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Home , 1935 Yazidi revolt, 1959 Mosul uprising, 1964 Hama riot, Aden Emergency, Ararat rebellion, Dhofar Rebellion

RECONSTRUCTING AND REBUILDING NATIONS

PRESENTED BY : RAMY EL-KHOURY Beng ACGI MSC DIC Ceng MICE Director at Rafik El Khoury & Partners

LEBANON (Head Office) Solar Bldg. - Facing Bourj Hammoud Stadium, Metn 2604 7601 Lebanon - P.O.Box: 11- 9256 - Lebanon - Tel: +961 1 493150 - Fax: +961 1 493151 - E-mail : [email protected] Abu Dhabi Office: Tower - Flat 034 - Khalifa Street - P. O. Box: 45153, Abu Dhabi - UAE - Tel: +971 2 627 7538 - Fax: +971 2 627 7539 - E-mail: [email protected] Dubai Office: Unit 101-105 (Office No. 16), Opal Tower, Business Bay - P.O.Box: 393439, Dubai - UAE -Tel: +971 4 559 0126 - Fax: +971 4 558 4531 - E-mail: [email protected] KINGDOM OF Office: Al-Aziziyah Bldg - Rawdat Al-Firas Str. - Namuzajiyah - P.O.Box: 2202, Riyadh 11451, K.S.A - Tel: +966 11 4054114 - Fax: +966 11 4052992 - E-mail: [email protected] Office: Bldg. No. 4650 - 10 Str. - Int. King Abdulaziz Rd.- P.O.Box: 31202, Al-Khobar 31952, K.S.A - Tel: +966 13 8974 368 - Fax: +966 13 8974 751 - E-mail: [email protected] THE PURPOSE OF THE PRESENTATION: I. Expose the Major Destructive Events in the II. Forced Movement of Populations III. Mechanisms of Response & Priorities For Sustainable Development IV. Lebanon – Lessons Learned V. Conclusions and Recommendations I. MAJOR DESTRUCTIVE EVENTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST The Middle East has been regularly hit by destruction of buildings and critical infrastructures a. Destructions due to Natural Disasters. Lebanon Seismic Vulnerability and History b. Destruction due to wars c. Examples: Lebanon, , , … a. LEBANON SEISMIC VULNERABILITY AND HISTORY Active Tectonics of the Levant and Dead Sea Fault Zone Tectonic framework of the eastern Mediterranean. Solid lines show major faults. Note the westward movement of central away from the collision zone between Arabia-Africa and Eurasia

Seismicity in the Eastern Mediterranean results from the Interaction between the Major Africa, Arabia and Eurasia Plates Summary of the modern seismicity. White circles: earthquakes of mb > 5.2 ( 1964 → 1998 ) Black circles: earthquakes of Ms > 5.7 ( 1900 → 2000 )

The Dead Sea Fault accommodates 8-10 mm/yr of slip between Arabia and Africa and has produced many large e/q in the past Ms>7 though it has been relatively quiet in the 20th Century. Junction with EAF is diffused and poorly understood and so is the connection between this region and Plot of major fault structures in Lebanon

Yammouneh fault crossing the Mt. Lebanon ranges on the western side of the Bekaa Valley. The Serghaya fault branches from the main transform near Lake Tiberias and can be traced north-eastwards for at least 150 km traversing the Anti-Lebanon ranges and the eastern side of the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. The Rachaya and Roum faults also splay within a large restraining bend. Landsat photo of area under investigation. The arrows point to the Yammouneh fault

The Yammouneh fault represents the main northward continuation of the Dead Sea fault system and merges with the Ghab fault in northwestern Syria. The N-S trending Ghab fault itself merges into a complex “braided” fault system near the border between Syria and Turkey that strikes in a NE-SW orientation and in turn merges with the major East Anatolian transform fault system in southern Turkey Significant Historical Earthquakes in Lebanon

FIRST MILLENIUM SECOND MILLENIUM 2 April 303 5 December 1033 September 455 1042 Historical seismicity suggests that the above faults are capable of generating September 476 August 1063 large earthquakes, thus posing a 9 July 551 12 August 1157 significant seismic hazard. The most 24 November 847 29 June 1170 recent large earthquake along the northern Dead Sea fault system 5 April 991 20 May 1202 occurred on 25 November 1759 within 28 October 1354 the large restraining bend that contains 20 February 1404 the Bekaa valley, with an estimated magnitude in excess of 7.0. 29 December 1408 30 October 1759 25 November 1759 26 April 1796 1 January 1837 16 March 1956

The Litani-Chouf Earthquake

▪ 16 March 1956

▪ Largest Earthquake on the Northern Part of the Dead Sea Fault System during this Century The 16 March 1956 Earthquake

▪ Double Shock of Surface Wave Magnitude 5.0 and 5.1 at 19h32 and 19h43 respectively

▪ 136 killed - 6,000 houses destroyed – 17, 000 need repairing

▪ Most valuable source of information was the local press which covered the event in great depth. Intensity was assigned to each village according to the damages Losses

▪ Damage mainly observed in Chhime, Ketermaya, Joun and Roum

▪ Most houses built in adobe, simple stone, and without antiseismic design in case of RC

▪ Most of inhabitants fled after the first shock whereas the collapse of houses occurred after the second.

▪ This limited the loss in human life but the number of houses that collapsed was high Measures to reduce Vulnerability

▪ Designing Buildings according to International Seismic Standards and considering an acceleration as recommended by the Lebanese Authorities b. Destruction due to Wars ▪ Destructions due to wars are much more important than those related to Natural Events

▪ Cities were completely destroyed

▪ The following table summarizes the major Middle East wars during the last decades WARS OF THE MIDDLE EAST

Date Conflict Casualties

1902–1932 Unification of Saudi Arabia 8,000–9,000

2,825,000

5,000,000 ( deaths including civilians). 1,000,000–1,500,000 (Allied 1914–1918 Middle Eastern theatre of killed, wounded, captured or missing)

2,000,000 (Persians di ed by famine or disease, excluding influenza)

1918–1922 Simko Shikak revolt 1,000–5,500 1919 Egyptian Revolution of 1919 3,000 1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence 170,500–873,000 1919–2003 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 139,000–320,000 killed 1920 Franco-Syrian War 5,000 1920 Iraqi revolt against the British 2,050–9,000 1921–1948[l] Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine 7,813 1923 Adwan Rebellion 100 1924–1927 Great Syrian Revolt (Druze War) 8,000–12,000 1925 15,000–250,500 1930 4,500–47,000 1933 massacre 3,000 1934 Saudi-Yemeni War 2,100 1935 Reza shrine rebellion 151 1935–1936 1935–36 Iraqi Shia revolts 500 1935 200 1937 ] 40,000–70,000 World War II (including theAnglo-Iraqi 1939–1945 War, the Syria–Lebanon Campaign , and ?16,000 the Anglo-Soviet invasion of ) 1946 Egyptian Student Riots 100–300 1946 2,000 1948– Arab–Israeli conflict 73,000–84,000 WARS OF THE MIDDLE EAST

Date Conflict Casualties

1948 Alwaziri coup 4,000 –5,000 1948 Al-Wathbah uprising 300–400 1952 Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1,000 1953 1953 Iranian coup d'état 300–800 1954 –1960 Jebel Akhd ar War 100–523 1955 –1963 Cypriot intercommunal violence 400–600 1956 –1960 Yemeni –Adenese clan violence 1,000 1958 1958 Lebanon Crisis 1,300 –4,000 1958 1958 Iraqi Revolution 100 1959 1959 uprising 2,000 –4,000 1962 –1970 Civil War 100,000 –200,000 1962 –1975 10,000 1963 1963 Riots in Iran 100 1963 February 1963 Ba'athist Iraqi coup 1,000 1963 8th of March Syrian Revolution 820 1963 –1967 Em ergency [ 2,096 1963 Novem ber 1963 Iraqi coup 250 1964 1964 riot 70–100 1966 1966 neo -Ba'athist coup d'état in Syria 400 1970 –1971 2,000 –25,000 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus 1,500 –5,000 1974 1974-75 Shatt al -Arab clashes 1,000 1975 –1990 150,000 1976 –1979 Political violence in Turkey, 1970s 5,000 –5,388 1978 – Kurdish –Turkish conflict (1978 –present) [ 30,000 –100,000 1979 3,164 –60,000 1979 –1980 Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 10,171 1979 –1983 Saudi Eastern Provin ce unrest 182–219 1979 Grand Mosque Seizure 307 1979 –1982 Islamist uprising in Syria 40,000+ 1980 1980 Turkish coup d'état 127–550 1980 Sadr uprising 1,000–30,000 1980 –1988 Iran– 1,000,000 –1,250,000 1983-84 Tunisian bread riots 150 WARS OF THE MIDDLE EAST

Date Conflict Casualties

1986 Civil War 5,000–12,000

1986 1986 Egyptian Conscription Riot 107

1986 1986 bombings 204 1987 Iranian pilgrim riot (Mecca massacre) 402

1987–1988 ANO Executions 170

1989–1996 KDPI insurgency (1989–96) 168-503

1990–1991 40,000–57,000 1991 1991 uprisings in Iraq 50,000–100,000

1994 1994 civil war in Yemen 7,000–10,000

1995– Islamic Insurgency in Saudi Arabia 300 1998 Operation Desert Fox (Iraqi no-fly zones) 2,000

1999 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 100–200

2003–2011 Iraq War 109,032–650,726 2004 massacre (2004) 30–100

2004–2014 Shia insurgency in Yemen 8,500–25,000

[ 2004–2015 Iran–PJAK conflict 588–747

2006– Fatah–Hamas conflict 600+

2006– Iran–Israel proxy conflict ~2000

2007 Nahr al-Bared fighting 480

2008 2008 Lebanon conflict 105

2009–2015 2,100+

2009–2010 Iranian election protests 72–150

2010–2015 Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown 3,000+

2011 2011 Bahraini uprising 100+ 2011–2014 Egyptian crisis (2011–14) 5,540+

2011– Yemeni Crisis (2011–present) 9,000+

2011– 250,000–470,000+

2011–2017 Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon ~800

2011– Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

[n] 2014–2017 Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) 73,361+

2015– 50,000+

2016– 2016 West Iran clashes 74–156

2016 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt 270–350

2017 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 685–900 c. Destruction Examples BEIRUT (DAHYE) BEFORE AND AFTER CRISIS 2006 BEIRUT BEFORE AND AFTER CIVIL WAR ALEPPO BEFORE AND AFTER WAR BEFORE AND AFTER WAR II. FORCED MOVEMENT OF POPULATIONS Population Forced to Move a. Statistics b. facts on where and how refugees live outside their home towns c. Temporary services needed in the camps of refugees and how they affect the host countries a. Statistics Statistical Information on Forcibly Displaced People Worldwide in 2018 Statistical Information on Forcibly Displaced People Worldwide in 2018 Latest statistics on the Number of Syrian Refugees per Country of Asylum Rising Flow of Syrian Refugees in Recent Years Latest Conflicts in Iraq Led to a Massive Internal Displaced Persons (IDPs) Distribution of Yemenis Refugees in the Neighbor Countries b. Facts on where and how Refugees Live Outside their Home Towns ▪ Unsafe living conditions extend to Syrian refugee camps, initially housed in leaky tents, without toilets or running water.

▪ Most Syrian refugees live outside of camps in unofficial self-settlements or previously vacant homes. Refugee Housing Issues Types & Location of Refugee Housing c. Temporary Services Needed in the Camps of Refugees and how they Affect the Host Countries ▪ The high refugee concentration in host countries lead to economic, environmental, social & political difficulties especially in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and where refugees count a substantial proportion of the national population.

▪ Refugees become an added impediment and even a risk jeopardizing the development of the host country.

▪ Refugees compete with local citizens for scarce resources as land, water, housing, food & medical services.

▪ Security problems, crime rates, theft, murder etc… are claimed to rise in host countries in presence of refuges. III. MECHANISMS OF RESPONSE & PRIORITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Mechanisms of Response and the Priorities for a Sustainable Development

a. Strategy & Planning b. Failure factors c. Critical infrastructures to start rebuilding d. Remodeling cities e. How to involve the private sector f. Donations and help from other countries and NGOs g. How to safeguard cultural heritage a. Strategy & Planning ▪ Post-conflict or post-disaster reconstruction aims at consolidation of peace & security and attainment of sustainable socio-economic development.

▪ It is dynamic & diverse, and requires unique socio-cultural requirements.

▪ Lack of strategy compatible with community culture, socio-economic requirements, environmental conditions, government legislation & & technological situation will lead to failure. Reconstruction & Rehabilitation Strategy Steps

▪ Relief: immediately after calamity, 24Hr to 2 or 3 months. Catering for immediate shelter, food & medical assistance.

▪ Reconstruction: following relief, approximately 2 or 3 years. Aims at rebuilding basic physical infrastructure & shelter

▪ Rehabilitation: Looks at more long term inputs, introducing new economic opportunities & improving land and water management and reduce people vulnerability.

▪ Readiness: to enhance preparedness by introducing mechanisms of construction that mitigate impacts of future disasters. b. Failure Factor Reconstruction Major Failure Factors

▪ Lack of community participation.

▪ Problems associated with community participation.

▪ Relocation.

▪ Fraud, corruption & waste of project funds

▪ Ignoring local needs/culture c. Critical Infrastructure to Start Rebuilding ▪ Establish emergency construction & rehabilitation plans to provide shelter and to repair & improve access to roads, schools, health centers, community centers & public spaces as an immediate stage

▪ Establish or improve infrastructure to distribute energy and water services.

▪ Establish or improve waste water & sewage systems with an environmental plan to control wastes.

▪ Substantial impact on transportation which will require improvement to roads and transportation facilities (bus stations, airport … etc.) d. Remodeling cities ▪ Opportunity to begin the process of development in a more sustainable mode.

▪ Set in place systems, technologies & processes that improve the quality of life.

▪ Remodeling as per standards, taking into account future hazardous events as earthquakes. Measures to Reduce Vulnerability

▪ Designing Buildings according to International Seismic Standards and considering an acceleration as recommended by the Lebanese Authorities Examples of new constructed projects as per codes and standards, designed to withstand earthquake events by 3d dynamic modeling & simulation. Examples of Special Structures with Special Designs to avoid Hazard during Earthquake Event Special Disposition to enhance behavior under Earthquake of Non Structural Items

Seismic Dispositions in Masonry Partition Walls

e. How to involve the private sector Private firms are involved as

▪ Contractors providing or supporting government services for a fee

▪ Suppliers providing material to government and other for-profit disaster agencies,

▪ Partners collaborating with government agencies in the delivery of services by prior arrangement

▪ Independent agents providing necessary or desired services. Private Sector’s Role In Recovery

▪ Private firms represent a critical component of the community and are very much involved in the recovery process.

▪ A large amount of the nation’s critical infrastructure is in private sector hands.

▪ Protecting critical resources requires a partnership between public sector Security agencies and private firms.

▪ The private sector has resources essential to emergency management, including technical expertise, logistics capabilities, and material. Private Sector Services

1. Construction firms can carry out post-disaster works at site with necessary specialized equipment.

2. Engineering firms can provide expert advice and assistance.

3. Universities can organize volunteers, provide training for emergency personnel, provide public education on hazards and may also provide technical assistance.

4. Catering firms can provide food services to disaster victims and emergency

5. Hotels can provide emergency shelter, emergency food services

6. Hospitals can provide emergency shelter, emergency food services, and counseling services, as well as emergency medical care and training. Private Sector Services

7. Freight companies and distributors can transport emergency food and water, clothing, building materials, and other commodities. 8. Funeral homes and morticians can assist with managing mass casualties, including assisting with transport 9. Building supply companies can provide building materials. 10. Retail stores can assist with the transport and distribution of food, water, ice, and other essential items. f. Donations and Help from other Countries and NGOs ▪ Due to the substantial impact of the refugees on the host country’s economy and due to limited resource availability, Governments of host countries tend to ask for donation and help from other countries & NGOs.

▪ Below are the funding sectors related to the Syrian refugees as per the Agencies and NGO partners plan called the Regional Refugee & Resilience Plan Funding Amount & Distribution Related to the Syrian Refugee g. How to Safeguard Cultural Heritage Examples of Destroyed Cultural Heritage and ways to Safeguard them

GENERAL VIEW OF THE MAMLOUK HOUSE (TYRE/ LEBANON) DAMAGE IN ROOF AND WALLS SOUTHERN FAÇADE OF THE MAMLOUK HOUSE CRACKS IN WALLS CRACKS IN THE ARCH CEILING OF THE MAMLOUK HOUSE MAMLOUK HOUSE

PREVIOUS SITUATION AFTER RENOVATION Examples of destroyed cultural heritage and ways to safeguard them

GENERAL VIEW OF THE OLD CHURCH (TYRE/ LEBANON) DETERIORATED ROOF AND WALLS DETERIORATED BELL TOWER EROSION OF SAND STONE OLD CHURCH

PREVIOUS SITUATION AFTER RENOVATION MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN THE RESTORATION WORK

▪ PROPPING TO MAINTAIN STABILITY DURING RESTORATION WORKS

▪ REINFORCEMENT OF FOOTINGS BY BUTTRESS SYSTEM OR TIE RODS

▪ DRAINING THE WATER AWAY FROM FOUNDATIONS AND PREVENTING THE EARTH EROSION

▪ REINFORCING THE ARCHES BY EXCAVATING THE FILL ABOVE AND CASTING RC SLABS

▪ DISMANTLING OF CRACKED PARTS OF WALLS AND RECONSTRUCTION USING SAME STONE TYPE

▪ PROVIDING TIE BEAMS ALONG THE TOP OF THE WALLS TO SUPPORT THE ROOF

▪ RECONSTRUCTION OF ROOF

▪ APPLYING CALCITE LIME PLASTER TO REACH THE OLD ASPECTS OF THE FACADES

▪ TOP QUALITY EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE CAN NEVER BE REACHED IN SUCH WORK

▪ ONLY IMPROVEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE BEHAVIOR CAN BE EXPECTED

▪ NO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN SUCH WORK ANTI EROSION MEASURES ALONG EXISTING FOUNDATIONS RESTORATION DETAIL OF THE CHURCH ROOF STRENGTHENING OF THE MAMLOUK HOUSE FOUNDATIONS USING TIE RODS

TIE ROD DETAIL ARCH STRENGTHENING IV. LEBANON – LESSONS LEARNED A. SOLIDERE (REMODELING THE CITY – PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT – CULTURAL HERITAGE – ECONOMICAL GROWTH) i. Successes ii. Failures B. NAHR EL BARED CAMP (REMODELING THE AREA – ENHANCED HOUSING QUALITY – ENHANCED SERVICES AND ACCESSIBILITY FOR THE ARMY/SECURITY FORCES) i. Successes ii. Failures (could have been more standardized) C. CHOUF RECONSTRUCTION AND RETURN OF POPULATION i. Successes ii. Failures Solidere

▪ Beirut was bombed to rubble during Lebanese civil war that lasted 15 years

▪ Downtown Beirut today is a symbol of modernity and luxury, with architecture that attracted foreign investment and boosted its economic recovery

▪ having been rebuilt by a private company, it also became a “city of exclusion.” Historic buildings were torn down not by war, but during the recovery, separating the city from its history

▪ Luxurious and expensive properties & apartments lead to its ownership from specific society class

▪ Inhabitant are not from its original population Beirut Downtown before Civil War

Beirut Downtown after reconstruction (Solidere) Nahr El Bared Camp

▪ Reconstructing a camp for 27,000 Palestinian refugees which was 95% destroyed during the 2007 war

▪ Recreating physical and social fabrics were primary considerations. Each family has been closely involved in the design of their new home, drawing on a comprehensive survey prepared by local volunteers of every building that existed, with the aim of preserving the old neighborhoods and social fabric of the community

▪ The goal was to increase non-built areas from 11% to 35%. It was achieved by giving each building an independent structural system allowing for vertical expansion up to four floors on a reduced footprint. Nahr El Bared Camp before war Nahr El Bared Camp war Destruction

Reconstruction of Nahr El Bared Camp Chouf

▪ A sub-conflict of the Lebanese Civil War, which occurred at the mountainous Chouf District located south-east of the Lebanese Capital Beirut, families were forcibly moved from the area

▪ Families flee to neighboring areas especially Beirut

▪ Reconstruction of home town took place but after a long period after the displacement

▪ After the settlement of the chouf population in the displaced areas for a long time, the reconstructed home town was left not occupied, and were considered as summer houses occupied occasionally after restoration Chouf war destruction Chouf reconstruction VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions and Recommendations: - The major destructions of cities and movement of populations in the Middle East are due to wars & conflicts - Concentrated refugee population has a substantial impact on the host country. - The importance of a response strategy for post-conflict or post-disaster reconstruction & rebuilding. - Physical Reconstructions have been undertaken successfully - Newly constructed cities have been constructed to applicable codes and standards, and are designed to withstand earthquake events - However, and in many cases the return of the population was not achieved - The spirit of the old cities has changed even if some preservation of historical buildings has been undertaken - The financing was mainly secured by the Governments or International Organizations - The private sector participation was very limited and only where potential profit in real estate is achievable THANK YOU