient Pericles (495 – 429 B.C.) was a ruler of Athens Library of Alexandria, one of the most valuable in who fostered democracy, arts, education and history, was created and nurtured during the literature. His passion and drive paved the way Ptolemaic dynasty, spanning the 3rd century B.C. for Athens to flourish as the learning center of to 30 B.C., when it was partially burned during the ancient world. the Roman conquest of Egypt. Holding one of the • Bathos – “Ovid would have stayed a lawyer and largest collections of ancient scrolls, the library Virgil a farmer if they had known the bathos to was burned or ransacked not in one tragedy, but which love would descend…” Septimus – Bathos over a period of several centuries. It became a is a literary term coined by Alexander Pope in symbol for the loss of knowledge and culture. 1727 to denote a silly or trivial event that ruins a • Anchorite – “I found it in an essay on hermits serious or elevated story. and anchorites…” Hannah – An anchorite is a • Beau Brummel – “He can come as Beau recluse who renounces the world and lives Brummel.” Chloe - George Bryan “Beau” secluded in religious devotion. Brummel (1778 – 1840) was a socialite known for • Archimedes – “You do not suppose, my lady, his biting wit and flamboyant clothing. His name that if all of Archimedes had been hiding in the is now synonymous for a fashionably dressed great library of Alexandria, we would be at a man, or a “dandy.” loss for a corkscrew?” Septimus – Archimedes of • Blackguard – “You blackguard!” Ezra Chater – a Syracuse (c. 287-212 B.C.), was a Greek dishonorable or villainous person. mathematician, scientist, inventor, and astronomer, and considered the greatest • Brideshead Revisited – “Yes, I met him. mathematician of the ancient world. Archimedes Brideshead Regurgitated.” Bernard – The developed a hand-cranked machine, known as a character is making a pun on Evelyn Waugh’s screw pump, which is a corkscrew-shaped 1945 novel, Brideshead Revisited, the story of a invention for raising water from a lower to a college student who visits an aristocratic family; higher level. and considered to be homosexual. • Argus – “…and much of the previous day’s • Broadwood pianoforte – “The new Broadwood Brighton and Hove Argus.” Bernard – The Argus pianoforte, madam.” Septimus – A pianoforte is the local newspaper for the towns of Brighton (eventually shortened to piano) was the and Hove. successor to the harpsichord, and so named • Athenian Authors – “All the lost plays of the because dampers were added to allow a player to Athenians! Two hundred at least by Aeschylus, play softly (“piano”) or loudly (“forte”). John Sophocles, Euripides – thousands of poems – Broadwood & Sons is the oldest, continuously Aristotle’s own library brought to Egypt…” operating piano manufacturer in the world, and Thomasina – Aeschylus (525 – 426 B.C.), for several centuries was the official piano Sophocles (c. 496 – c.406 B.C.), and Euripides manufacturer of the British royal family. (480-406 B.C.) were eminent Greek playwrights, and Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.) was a philosopher 14 and author who established a great library and school in Athens. Glossary, continued

• Brocket Hall – “…a rather good description of • Charles II – “…raised by Charles II to the Caroline’s garden at Brocket Hall.” Hannah – Earldom of Croom.” Bernard – Charles II (1630 – Brocket Hall is a grand Hertfordshire estate built 1685), was named King of England, Scotland and for Sir William Lamb in 1760. Lamb’s son, the Ireland in 1649 after the execution of his father, first Lord Melbourne, was married to Caroline Charles I, during the English Civil War. After years Ponsonby who, as Lady Caroline Lamb, was a in exile Charles ascended the throne in 1658. lover of Lord Byron. • Chemical ‘Ladies’ – “They drew the line at • “Capability” Brown – “Capability Brown doing chemical ‘Ladies’” Chloe – A chemical ‘Ladies’ is Claude, who was doing Virgil.” Hannah – an outdoors portable toilet, or a “Porta-Potty.” Lancelot “Capability” Brown (1715 – 1783) was a • Chippendale - “Chippendale – sex and popular English landscape architect. He designed furniture!” Hannah – Chippendale furniture was over 170 English estates, and was nicknamed first produced in London by Thomas Chippendale “Capability” after frequently telling customers in 1754. It is known for its well-made their grounds had “capability.” His work can still construction and intricate style. be seen at Croome Court, a 17th century Worcestershire estate in which he redesigned • Christie’s – “…there was a teapot we once had both the home and grounds. to bag back from Christie’s…” Chloe – Christie’s is an upscale auction house founded in London in • Butts and beaters – “I’m only using them [game 1766 by James Christie. It is still in operation in books] from 1870, when butts and beaters came London and New York. “Bag back” is slang for in.” Valentine - Beaters are servants or aids who recover. “beat” the ground with sticks or brooms, sending grouse toward hunters hidden in “butts,” which • Cleopatra – “Is it Cleopatra? I hate Cleopatra!” are sunken hiding places camouflaged with Thomasina - Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt (70 – stones or turf. 30 B.C.), was the lover of Roman Emperor Julius • Cabalistic – “He’d covered every sheet with Caesar and later, the mistress of Caesar’s general, cabalistic proofs that the world was coming to Mark Antony. When the Roman army of Octavian an end.” Hannah – Something mystical or defeated Antony in Egypt, he and Cleopatra secretive. The word is derived from the Jewish committed suicide. mystical tradition of Kabbalah. • Samuel Taylor Coleridge – “However, Coleridge also died in 1834.” Bernard – Coleridge (1772 – • Canard - “…only a canard.” Ezra Chater – a false 1834) was an English poet, critic and philosopher or unsubstantiated claim or story. known for writing in the Romantic style. Some of • Castle of Otranto – “The Castle of Otranto, my his popular works include “The Rime of the lady, is by Horace Walpole.” Ezra Chater – Ancient Mariner,” and “Kubla Khan.” Walpole’s novel was published in 1764, and is • The Cornhill Magazine – “I found it in an considered the first gothic novel, creating a new essay…in the Cornhill Magazine in the 1860s…” genre of literature. Gothic novels are Hannah – The Cornhill Magazine was a popular characterized by stories of mystery or horror. literary journal founded by George Murray Smith, Horace Walpole was also a landscape designer. and first published in 1860. The name comes • “Ce soir il faut qu’on parle francais, je te from the street on which Smith lived, and was demande, Thomasina, as a courtesy to the edited by novelist William Makepeace Thackeray Count.” Lady Croom – Translated as “I ask you to until his death in 1863. The magazine serialized speak French tonight, Thomasina...” 15 Glossary, continued

• cont’d: …new works by George du Maurier, • Queen Dido – “Is it Queen Dido?” Thomasina – George Eliot, Arthur Conan Doyle, Alfred It is not known whether Dido was a literary Tennyson, Henry James, and Thomas Hardy, creation or the actual founder and Queen of among others. It ceased publication in 1975. Carthage (in present day Tunisia). She was • Corsican Brigand – “Is Sidley Park to be an immortalized in Virgil’s 19 B.C. epic poem, The Englishman’s garden, or the haunt of Corsican Aeneid, where the Trojan hero Aeneas abandons brigands?” Captain Brice – A brigand is a thief, her and she subsequently kills herself for love. usually found inland or in mountainous regions. • DNB – “There’s almost nothing on Chater, not a Corsica is a French territory in the Mediterranean word in the DNB, of course…” Bernard – The known for its volatile history and rustic DNB, or the Dictionary of National Biography, is a occupants. Corsica was also the birthplace of national record of men and women who have Napoleon who, in 1809, was dominating Europe. shaped British history and culture from Roman • Cricket eleven – “…and no doubt they [Lord times to the present. It was first published in Byron; Septimus Hodge] were both in the cricket 1885. eleven when Harrow played Eton at Lord’s!” • Don – “But first, it’s ‘Media Don, book early to Hannah – One of the first recorded cricket avoid disappointment.’ Where was I?” Bernard matches between the elite Eton and Harrow – A Don is a college or university department schools was in 1805 at Lord’s Old Ground cricket head or fellow, especially at formal English venue. Lord Byron played for Harrow in 1805. institutions of higher learning, such as Cambridge The rivalry was formalized in 1814, and continues or Oxford. It is derived from the Latin word today. Eleven is the number of members on each “dominus,” meaning “Lord” or “master.” team. • East India Company – “His father had been with • Cricket pitch – “…of water dashing across rocks the East India Company…” Bernard – An English where there was neither spring nor a stone I company formed by Royal Charter in 1600 to could not throw the length of a cricket pitch.” acquire and exploit the natural resources of India Lady Croom – Cricket is played on grass (pitch). and Southeast Asia. It was the catalyst for British The field is 22 yards long and 10 yards wide. expansion and rule of India until it was disbanded • Curio – “…not a cabinet of vulgar curios.” Lady in 1873. Croom – A knickknack or ornament that evokes • Albert Einstein – “…it’s not like relativity, you curiosity. don’t have to be like Einstein.” Hannah – Einstein (1879 – 1955) was a German-born • Derbyshire –“Not a schoolgirl living in a country physicist best known for his theory of relativity, house in Derbyshire in eighteen-something.” E=mc2. Valentine – Derbyshire is a central England • Eros – “The Couch of Eros will take the town.” county, approximately 130 miles northwest of Septimus – Eros was the winged Greek god of London. It is where the fictional Sidley Park is love who caused burning desire. Myths say he located, and close to the Nottingham home of was the son of Aphrodite, goddess of love, and Lord Byron. Ares, the god of war. With the ability to overpower mortals and fellow gods alike, Eros was frequently personified by artists as sleeping, reflecting passion at rest. 16 Glossary, continued

• Euclid – “God must love gunnery and • Game books – “It’s got all the game books in it.” architecture if Euclid is his only geometry.” Valentine – Game books are detailed hunting Thomasina – Euclid of Alexandria was a 4th records kept by English estates to record the century B.C. Greek mathematician best known hunters’ names and what was killed for sport. for his book “Elements,” which described the • Gibe – “A gibe is not a rebuttal.” Thomasina – principals of geometry. An insulting or mocking remark. • Fermat’s Theorem – “I thought you were finding • Glasgow – “Steam and brass were not invented a proof for Fermat’s last theorem.” Septimus – in Glasgow.” Septimus – Glasgow, Scotland was Pierre de Fermat (1607 – 1665) was a French an industrial powerhouse beginning in the late lawyer and mathematician who, in his copy of 18th century. With an abundance of natural Diophantus’ Arithmetic wrote a note in the resources, mainly iron and coal, and its prowess margin that he had the proof to the following in shipbuilding, it became one of the largest Pythagorean theorem, but not the room in the industrial cities in the world. margin to complete it: no three positive integers, • Grouse – “There’s more noise with grouse.” a, b and c, satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any Valentine – Grouse are galliformes, large, integer value n greater than 2. Found 30 years ground-feeding birds similar to chickens, turkeys, after his death (the reason it was named “last pheasant and partridge. They are popularly theorem”), it was solved by Oxford hunted in the United Kingdom mathematician Andrew Wiles in 1993, corrected, • Ha-ha – “I’ve been in the ha-ha.” Hannah – A ha- and published in 1995. He spent seven years ha is a landscape feature, in which a low wall working through the problem. with a deep recessed trench on one side • Henry Fuseli – “…he was being sketched during protected the lawn and garden from grazing his visit…by the Professor of Painting…Mr. animals, but did not disturb the view. The term is Fuseli.” Septimus – Fuseli (1741 – 1825) was a colloquial, and approximates the sound a person Swiss-born artist and author (born Fussli) who might make when unexpectedly finding was a professor at the Royal Academy of Arts in themselves on the edge of an unguarded trench. London. He was known for his paintings of supernatural subjects. • Harrow – “At Harrow I was better at this than • Galileo – “Galileo – ‘Did the earth move?’” Lord Byron.” Septimus – Harrow School is a Hannah – Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) was an London boarding school for boys founded in Italian astronomer, physicist, mathematician, and 1572. Alumni include Lord Byron, Winston philosopher whose scientific work and support of Churchill, and the actor Benedict Cumberbatch. Copernicus’ observation that the Earth and • Hermit/Hermitage – “That is the hermitage, planets revolved around the sun was condemned Madam.” Richard Noakes – Originally hermitages as heresy. were caves where religious acolytes lived in • Gallic Wars – “We had caro in our Gallic Wars…” spiritual seclusion. In the late 18th century it was Septimus Hodge – Septimus is explaining the fashionable for large estates to have a “garden Latin translation of caro, “flesh,” from The Gallic hermitage,” where hired hermits lived as a Wars, a narrative by Julius Caesar of the Roman novelty. As entertainment, hermits were usually Empire’s conquest of Europe. It is written in Latin asked to offer advice to guests. prose, and the book was frequently used to teach 17 the language. Glossary, continued

• Thomas Hobbes – “Geometry, Hobbes assure us • Just William – “…there was a ninety percent in the Leviathan, is the only Science God has chance that Lawrence also wrote the Just been pleased to bestow on mankind.” Septimus William books…” Bernard – The “Just William” – Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan or The Matter, book series are illustrated short stories for Forme and Power of a Common Wealth, children written by Richmal Crompton. They Eccliasticall and Civil, usually shortened to involve the adventures of schoolboy William “Leviathan,” is a 1651 treatise on a structured Brown, and were published between 1922 and society in which the “state” or monarch has 1970. legitimate authority over the individual. Hobbes • Kew – “…superior to the one at Kew.” Lady believed that geometry was the perfect Croom – Kew Gardens is a botanical garden in representation of God, and could be used in Richmond-upon-Thames, a southwest London many aspects of life. town created in the 13th century as a royal • Lord Holland – “…they judge a poet by the residence for Edward I. The aristocracy followed, seating plan of Lord Holland’s table!” Septimus and beautiful estates and gardens were built. In Hodge – Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron Holland 1772 Kew Park was created after the merging of (1773-1840) was a major force in Whig politics several gardens, and Kew Gardens was formally and, according to The Peel Web: “…was an named in 1840. Within the gardens was a bridge accomplished scholar in the classical in the Chinese and Palladian styles, erected in languages…and made some trifling contributions 1757, and a 10-story Chinese pagoda built in to literature.” 1761. The pagoda still stands today. Kew Gardens • Lord Jeffrey – “….God knows one is little is a World Heritage site. appreciated if one stands outside the coterie of • Lady Caroline Lamb – “To see Caroline Lamb hacks and placemen who surround Jeffrey and through your eyes is really like seeing her for the Edinburgh…” Ezra Chater – Francis Jeffrey, the first time.” Bernard – Lady Caroline (1785 – Lord Jeffrey (1773 – 1850), was a Scottish judge 1828) was an aristocrat and novelist, and wife of and literary critic and publisher of the Edinburgh Lord Melbourne, Prime Minister when Victoria Review, a well-respected and influential journal. ascended the throne. Lady Lamb and Lord Byron A placeman is a person appointed to a position, had a tempestuous and public affair. especially in government, in reward for political • D. H. Lawrence – “One of my colleagues support. believed he had found an unattributed short story by D.H. Lawrence…” Bernard – David • John the Baptist – “I have made him like the Herbert Lawrence (1885 – 1930) was an English Baptist in the wilderness.” Thomasina – John author whose novels exploring sexuality were was an itinerant Jewish preacher who prophesied frequently censored. His major works include the coming of, and later baptized, Jesus. John Sons and Lovers, Women in Love, and Lady used immersion in water as both a worldly Chatterley’s Lovers. purification and a conversion to Judaism.

18 Glossary, continued

• Leibnitz – “…the English say Newton, the • Newcomen Atmospheric Engine – “The Germans say Leibnitz.” Valentine – Gottfried improved Newcomen steam pump – the only Leibnitz (1646 – 1716) was a German philosopher one in England!” Richard Noakes - Thomas and mathematician who developed differential Newcomen (1664 – 1729) invented the first and integral calculus independently of Sir Isaac practical steam engine in 1712. It was mainly Newton. He is best known for creating a used to pump water from underground. The multiplication wheel that led to the creation of improved Newcomen is attributed to James Watt, mechanical calculators. and was first introduced in 1769. • Levant – “…and the sooner he sails for the • Newton’s Law of Motion – “If everything from Levant the sooner he will find society congenial the furthest planet to the smallest atom of our to his character.” Lady Croom – The Levant is a brain acts according to Newton’s law of region comprised of Eastern Mediterranean motion…” Septimus Hodge – Isaac Newton’s countries, from Turkey to Egypt. It includes (1643 – 1727) first law of motion states that Israel, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. “every object persists in its state of rest or • Linnean Society – “…and to take her on a uniform motion, in a straight line, unless it is voyage he has not scrupled to deceive the compelled to change that line by forces Admiralty, the Linnean Society, and Sir Joseph impressed upon it.” Banks, botanist to His Majesty at Kew.” Lady • Newstead Abbey – “The letter was written from Croom – Founded in 1788, The Linnean Society the family seat, Newstead Abbey, promotes the study of all aspects of biological Nottinghamshire.” Bernard – Newstead was Lord science. It has collected and catalogued a wide Byron’s ancestral home. Originally a 13th century range of plant species from around the world. priory of Augustinian monks, it was taken by Charles Darwin was made a Fellow in 1854. Henry VIII when he ordered the closure of • Marie of Romania – “If Byron killed Chater in a Catholic monasteries. It was gifted to Sir John duel I’m Marie of Romania.” Hannah – Princess Byron in 1540. Marie of Edinburgh (1875 – 1938) was the • Obelisk – “…is usurped by a fallen obelisk daughter of Prince Alfred, and the granddaughter overgrown with briars…” Lady Croom – Obelisks of Queen Victoria. She married King Ferdinand I are tall, square monuments topped by a pyramid. of Romania, and was extremely popular both They were erected in pairs by the Egyptians at home and abroad. the entrance of temples. The most famous • Martinique – “…he was a botanist who obelisk in the United States is the Washington described a dwarf dahlia in Martinique…” Monument. Bernard – Martinique is an island in the eastern • Onan – “That was the sin of Onan, wasn’t it, Caribbean. Though a French territory, Great Septimus?” Thomasina – Onan’s story is from the Britain controlled the island from 1794 to 1815. Book of Genesis in the Bible. After Onan’s elder brother, Er, is slain by God, Onan is ordered to • John Milton – “And I would say the same of marry Er’s widow, Tamar, and produce children. Milton were he not already dead.” Hodge – Because a son born of Onan and Tamar would be Milton (1608 – 1674), was an English poet best Er’s rightful heir, Onan protested, and during known for his epic poem, Paradise Lost. intercourse withdrew before orgasm, spilling his seed. Onan was slain by God for defying Him. 19 Glossary, continued

• Ovid – “Ovid would have stayed a lawyer…” • Picturesque – “That is the very definition of Septimus – Publius Ovidius Naso (43 B.C. – 17 picturesque.” Richard Noakes – picturesque is an A.D.) was a Roman poet best known for his idealized, aesthetic landscape that is defined as mythological stories. He was trained as a lawyer, “in the manner of a picture.” The chief but gave up the practice when he could not keep characteristics of the picturesque style were his emotions from interfering in his arguments. irregularity of form, color, and light. • Packet – “He says he is determined on the Malta • Portmanteau - “His head is full of Lisbon and packet sailing out of Falmouth.” Lady Croom - Lesbos, and his portmanteau of pistols…” Lady Packets were small, coastal mail boats used to Croom - A portmanteau is a traveling case or deliver mail to islands, territories or colonies. A trunk that opens equally on both sides. It also limited number of passengers were eventually refers to the blending of two words to create one added to the service. In 1800, Malta, an island word, such as Microsoft (“microcomputer” and off the coast of Italy, became a British “software”) or smog (“smoke” and “fog”). protectorate and, after the fall of Napoleon in • PT – “They used to teach it in ancient times, like 1814, a British territory. Falmouth is in the far PT.” Hannah – PT is “physical training,” and is southwest of England. equivalent to PE, “physical education,” in the • Papyrus – “I have no doubt that the improved United States. steam-driven heat-engine…was described on • Ptolemy – “If Queen Elizabeth had been a papyrus.” Septimus – Papyrus was an Egyptian Ptolemy history would have been quite writing surface made from water plants found in different.” Thomasina – The Ptolemys were a the Nile River delta. The first recorded use of line of Egyptian rulers descended from a Greek papyrus was in 3,000 B.C. general who served Alexander the Great. • Thomas Love Peacock – “Of course, the East Beginning in the 4th century B.C., the Ptolemaic India Library in Blackfriars has most of empire created a Greek center of arts and culture Peacock’s letters.” Bernard – Peacock (1785 – in Alexandria. Thomasina is suggesting that if 1866) was an English satirical novelist, and a Elizabeth I ruled instead of Cleopatra the close friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley. His works Egyptian/Greek culture would have flourished include Headlong Hall and Nightmare Abbey. around the world. Blackfriars is an area in southwest London, and • QED – “…but when carnal embrace is sinful it is today is an area of numerous banks and financial a sin of the flesh, QED.” Septimus Hodge – QED institutions. is Latin for “quod erat demonstrandum,” • Pablo Picasso – “Nature was classical, maths translated as “thus it has been demonstrated. It was suddenly Picassos.” Valentine – Picasso is most commonly used to end a mathematical (1881 – 1973) was a Spanish artist most known proof or philosophical argument, indicating a for his cubism, in which objects or figures are completion. deconstructed and reassembled in an abstract • Ann Radcliffe – “You have been reading too form. many novels by Mrs. Radcliffe…” Lady Croom – • Piccadilly Recreation – “…in both cases a Radcliffe (1764 – 1823) was an English author substantial review in the Piccadilly Recreation, a who wrote in the Gothic style. Her novels, such thrice weekly folio sheet…” Bernard – The as The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Italian, Piccadilly Recreation is an invented publication by included supernatural elements that were the playwright. explained at the end, and long passages about mysterious gardens. 20 Glossary, continued

• Rill – “The rill is a serpentine ribbon unwound • Sub rosa – “I’m her date. Sub rosa.” Bernard – from the lake…” Lady Croom – A rill is a narrow “Sub rosa” is Latin for “under the rose,” or and shallow channel of water, usually cut by “confidentially.” In the ancient world the rose was erosion. In landscape design, it is used as an a symbol of secrecy. artistic feature. • Sussex – “Actually we’ve met before. At Sussex, • Salvator Rosa – “Salvator Rosa, your ladyship, a couple of years ago, a seminar...” Bernard – the painter.” Richard Noakes – Rosa (1615 – The University of Sussex was established in 1962 1673) was an Italian artist who painted dark, as a learning institution to counterbalance brooding landscapes, overgrown with vegetation. traditional learning establishments such as His style inspired later Romantic artists to paint Oxford and Cambridge. Its motto is “Let’s Change ruins, caves, and melancholy landscapes. Things.” • Rota - “…a woman whose reputation could not • William Makepeace Thackeray – “Was the letter be adequately defended with a platoon of to Thackeray?” Bernard – Thackeray (1811 – musketry deployed by rota.” Septimus – Rota is 1863) was an English novelist best known for an infantry division bearing arms. The name is Vanity Fair and The Luck of Barry Lyndon. He was shortened from “rotation.” the editor of The Cornhill Magazine from 1860 • Snipe and curlew – “…unless it be that snipe and until his death in 1863. curlew have deserted three counties so that they may be shot in our swamp.” Lady Croom – • Theodolite – “Mummy says have you got the Snipe and curlew are long-billed marsh birds. theodolite?” Chloe – A theodolite is a surveying Both species possess mottled brown feathers. instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical planes. An accurate theodolite was • Sod – “…under the same roof as the poor sod invented by Jesse Ramsden in 1787. whose book he savaged…” Bernard – An expletive used in the United Kingdom. It is short • Topped and tailed – “Yes, it’s been topped and for “sodomite.” tailed, of course.” Bernard – to cut off the top • Robert Southey – “Southey I would have shot on and bottom of an object, such as pages or fruit sight.” Septimus – Southey (1774 – 1843) was an and vegetables. author, poet, scholar and historian, and Poet • William Wordsworth - “They read a damn sight Laureate of England from 1813 to 1843. Southey more like Byron than Byron’s review of wrote in the Romantic style, including the novels Wordsworth the previous year.” Bernard – Thalaba the Destroyer in 1801 and Madoc in Wordsworth (1770 – 1850) was an English 1805. He also wrote the children’s story Romantic poet known for The Prelude. He was Goldilocks and the Three Bears in 1837. the English Poet Laureate from 1843 to his death in 1850. • William Spencer – “He had reviewed Wordsworth two years earlier, he was to review • Wrinklies – “The wrinklies won’t have it in the Spencer two years later.” Bernard – Spencer house…” Chloe – Wrinklies is English slang for (1769 – 1834), was a popular English poet from older people the aristocratic Spencer family. His popular works include “Too Late I Stayed” and “Beth Gelert.” 21 Further Reading

• Tom Stoppard: A Life by Ira Nadel – an in-depth look at the life of the playwright • Tom Stoppard’s Arcadia by John Fleming – an in-depth look at the play and its themes • Chaos: Making a New Science by James Gleick – the book Stoppard read that inspired Arcadia • The Genius of the Place: The English Landscape Garden, 1620-1820, edited by John Dixon Hunt and Peter Willis – a detailed history of English landscape and gardening • Byron: A Portrait by Leslie Marchand – an in-depth look at the life of Lord Byron

Palm Beach Dramaworks Founded in 2000, Palm Beach Dramaworks is a professional theatre company in downtown West Palm Beach with a mission to engage and entertain audiences with provocative and timeless productions that personally impact each individual. We are dedicated to our vision “to enhance the quality of life through the transformative power of live theatre.” Consistent artistic excellence over the course of our history places Palm Beach Dramaworks at the forefront of the artistic landscape of Palm Beach County. 22 23