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3. Combating the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Costeas-Geitonas School Model United Nations 2016 Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Issue: Combating the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Greater Middle East region Student Officer: Lida Arapogianni Position: Deputy Chair INTRODUCTION ISIS continues to control a significant part of the Middle East, the Israeli-Palestinian relations worsen, the Syrian Civil war has killed an estimated 2700001 people and has threatened the lives of 11 million more who have left the country, Turkey’s national security has been violated many times over the past months, Egypt and many other countries are facing political instability, Yemen is in war, and last but not A map of The Middle East least Iran has planned a new Nuclear program. All in all, the Middle East is facing great political and social instability, further undermined by numerous problems such as poverty and violations of fundamental human rights worsening the situation. Moreover, it is a fact that the leaders of this region have used Weapons of Mass Destruction in the past against innocent civilians fighting for their fundamental rights. For example, two years ago Bashar al Assad, the president of Syria used chemical weapons during the Syrian Civil War. Bashar al Assad is not the only prime minster that does not follow the rules of international conventions and treaties signed by his country. These reasons, which will be analyzed in this study guide, have led to the “Free -The Middle East” proposal, which proposes the denuclearization of the Middle East as well as making The Middle East a region free of Weapons of Mass Destruction. 1http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/syrians-fleeing-turkey-isil-attacks-160415083643212.html 1 Costeas-Geitonas School Model United Nations 2016 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS The Middle East The term ‘The Middle East’ refers to the geographical region of western Asia and Egypt. The following countries are part of The Middle East: Egypt, Bahrain, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Israel, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and United Arab Emirates. 2 Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) The term refers to a significant amount of weaponry including biological, chemical weapons, radiological, nuclear weapons and any kind of weaponry that is able to cause significant harm to human beings, animals, structures and the environment.3 Proliferation and Non-Proliferation Proliferation means increasing or expanding. 4 International Humanitarian Law The International Humanitarian Law/law of armed conflict/law of war is a part of the Geneva Convention (1949) as well as the Additional Protocols of the aforementioned convention. It consists of a set of rules and provisions, which regulate the behavior of a state/group during an armed conflict.5 Arab Spring Arab Spring started in 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution; the term characterizes the uprisings of civilians of Arab nations against corrupted and authoritarian governments.6 ISIS - Islamic State Isis is a Jihadist militant and terrorist group, which has as a goal to create a caliphate (the rule of a Muslim ruler) consisting of regions in Iraq and in Syria as well as other countries in the Middle East. Now ISIS holds control over a significant part of the Middle East. ISIS has 2 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/middle-east?q=middle+east 3 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/weapon-of-mass- destruction?q=weapon+of+mass+destruction 4 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/proliferation 5 https://www.icrc.org/en/war-and-law 6 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/arab-spring?q=Arab+Spring 2 Costeas-Geitonas School Model United Nations 2016 been accused of and has taken responsibility for many terrorist attacks; recent examples include Bagdad and Paris.7 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) As mentioned in the previous section, weapons of mass destruction are weapons that are able to cause significant harm to people, the environment and to the buildings of a region. Weapons of Mass Destruction are divided into four categories. Symbols of Weapons of Mass Destruction The first is Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction: This type of WMDs was first used in 1763 by the British Army against the United States during the American Revolution (1775). In more detail, the British Army used smallpox against the Continental Army. Biological weapons consist either from bacterial, anthrax or Q fever. Nowadays, military forces do not usually use such weapons. Next, are Radiological Weapons of Mass Destruction: "any device, including any weapon or equipment, other than a nuclear explosive device, specifically designed to employ radioactive material by disseminating it to cause destruction, damage, or injury by means of the radiation produced by the decay of such material”8 Then, there are Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction: Including blood agents, choking hazard agents, nerve agents, tear gas, vomiting agents and psychiatric compounds, blister agents. Chemical weapons are the most frequently used type of nuclear weapons nowadays. ISIS has recently used chemical attacks such as the ones in Iraq in March 2016. The final category is Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction: Nuclear weapons are explosive devices, which, because of the nuclear reactions taking place in them are very destructive and harmful. The only nuclear attacks that have occurred are those in Japan 7 http://www.yourdictionary.com/isis 8 The definition of radiological Weapons of Mass Destruction from the United States of America and the Russian Federation 3 Costeas-Geitonas School Model United Nations 2016 during the Second World War in Hiroshima and in Nagasaki (in August 1945) causing unexpected short and long-term effects. History of Weapons of Mass Destruction in The Middle East The Middle East is one of the most war torn areas in the world. The history of the Middle East is tarnished by many wars either for religious, economic or expansionary purposes over the past decades. Taking into consideration the dangers of the use of these weapons as well as the need of many the Middle Eastern nations to defend themselves from their neighbors or other countries, there has been a significant proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction during the past decades in the region. The following incentives are the reasons for seeking Weapons of Mass Destruction in the region. Need for security and countries’ domestic policies: In an unstable area such as the Middle East, the responsibility of and necessity for a country to maintain its national safety and security is even higher. The possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction boosts a country’s level of security and can also be repulsive for another country wanting to invade in the first. The aforementioned military strategy is called “Mutually assured destruction” and aims to ensure that neither side is willing to use its weapons against the other, as this would cause complete destruction for both states involved. External threats and pressures: Except for Middle Eastern countries posing threats to their neighbors there are also external threats. Over the past years there has been much involvement of global superpowers in wars taking place in the region such as the invasion of the USA in Iraq or the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan. The Middle East is a region with many oil-producing countries trying to take control over drilling rights or oil pipelines. As a consequence, the possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction is also a means of protection of the trade interests of a state in The Middle East. The Middle East Weapon of Mass Destruction Free Zone The idea of the establishment of a Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone in The Middle East was first proposed by Egypt in the 1990s. Since then many countries and international organizations, including the UN, have encouraged the idea and have made several efforts towards its implementation. For example, the United Nations have created resolutions, which were also endorsed and encouraged by many Middle Eastern states. However, the aforementioned plan is hard to implement as long as the relations between Middle Eastern states are unstructured an interests are not aligned. The real problem derives 4 Costeas-Geitonas School Model United Nations 2016 from the fact that Middle Eastern states are afraid of their neighbors and therefore don’t have the courage to take further steps in order to achieve Weapons of Mass Destruction disarmament. It is a fact that specialists, politicians, and experts on the topic have publicly admitted that the aforementioned is the best solution towards the achievement of the non- proliferation of weapons with catastrophic results in the region. MAJOR COUNTRIES AND ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED Iran The well-known noncompliance of Iran with its obligations under the Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 9 has been an issue of heated debate over the past decades. Iran breached the NPT by hiding a uranium enrichment program, which afterwards came to light and was followed by 6 UN Security Council resolutions and many sanctions towards Iran. Although Iran claimed that the development of its nuclear program was only for peaceful purposes, enriched uranium can be used for the creation of nuclear weapons. The aforementioned sanctions including the exclusion of Iran from west markets led to the fall of the value of Iranian riyal as well as to inflation. In 2013 the country signed the Geneva interim agreement (Joint Plan of Action), which called for the limitation of Iran’s enrichment activities, followed by the limitation of the sanctions from the other side (P5+Germany). The interim agreement was the first step towards the final agreement, namely the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action of 2015. It should also be mentioned that a UN arms embargo exists along with a ban on buying missile technology towards Iran. Israel Israel is believed to possess nuclear weapons, despite not being designated as a nuclear state by the NPT, which the country has also refused to sign.
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