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Promoting Cultural Tourism Through Event Planning: Calabar Carnival As a Case Study

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Promoting Cultural Tourism Through Event Planning: Calabar Carnival As a Case Study PROMOTING CULTURAL TOURISM THROUGH EVENT PLANNING: CALABAR CARNIVAL AS A CASE STUDY BY EBOR GEORGE ALI REG.NO.PG/MA/16/81633 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA NOVEMBER, 2018. i TITLE PAGE PROMOTING CULTURAL TOURISM THROUGH EVENT PLANNING: CALABAR CARNIVAL AS A CASE STUDY A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS (M.A) DEGREE IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM BY EBOR GEORGE ALI REG.NO.PG/MA/16/81633 SUPERVISOR: DR. E. E. OKONKWO NOVEMBER, 2018. ii APPROVAL PAGE Ebor George Ali, Reg. No. PG/MA/2016/81633, a master student in the department of archaeology and tourism has satisfactorily completed the requirements for Masters of Art (M.A.) in archaeology and tourism. The research work is embodied in this seminar paper is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any other diploma, degree, masters of this kind in any other university. _____________________ _____________________ Prof. A.M. Ibeanu Dr. E.E. Okonkwo (Head of Department) (Supervisor) Date: _______________ Date: _______________ _______________________ External Examiner Date: ___________________ iii DEDICATION This work is specially dedicated to the Almighty God for His guidance and protection throughout this programme. My wife Vivian Ali Ebor, and my children Francis, George, Prosper and Johnmyke. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research work will not be complete without the guidance and protection of the Almighty God. I am particular indebted to my supervisor, Dr.E.E. Emeka for his advice, encouragement and understanding, constructive criticism and e4fforts which lead to the completion of this research work. Very indispensable in this write up are my lecturers in the department who taught me during the course of this program: prof.A, I. Okpoko, Prof.Dieke, Prof.P.U.Okpoko, Dr. white, Dr. E, I. Hanyi, Dr.(mrs) P.I.Eze-Uzomaka, Prof. E. E. Okafor, and my respected HOD, Prof. A.M. Ibeanu and all other non-academic staff of the department for their advice and contribution. I also acknowledge in a special way the contribution of my lovely wife, Mrs. Vivian Ali Ebor who stood by me from the day one of t6his programme. My kids who born my absence patiently will not be forgotten: Frances, George, Prosper and John Myke. My profound appreciation goes to my beloved mother, Theresa Ebor, for her fervent prayers and contribution towards the success of this work. My immense gratitude goes to my beloved brothers, Samuel, Paul and my only sister Pauline. v I also extend regards to my immediate and concern friend, Afufu, Igbaji. Experience, Candy best. Manga, Chris, Andrew, Emeka, Martha, Dr. Chris Diminyi, Aduma Veronica, DenMike ICT Centre Ndok Junction I must not fail to express my appreciation to Hon. Jarigbe Agom whose contribution went a long way to the success of this programme All my course mates are not forgotten, their contribution was of great value, my friend, my brother, Egar Mgbantul, your support and encouragement towards my academic career will not be left forgotten in a hurry. Finally, my thanks goes to the D. G. and staff of Cross River State Carnival commission for their contributions to the success of this research work. vi PREFACE This research work investigates how best to promote cultural tourism through event management with Calabar carnival as case study. For the purpose of clarity, the work is divided into five chapters. Chapter one contains the background of the study, statement of the problem, research objectives and questions, research methods, execution of the research, method of data analysis and interpretation, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study and clarification of concepts. Chapter two handles theoretical and empirical reviews as well as theoretical orientation. Chapter three discusses the geographical location of Calabar, history of Calabar, socio-political, economic, cultural activities, as well as religious practices and tourist attractions in Cross River State. Chapter four focused on data presentation and analysis. The chapter took a longitudinal study of an overview of Calabar carnival from pre-Calabar carnival, Calabar carnival to post-Calabar carnival. The socio-cultural, economic and environmental effects of Calabar carnival on the host community were examined. Other areas handled in chapter four are problems facing the future existence of Calabar carnival, factors that guarantee the sustainability of Calabar carnival, and contribution of the research report to knowledge. The last chapter deals on the summary, recommendation and conclusion. vii LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1: Map of Cross River State Showing Calabar Municipal … … 34 Figure 2: Map of Calabar Municipal Showing Carnival Venue … … 35 viii LIST OF TABLE Table 1: Names of Administrators and Governors of Cross River State From 1976 to Date … … … … … … … … 39 ix LIST OF PLATE Plate 1: Ekombi Dance by Maidens during Calabar Carnival… … … 56 Plate 2: Ekombi Dance by Mothers during Calabar Carnival … … 56 Plate 3: Momkim Dancers at Calabar Carnival … … … … 58 Plate 4: Ekpe Masquerade Displaying during Calabar Carnival … … 59 Plate 5: The Governor Leading other Bikers in the Calabar Canival … 61 Plate 6: A Resident Displaying with a Local Bike … … … … 61 Plate 7: Bayside Band at Display during Calabar Carnival … …. …. 62 Plate 8: Master Blaster Band Posing in Front of their Symbol … … 64 Plate 9: A Displaying of Seagull Band during the Parade … … … 65 Plate 10: A Displaying of Dance by Freedom Band … … … … 66 Plate 11: A Cross Section of Passion 4 Band during Carnival Parade … 67 Plate 12: Spoilt Carnival Road at Marian … … … … … 77 Plate 13: Spoilt Carnival Road at Effi-ette … … … … … 77 x TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page … …. …. … …. …. …. … … … ii Approval Page … … … … … … … … … iii Dedication … … … … … … … … … … iv Acknowledgment … … … … … … … … … v Preface … … … … …. … … … … … vi List of Figures … … … … … … … … … vii List of Table … … … … … … … … … viii List of Plates … … … …. … … … … … ix Table of Contents … … … … … … … … … x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION … … … … … 1 1.0 Background of the Study … … … … … … … 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem … … … … … … … 4 1.2 Research Objectives … … … … … … … … 5 1.3 Research Questions … … … … … … …. … 5 1.4 Research Methods … … … … … … … … 6 1.4.1 Primary Data … .. … … …. … … … … 6 1.4.2 Secondary Data … … … … … … … … 8 1.5 Execution of the Research ... … … … … … … 9 1.6 Method of Data Analysis/Interpretation … … … … … 9 xi 1.7 Significance of the Study … … … … … … … 10 1.8 Scope of the Study … … … … … … … … 11 1.9 Limitation of the Study … … … … … … … 11 1.10 Clarification of Concepts … … … … … … … 12 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW … … … … 18 2.0 Introduction … …. …. …. … … … … … 18 2.1 Theoretical Review … … … … … … … … 18 2.1.1 Modernization Theory … … … … … … … 19 2.1.2 Dependency Theory … … … … … … … 20 2.1.3 Functionalism Theory … … … … … … … 22 2.2 Empirical Review … … … … … … … … 23 2.2.1 Event Planning … … … … … … … … 24 2.2.2 Cultural Tourism … … … … … … … … 26 2.3 Theoretical Orientation … … … … … … … 29 CHAPTER THREE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION … … 32 3.1 Geographical Location of Calabar … … … … … … 32 3.1.1 Climate/Vegetation/Geology … … … … … … 36 3.2 History of Calabar … … … … … … … … 36 3.3 Socio-Economic Activities … … … … … … … 40 3.4 Socio-Cultural Activities … … … … … … … 42 xii 3.5 Religious Practices … … … … … … … … 43 3.6 Tourist Attractions … … … … …. … … … 45 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS … 47 4.1 Overview of Calabar Carnival … … … … … … 47 4.1.1 Pre-Calabar Carnival … … … … … … … 48 4.1.2 Calabar Carnival … … … … … … … … 51 4.1.3 Post-Calabar Carnival … … … … … … … 67 4.2 Data Analysis … … … … … … … … … 68 4.2.1 Socio-Cultural Effects of Calabar Carnival on the Host Community … … … … …. … … … … 68 4.2.2 Socio-Economic Effects of Calabar Carnival on the Host Community … … … … … … … … … 71 4.2.3 Environmental Effects of Calabar Carnival on the Host Community 74 4.3 Problems Facing the Future Existence of Calabar Carnival … … 75 4.4 Factors that Guarantee the Sustainability of Calabar Carnival … 79 4.5 Contribution of the Research Report to Knowledge … … … 82 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION … … … 84 5.1 Summary… … … … … … … … … … 84 5.2 Recommendations … … … … … … … … 84 5.3 Conclusion … … … … … … … … … 87 xiii REFERENCES … … … … … … … … … 88 LIST OF INFORMANTS … … … … … … … 92 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The growth of the tourism sector is increasingly developing. Tourism contributes more than 10% of the world Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and creates about 8% of the world’s employment (Ferehiwot and Shewit, 2015). Accordingly, tourism contributes highly to the GDP, employment rates and improvement of socio- economic conditions of many developing countries (Torres and Momsen, 2004, Weaver, 2005). As tourism is increasingly developing, it has also lead to the emergence of various forms tourism, of which cultural tourism is one. Nigeria has a lot of cultural and tourism potentials whose development will not only help in diversifying but sustaining our economy (Okpoko and Okpoko, 2002). These forms of tourism are popularly used as a tool of regional development and poverty alleviation. It has also become a means of income generation for many regions seeking for ways to improve their economy, preserve their unique culture and foster cross-cultural learning. Today many States in Nigeria including Cross
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