DOCSLIB.ORG

Who Instigated the White Revolution of the Shah and the People in Iran, 1963?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Who Instigated the White Revolution of the Shah and the People in Iran, 1963? Agent or Client: Who Instigated the White Revolution of the Shah and the People in Iran, 1963? A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Michael J. Willcocks School of Arts, Languages and Cultures ! 2! Contents Photographs & Cartoons 5 ! Abstract 6 ! Declaration 7 ! Copyright Statement 8 ! Acknowledgements 9 Introduction 10 Literature Review: US-Iranian Relations and 10 Reform in Iran 1961-63 ! Approach 26 Contribution to Knowledge 28 ! Research Questions 28 ! Hypothesis 28 ! Methodology & Sources 29 ! Thesis Structure 31 ! Transliteration 32 ! ! Chapter 1: Iran! and the United States 1945-61 33 ! 1.1 US-Iranian Relations 1946-61 33 1.2 Iranian Situation 1953-61 39 Chapter 2: ʻAlī Amīnī: The Last Chance? 47 2.1 The Appointment of ʻAlī Amīnī 47 2.1.1 The Man 48 2.1.2 The Controversy 50 2.1.3 Events 52 2.1.4 Explanation 59 2.2 Amīnī’s Plan and Team 66 2.2.1 Amīnī’s Plan 66 2.2.2 Amīnī’s Cabinet 67 2.2.2.1 Ḥasan Arsanjānī 70 2.2.2.2 Nūr al-Dīn Alamūtī 72 2.2.2.3 Muḥammad Dirakhshish 73 2.2.3 A Divided Government 75 2.3 The White House Reacts 77 2.3.1 Economic Assistance 78 ! ! 3! 2.3.1.1 Transition to the Decade of Development 80 2.3.1.2 Reacting to the Crisis in Iran 84 2.3.2 The Iran Task Force 87 2.3.2.1 Policy Objectives 89 2.3.2.2 US Support for Amīnī 93 2.4 Amīnī’s Government: Generating Momentum 97 2.4.1 Anti-Corruption 98 2.4.2 Managing The Economy 100 2.4.3 Third Plan Preparations 101 2.4.4 Land Reform 102 ! Chapter 3: Controlling! the Future 106 ! Back to the Front: The Shah Regains his 3.1 107 Confidence 3.2 The Shah’s Early Reform Efforts 111 3.2.1 Land Reform 112 3.2.2 Profit-Sharing 115 3.2.3 Tax Reform 117 3.2.4 Civil Service and Administration 119 3.2.5 Education 120 3.2.6 Devolution of Power 122 3.2.7 Anti-Corruption 123 3.3 The Shah’s Reform Farmān 125 3.4 US Pressure to Retain Amīnī 129 ! Chapter 4: The! Extent of US Influence 137 ! 4.1 Agent-Client? Wag the Dog 138 4.2 US Divisions and their Impact 144 4.3 US Recommendations and Influence 151 4.3.1 Land Reform 152 4.3.2 The Third Development Plan 156 4.3.2.1 US Intentions and Limitations 157 4.3.2.2 Present Conditions and Capabilities 161 4.3.3 Political Reform 166 ! Chapter 5: Completing! the Transition 171 ! 5.1 The Shah’s State Visit to Washington D.C. 172 5.2 Amīnī’s Resignation 178 5.2.1 The Shah’s Support for Amīnī 179 5.2.2 Amīnī’s Decision to Resign 184 ! ! 4! Chapter 6: A White Revolution 190 6.1 The 6-Point Programme 191 6.1.1 Land Reform (Additional Articles) 191 6.1.2 Sale of Shares in State-Owned Factories 194 6.1.3 Literacy Corps 195 6.1.4 Nationalisation of Forests and Pasturelands 199 6.1.5 Profit Sharing for Workers in Industry 200 6.1.6 Election Law (Female Suffrage) 202 6.2 Framework of the White Revolution 207 6.2.1 Concept 207 6.2.2 Referendum 217 Epilogue! : Future Echoes 223 ! Conclusion 229 Bibliography 234 Appendix A 249 Appendix B 252 Appendix C 253 Appendix D 254 Appendix E 256 Appendix F 259 Appendix G 262 Appendix H 263 Appendix I 266 Appendix J 268 Appendix K 269 Appendix L 272 Word Count: 87,918 ! ! 5! Photographs & Cartoons ʻAlī Amīnī (The Last Chance) 49 Dirakhshish, Alamūtī and Arsanjānī 69 Shah’s speech on 28 Murdād 1340 109 ʻAlī Amīnī and US aid 130 Shah, Kennedy and McNamara 175 ʻAlī Amīnī defending his economic record 178 Asad Allāh ʻAlam 184 ʻAlī Amīnī and Government debt 185 Literacy Corpsman 198 Women outside tomb of Riżā Shāh 205 Shah opening Economic Congress 206 Shah announcing Referendum at Muḥammad Riżā Shāh Hall 220 Government Ministers voting in 6 Bahman Referendum 221 ! ! 6! Abstract The White Revolution was a set of six reform measures put to the Iranian people via referendum on 6 Bahman 1341 (26 January 1963), based on a plan for social justice linked with economic development, encased in the concept of a bloodless revolution from the top. This did not happen unexpectedly; it was the culmination of events spanning several years, which accelerated during the John F. Kennedy Presidency. Various plans and reforms paved the way for the White Revolution and certain events as well as political and economic developments encouraged reform. There were similarities between plans and some reforms influenced others, or were shaped to suit different agendas. All played a part in instigating the White Revolution. This included Prime Minister ʻAlī Amīnī’s 15-point plan, the Shah’s Royal Farmān, the Third Development Plan, and the six-points of the White Revolution itself. The question this thesis seeks to answer is to what extent the Kennedy administration was responsible for instigating the White Revolution by influencing the various steps that paved the way for the 6 Bahman referendum? The United States had at its disposal various means by which it might apply pressure and influence development. This included, economic aid, military assistance, numerous advisers, agencies on the ground, plus support for the Shah and other Iranians. Given the Kennedy administration’s association with modernisation and development, the existing historiography has portrayed this period in US-Iranian relations as one of increased pressure on the Shah to reform with the White Revolution being the result of such pressure. This thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge by challenging this portrayal by providing the first detailed, analysis of the period 1961-63, utilising a vast array of newly released documents. This is not the first study to conclude agency on the part of Iran for the White Revolution, but is the first to do so though a detailed, balanced approach, which doesn’t ignore the significance of the US-Iranian relationship. Thus, this thesis is at the forefront of revisionist accounts of US-Iranian relations during the Cold War critiquing the portrayal of the Shah and others as mere tools of the US and reaching the conclusion that contrary to widely held beliefs it was Iranians rather than Americans who instigated the White Revolution by initiating and directing reform. ! ! 7! Declaration No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning ! ! 8! Copyright Statement 1. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. 2. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. 3. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trade marks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. 4. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=487), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations (see http://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations) and in The University’s policy on Presentation of Theses. ! ! 9! Acknowledg! ements Acknowledgements! There are! several people I would like to express gratitude to for assisting my research and allowThere!ing me are! to many! complete people! my I! PhD would!. Firsty like!, to! my express! PhD supervisor gratitude! to!Dr for! Oliver assisting! Bast, my! who approachedresearch! me and! after allowing! completing me! to! complete!my Masters my! PhD!degree thesis.! at First!the University of! all,! my! of PhD! Manchestersupervisor! to ask whether Dr! Oliver! I would Bast,! who!consider approached! doing a mePhD,! after! and completing!who encouraged my! Masters! me throughoutdegree!at!the!Un the process. Iiversity!of!Manchester!to!ask!whether!I!would!consider!doing!a! would also like to express my appreciation to my second PhD SupervisorPhD! and! Dr has! Moshe encouraged! Behar and me! throughout.!Advisor Prof I! would!Matthew like! Jefferies to! also! for show! their my! constructiveappreciation! advice during to! my! panel second! meetings Supervisor! and forDr! providi Moshe!ng Beharreferences! and! forAdvisor,! funding Prof! applications.Matthew! Thank Jefferies!s also to for! Dr their! Shahram constructive! Kholdi advice!who tought during! me p anel!during meetings! my Masters and! for! degree, inspiredproviding! mereferences! to undertake for! a funding!PhD, and applications with whom.! A! I special!worked thank!alongside you! teaching also! to! Dr! classes atShahram!Kholdi the University! who!tought!me!during!my!Mastersof Manchester.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download File (Pdf; 3Mb)
    Volume 15 - Number 2 February – March 2019 £4 TTHISHIS ISSUEISSUE: IIRANIANRANIAN CINEMACINEMA ● IIndianndian camera,camera, IranianIranian heartheart ● TThehe lliteraryiterary aandnd dramaticdramatic rootsroots ofof thethe IranianIranian NewNew WaveWave ● DDystopicystopic TTehranehran inin ‘Film‘Film Farsi’Farsi’ popularpopular ccinemainema ● PParvizarviz SSayyad:ayyad: socio-politicalsocio-political commentatorcommentator dresseddressed asas villagevillage foolfool ● TThehe nnoiroir worldworld ooff MMasudasud KKimiaiimiai ● TThehe rresurgenceesurgence ofof IranianIranian ‘Sacred‘Sacred Defence’Defence’ CinemaCinema ● AAsgharsghar Farhadi’sFarhadi’s ccinemainema ● NNewew diasporicdiasporic visionsvisions ofof IranIran ● PPLUSLUS RReviewseviews andand eventsevents inin LondonLondon Volume 15 - Number 2 February – March 2019 £4 TTHISHIS IISSUESSUE: IIRANIANRANIAN CCINEMAINEMA ● IIndianndian ccamera,amera, IIranianranian heartheart ● TThehe lliteraryiterary aandnd ddramaticramatic rootsroots ooff thethe IIranianranian NNewew WWaveave ● DDystopicystopic TTehranehran iinn ‘Film-Farsi’‘Film-Farsi’ ppopularopular ccinemainema ● PParvizarviz SSayyad:ayyad: ssocio-politicalocio-political commentatorcommentator dresseddressed aass vvillageillage ffoolool ● TThehe nnoiroir wworldorld ooff MMasudasud KKimiaiimiai ● TThehe rresurgenceesurgence ooff IIranianranian ‘Sacred‘Sacred DDefence’efence’ CinemaCinema ● AAsgharsghar FFarhadi’sarhadi’s ccinemainema ● NNewew ddiasporiciasporic visionsvisions ooff IIranran ● PPLUSLUS RReviewseviews aandnd eeventsvents
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption and Mismanagement Index April 2020
    Corruption and Mismanagement Index April 2020 1 Table of Contents Ahmadinejad's Administration ...................................................................................................................... 3 Rouhani’s Administration .............................................................................................................................. 4 The Judiciary .................................................................................................................................................. 5 The IRGC: A Corrupt Conglomerate .............................................................................................................. 6 Setad Ejraiye Farmane Hazrate Emam (SETAD) ............................................................................................ 6 2 Corruption and Mismanagement Index While many Iranians are languishing under a mismanaged and floundering economy, the Iranian regime has attempted to shift the blame for its citizens’ distress to sanctions implemented by the United States. The reality, however, is that the Iranian economy has long been plagued by the regime’s endemic corruption, economic mismanagement, and reckless foreign policy. Iran ranks 146 out of 180 countries listed on Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index for 2019. Ahmadinejad's Administration Corruption and mismanagement in Iran significantly worsened during the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, despite the fact that he came to power on a populist, anti-corruption platform. In Ahmadinejad’s
    [Show full text]
  • British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500Th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971
    British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971 A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities. 2014 Robert Steele School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Declaration .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Objectives and Structure ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Statement on Primary Sources...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Iran: the Meeting Point of Corruption and Human Rights Violations
    IRAN: THE MEETING POINT OF CORRUPTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS SUBMISSION TO THE WORKING GROUP ON BUSINESS & HUMAN RIGHTS: CONNECTING THE BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS AND ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENDAS February 2020 1 ▼ Justice for Iran (JFI) is a not-for-profit, non-governmental organ- isation established in 2010 in London, UK. JFI’s mission is to address and eradicate the practice of impunity that empowers officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran to perpetrate widespread human rights viola- tions inside and outside of Iran, and to hold them accountable for their actions. To achieve its mission, JFI researches, documents, reports, and litigates individual cases. It further raises public awareness and participates in human rights advocacy through the UN and the EU. JFI has a specialised business and human rights programme that aims to increase corporate accountability and respect for human rights among businesses and financial actors engaging in export of goods or services, investments and development projects in and from Iran. Website: justiceforiran.org Twitter: @Justice4Iran /@Justice4IranEn Address: 25-27 Bickerton Road, N19 5JT London, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)2072819940 VIOLATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IRAN: THE MEETING POINT OF CORRUPTION Email: [email protected] 2 ▼ CONTENTS ABOUT THIS SUBMISSION 3 1. PROBLEMATIC OWNERSHIPS AND CORRUPT PRACTICES 4 2. BUSINESSES CONTROLLED BY THE SUPREME LEADER OF IRAN 5 3. UNDUE INFLUENCE AND CORRUPTION IN PUBLIC ENTITIES 6 4. CORRUPT BANKING SYSTEM 7 OF SYRIA DESTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION 5. FRONT (PRIVATE!) COMPANIES AND LONG CHAINS 7 6. LACK OF INDEPENDENT WATCHDOGS AND TRIBUNALS 8 7. LACK OF TRANSPARENCY AND PROTECTION FOR JOURNALISTS 9 AND WHISTLEBLOWERS IRAN: THE MEETING POINT OF CORRUPTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IRAN: THE MEETING POINT OF CORRUPTION a.
    [Show full text]
  • Genealogies of Theo-Politics, Sovereignty and Coloniality in Iran
    Jalal’s Angels of Deliverance and Destruction: Genealogies of Theo-politics, Sovereignty and Coloniality in Iran and Israel Eskandar Sadeghi-Boroujerdi and Yaacov Yadgar Introduction Without doubt Jalal Al-e Ahmad (1923-69) is one of twentieth-century Iran’s towering activist- intellectuals. Both in life and following his premature death he was seen to embody those pristine attributes of the engagé calling power to account.1 During his history of activism, Al-e Ahmad saw what he took to be the Soviet Union’s pernicious designs on Iran in the course of the Red Army’s occupation of northern Iran between 1941-1946, provoking him along with his longstanding mentor and leading socialist activist and thinker, Khalil Maleki (1901-69), to secede from the communist Tudeh Party in 1948. A mere five years later, he experienced in all its immediacy the MI6-CIA orchestrated overthrow of the nationalist prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddeq, who pioneered the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, today known as British Petroleum.2 As a member of the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation (Hezb-e zahmatkeshan-e mellat-e Iran), which too suffered divisions and ultimately broke into two distinct groups, one for, and another antagonistic to Mosaddeq, Al-e Ahmad once more sided with the elder Maleki in favor of the beleaguered Mosaddeq. The Mosaddeq government faced severe pressure due to a British- 1 Reza Baraheni, The Crowned Cannibals: Writings on Repression in Iran, With an Introduction by E.L. Doctorow ed. (New York, 1977)., Chapter 5. 2 Ervand Abrahamian, The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern U.S.-Iranian Relations (New York & London, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Irreverent Persia
    Irreverent Persia IRANIAN IRANIAN SERIES SERIES Poetry expressing criticism of social, political and cultural life is a vital integral part of IRREVERENT PERSIA Persian literary history. Its principal genres – invective, satire and burlesque – have been INVECTIVE, SATIRICAL AND BURLESQUE POETRY very popular with authors in every age. Despite the rich uninterrupted tradition, such texts FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE TIMURID PERIOD have been little studied and rarely translated. Their irreverent tones range from subtle (10TH TO 15TH CENTURIES) irony to crude direct insults, at times involving the use of outrageous and obscene terms. This anthology includes both major and minor poets from the origins of Persian poetry RICCARDO ZIPOLI (10th century) up to the age of Jâmi (15th century), traditionally considered the last great classical Persian poet. In addition to their historical and linguistic interest, many of these poems deserve to be read for their technical and aesthetic accomplishments, setting them among the masterpieces of Persian literature. Riccardo Zipoli is professor of Persian Language and Literature at Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, where he also teaches Conceiving and Producing Photography. The western cliché about Persian poetry is that it deals with roses, nightingales, wine, hyperbolic love-longing, an awareness of the transience of our existence, and a delicate appreciation of life’s fleeting pleasures. And so a great deal of it does. But there is another side to Persian verse, one that is satirical, sardonic, often obscene, one that delights in ad hominem invective and no-holds barred diatribes. Perhaps surprisingly enough for the uninitiated reader it is frequently the same poets who write both kinds of verse.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Disintegration of Iranian National Front: Causes and Motives
    World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 2 (4): 237-245, 2012 ISSN 2225-0883 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjihc.2012.2.4.2406 Disintegration of Iranian National Front: Causes and Motives 11Masoumeh Banitalebi, Kamaruzaman Yusoff and 2Zahra Khajeh Department of Political History, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia School of Language Studies and Linguistics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Abstract: National Front was a unique self-motivated political process whose main goal was considered as observing Iranians certain rights, manipulating free elections and preventing foreign forces from their negative influence on national benefit and interests and running regulations. This front was formed in 1949 by the leader of Dr. Mosaddeq. It was the most significant front against dictatorship and colonialism.1949 until 1979 the National Front was formed within four periods of times. The causes of National Front frustration can be accounted as weakness of organization and ideology, mistakes made by its leadership and different branches with the National Front. What were the reasons that National Front leaders could not pursue the same aim and it failed to form a coherent party? And it could not unite the political parties, unions, national communities and social groups? Why did not they learn anything from Mosaddeq’s failure and after 25 years, Bakhtiar experienced the same failure? The main purpose of this paper will be introducing the National Front’s leaders and their aims and that all these leaders followed the same route to achieve the countries benefits. Through a variety of mottos, Shah, U.S and Britain were not eager to give the National Front the power.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Eyes of the Iranian Intellectuals of The
    “The West” in the Eyes of the Iranian Intellectuals of the Interwar Years (1919–1939) Mehrzad Boroujerdi n 1929, after a lecture by Arnold Toynbee (from the notes of Denison Ross, the fi rst director of the School of Oriental and African Studies) on the subject of the modern- ization of the Middle East, a commentator said, Persia has not been modernized and has not in reality been Westernized. Look at the map: there is Persia right up against Russia. For the past hundred years, living cheek by jowl with Russia, Persia has maintained her complete independence of Russian thought. Although sixty to seventy percent of her trade for the past hundred years has been with Russia, Persia remains aloof in spirit and in practice. For the past ten years, Persia has been living alongside the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, and has remained free from any impregnation by their basic ideas. Her freedom is due to her cultural independence. For the safety of Persia it is essential, if she is to continue to develop on her own lines, that she should not attempt modernization, and I do not think that the attempt is being made. It is true that the Persians have adopted motor-cars and in small way railways. But let us remember that the Persians have always been in the forefront in anything of that sort. The fi rst Eastern nation to enter the Postal Union and to adopt a system of telegraphs was Persia, which country was also among the fi rst of the Eastern nations to join the League of Nations and to become an active member.
    [Show full text]
  • 197 Comparative Literature in Iran
    International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Online ISSN: 2349-4182, Print ISSN: 2349-5979, Impact Factor: RJIF 5.72 www.allsubjectjournal.com Volume 3; Issue 11; November 2016; Page No. 197-203 Comparative literature in Iran: Origin and development Mukhtar Ahmed Centre for Persian and Central Asian Studies/ SL/ JNU, New Delhi, India Abstract This paper seeks to trace the historical tracks of comparative literature in modern Iran. I am following the early footsteps of comparative literature of Iran through the life of Fatemeh Sayyah (1902-1947), who is credited to be the founder of the discipline of Comparative literature in Iran, which started off as discipline with the introduction of a literary program for the first time at Tehran University in 1938. The very first academic comparative work with respect to Persian literature was done by an Indian scholar Umar Bin Mohammad Daudpota almost 11 years before its introduction in Iranian university curriculum, in 1927 at Cambridge University, with the title of ‘The effect of Arabic poetry on Persian poetry’. As a discipline, throughout its journey that comparative literature encountered in Iran as far as its development is concerned has had to overcome obstacles in its way. Many a time the program faced its closures and reopening. The process of literary interaction with French literature, its impact on Iranian literature and the outcome of this process, which I believe is more out of a protest than anything else, though it was leveraged to some extent by Pahlavi dynasty in a bid to protect its claims for monarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-22-2018 Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006552 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Baghdadi, Nima, "Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979)" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3652. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3652 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida DYNAMICS OF IRANIAN-SAU DI RELATIONS IN THE P ERSIAN GULF REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX (1920-1979) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Nima Baghdadi 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International Relations and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Nima Baghdadi, and entitled Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979), having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. __________________________________ Ralph S. Clem __________________________________ Harry D.
    [Show full text]
  • NANCY LAMBTON Ann Katharine Swynford Lambton 1912–2008
    NANCY LAMBTON Ann Katharine Swynford Lambton 1912–2008 ANN KATHARINE SWYNFORD LAMBTON was one of the few outstanding scholars of the Persian language and Persian history that Britain has produced since the subject developed within the wider academic discipline of oriental languages in the nineteenth century. Early in her career she established a reputation as the pre-eminent specialist in all matters Persian: language and grammar, history and political thought in the Islamic period, religion, current events and contemporary political analysis were all considered to lie within her expertise. For many both within and out- side the scholarly community she was the ultimate authority in all these specialisations. There have been few scholars who have so dominated their field for such a long period. For close on seven decades in an exceptionally long, active life she published her research with single-minded determina- tion, for a quarter of a century she held the senior chair in Persian in British universities, and throughout much of her adult life she was thought to be an informal advisor to politicians, diplomats, and oil company directors. Inevitably in a life that spanned some of the decisive events in Iran’s history from the Allied occupation and fall of Reza Shah in 1941, the Azarbaijan crisis in 1946, the coup d’état of 1953, the land reforms of the early 1960s, and the Islamic Revolution of 1979, in all of which she was alleged to have played some part, myths and legends rapidly accumulated about her. Admired by many for her scholarly achievements, demonised by others for her political involvement, fictionalised in the post-revolutionary Iranian press as the eminence grise of British Intelligence, credited with single- handedly breaking up a German espionage operation in the Second World War, and briefly portrayed in a recent English novel—James Buchan’sA Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy, XII, 235–273.
    [Show full text]