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RECONSTRUCTING AND REBUILDING NATIONS PRESENTED BY : RAMY EL-KHOURY Beng ACGI MSC DIC Ceng MICE Director at Rafik El Khoury & Partners LEBANON (Head Office) Solar Bldg. - Facing Bourj Hammoud Stadium, Metn 2604 7601 Lebanon - P.O.Box: 11- 9256 Beirut - Lebanon - Tel: +961 1 493150 - Fax: +961 1 493151 - E-mail : [email protected] UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Abu Dhabi Office: Liberty Tower - Flat 034 - Khalifa Street - P. O. Box: 45153, Abu Dhabi - UAE - Tel: +971 2 627 7538 - Fax: +971 2 627 7539 - E-mail: [email protected] Dubai Office: Unit 101-105 (Office No. 16), Opal Tower, Business Bay - P.O.Box: 393439, Dubai - UAE -Tel: +971 4 559 0126 - Fax: +971 4 558 4531 - E-mail: [email protected] KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA Riyadh Office: Al-Aziziyah Bldg - Rawdat Al-Firas Str. - Namuzajiyah - P.O.Box: 2202, Riyadh 11451, K.S.A - Tel: +966 11 4054114 - Fax: +966 11 4052992 - E-mail: [email protected] Khobar Office: Bldg. No. 4650 - 10 Str. - Int. King Abdulaziz Rd.- P.O.Box: 31202, Al-Khobar 31952, K.S.A - Tel: +966 13 8974 368 - Fax: +966 13 8974 751 - E-mail: [email protected] THE PURPOSE OF THE PRESENTATION: I. Expose the Major Destructive Events in the Middle East II. Forced Movement of Populations III. Mechanisms of Response & Priorities For Sustainable Development IV. Lebanon – Lessons Learned V. Conclusions and Recommendations I. MAJOR DESTRUCTIVE EVENTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST The Middle East has been regularly hit by destruction of buildings and critical infrastructures a. Destructions due to Natural Disasters. Lebanon Seismic Vulnerability and History b. Destruction due to wars c. Examples: Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, Iraq… a. LEBANON SEISMIC VULNERABILITY AND HISTORY Active Tectonics of the Levant and Dead Sea Fault Zone Tectonic framework of the eastern Mediterranean. Solid lines show major faults. Note the westward movement of central Turkey away from the collision zone between Arabia-Africa and Eurasia Seismicity in the Eastern Mediterranean results from the Interaction between the Major Africa, Arabia and Eurasia Plates Summary of the modern seismicity. White circles: earthquakes of mb > 5.2 ( 1964 → 1998 ) Black circles: earthquakes of Ms > 5.7 ( 1900 → 2000 ) The Dead Sea Fault accommodates 8-10 mm/yr of slip between Arabia and Africa and has produced many large e/q in the past Ms>7 though it has been relatively quiet in the 20th Century. Junction with EAF is diffused and poorly understood and so is the connection between this region and Cyprus Plot of major fault structures in Lebanon Yammouneh fault crossing the Mt. Lebanon ranges on the western side of the Bekaa Valley. The Serghaya fault branches from the main transform near Lake Tiberias and can be traced north-eastwards for at least 150 km traversing the Anti-Lebanon ranges and the eastern side of the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. The Rachaya and Roum faults also splay within a large restraining bend. Landsat photo of area under investigation. The arrows point to the Yammouneh fault The Yammouneh fault represents the main northward continuation of the Dead Sea fault system and merges with the Ghab fault in northwestern Syria. The N-S trending Ghab fault itself merges into a complex “braided” fault system near the border between Syria and Turkey that strikes in a NE-SW orientation and in turn merges with the major East Anatolian transform fault system in southern Turkey Significant Historical Earthquakes in Lebanon FIRST MILLENIUM SECOND MILLENIUM 2 April 303 5 December 1033 September 455 1042 Historical seismicity suggests that the above faults are capable of generating September 476 August 1063 large earthquakes, thus posing a 9 July 551 12 August 1157 significant seismic hazard. The most 24 November 847 29 June 1170 recent large earthquake along the northern Dead Sea fault system 5 April 991 20 May 1202 occurred on 25 November 1759 within 28 October 1354 the large restraining bend that contains 20 February 1404 the Bekaa valley, with an estimated magnitude in excess of 7.0. 29 December 1408 30 October 1759 25 November 1759 26 April 1796 1 January 1837 16 March 1956 The Litani-Chouf Earthquake ▪ 16 March 1956 ▪ Largest Earthquake on the Northern Part of the Dead Sea Fault System during this Century The 16 March 1956 Earthquake ▪ Double Shock of Surface Wave Magnitude 5.0 and 5.1 at 19h32 and 19h43 respectively ▪ 136 killed - 6,000 houses destroyed – 17, 000 need repairing ▪ Most valuable source of information was the local press which covered the event in great depth. Intensity was assigned to each village according to the damages Losses ▪ Damage mainly observed in Chhime, Ketermaya, Joun and Roum ▪ Most houses built in adobe, simple stone, and without antiseismic design in case of RC ▪ Most of inhabitants fled after the first shock whereas the collapse of houses occurred after the second. ▪ This limited the loss in human life but the number of houses that collapsed was high Measures to reduce Vulnerability ▪ Designing Buildings according to International Seismic Standards and considering an acceleration as recommended by the Lebanese Authorities b. Destruction due to Wars ▪ Destructions due to wars are much more important than those related to Natural Events ▪ Cities were completely destroyed ▪ The following table summarizes the major Middle East wars during the last decades WARS OF THE MIDDLE EAST Date Conflict Casualties 1902–1932 Unification of Saudi Arabia 8,000–9,000 2,825,000 5,000,000 (Ottoman Empire deaths including civilians). 1,000,000–1,500,000 (Allied 1914–1918 Middle Eastern theatre of World War I killed, wounded, captured or missing) 2,000,000 (Persians di ed by famine or disease, excluding influenza) 1918–1922 Simko Shikak revolt 1,000–5,500 1919 Egyptian Revolution of 1919 3,000 1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence 170,500–873,000 1919–2003 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 139,000–320,000 killed 1920 Franco-Syrian War 5,000 1920 Iraqi revolt against the British 2,050–9,000 1921–1948[l] Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine 7,813 1923 Adwan Rebellion 100 1924–1927 Great Syrian Revolt (Druze War) 8,000–12,000 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion 15,000–250,500 1930 Ararat rebellion 4,500–47,000 1933 Simele massacre 3,000 1934 Saudi-Yemeni War 2,100 1935 Imam Reza shrine rebellion 151 1935–1936 1935–36 Iraqi Shia revolts 500 1935 1935 Yazidi revolt 200 1937 Dersim Rebellion ] 40,000–70,000 World War II (including theAnglo-Iraqi 1939–1945 War, the Syria–Lebanon Campaign , and ?16,000 the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran) 1946 Egyptian Student Riots 100–300 1946 Iran crisis of 1946 2,000 1948– Arab–Israeli conflict 73,000–84,000 WARS OF THE MIDDLE EAST Date Conflict Casualties 1948 Alwaziri coup 4,000 –5,000 1948 Al-Wathbah uprising 300–400 1952 Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1,000 1953 1953 Iranian coup d'état 300–800 1954 –1960 Jebel Akhd ar War 100–523 1955 –1963 Cypriot intercommunal violence 400–600 1956 –1960 Yemeni –Adenese clan violence 1,000 1958 1958 Lebanon Crisis 1,300 –4,000 1958 1958 Iraqi Revolution 100 1959 1959 Mosul uprising 2,000 –4,000 1962 –1970 North Yemen Civil War 100,000 –200,000 1962 –1975 Dhofar Rebellion 10,000 1963 1963 Riots in Iran 100 1963 February 1963 Ba'athist Iraqi coup 1,000 1963 8th of March Syrian Revolution 820 1963 –1967 Aden Em ergency [ 2,096 1963 Novem ber 1963 Iraqi coup 250 1964 1964 Hama riot 70–100 1966 1966 neo -Ba'athist coup d'état in Syria 400 1970 –1971 Black September 2,000 –25,000 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus 1,500 –5,000 1974 1974-75 Shatt al -Arab clashes 1,000 1975 –1990 Lebanese Civil War 150,000 1976 –1979 Political violence in Turkey, 1970s 5,000 –5,388 1978 – Kurdish –Turkish conflict (1978 –present) [ 30,000 –100,000 1979 Iranian Revolution 3,164 –60,000 1979 –1980 Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 10,171 1979 –1983 Saudi Eastern Provin ce unrest 182–219 1979 Grand Mosque Seizure 307 1979 –1982 Islamist uprising in Syria 40,000+ 1980 1980 Turkish coup d'état 127–550 1980 Sadr uprising 1,000–30,000 1980 –1988 Iran–Iraq War 1,000,000 –1,250,000 1983-84 Tunisian bread riots 150 WARS OF THE MIDDLE EAST Date Conflict Casualties 1986 South Yemen Civil War 5,000–12,000 1986 1986 Egyptian Conscription Riot 107 1986 1986 Damascus bombings 204 1987 Iranian pilgrim riot (Mecca massacre) 402 1987–1988 ANO Executions 170 1989–1996 KDPI insurgency (1989–96) 168-503 1990–1991 Gulf War 40,000–57,000 1991 1991 uprisings in Iraq 50,000–100,000 1994 1994 civil war in Yemen 7,000–10,000 1995– Islamic Insurgency in Saudi Arabia 300 1998 Operation Desert Fox (Iraqi no-fly zones) 2,000 1999 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 100–200 2003–2011 Iraq War 109,032–650,726 2004 Qamishli massacre (2004) 30–100 2004–2014 Shia insurgency in Yemen 8,500–25,000 [ 2004–2015 Iran–PJAK conflict 588–747 2006– Fatah–Hamas conflict 600+ 2006– Iran–Israel proxy conflict ~2000 2007 Nahr al-Bared fighting 480 2008 2008 Lebanon conflict 105 2009–2015 South Yemen Insurgency 2,100+ 2009–2010 Iranian election protests 72–150 2010–2015 Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown 3,000+ 2011 2011 Bahraini uprising 100+ 2011–2014 Egyptian crisis (2011–14) 5,540+ 2011– Yemeni Crisis (2011–present) 9,000+ 2011– Syrian Civil War 250,000–470,000+ 2011–2017 Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon ~800 2011– Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict [n] 2014–2017 Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) 73,361+ 2015– Yemeni Civil War 50,000+ 2016– 2016 West Iran clashes 74–156 2016 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt 270–350 2017 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 685–900 c.
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