Notes

One The -Governance-Development Nexus: Separating Coincidences from Correlations 1. Examples are Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana; Herbert Macaulay, , , and in ; Patrice Lumumba in Congo; Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya; Julius Nyerere in Tanganyika; Samora Machel in Mozambique; Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso; Augustinho Neto in Angola; and Sam Nujoma in ).

Two Values, Vision, and Leadership in a Diverse Society: A Review of Nigeria’s Environmental Engagement Challenges 1. G.T. Basden, 1966, Niger Ibos (London: Frank Cass). 2. The area taken up by water is 13,000 square km, leaving a land area of 910,768 square km. The coastline is 853 kilometres long. 3. According to one account, the Yoruba are descendants of Oduduwa who left the Arabian Peninsula and settled in Ife. He subsequently sent his scions as vice-regents to rule over the people of Benin, Oyo, , Ekiti, etc. The Edo of Benin contest this version of Yoruba history. They, the Edo, argue that it would have been impossible for any of Oduduwa’s children to rule in Benin if father and son were outsiders. In other words, Oduduwa originated from Benin, and not the other way round. Fortunately, Yoruba history is beyond the scope of the current exercise. 4. N.A. Fadipe, 1970, The Sociology of the Yoruba, edited by F.O Okediji and O.O. Okediji (: Press), p. 314. 5. As a matter of fact, Islam represents an evolution from the earlier monotheis- tic religions, particularly, Judaism and Christianity. The Qur’an thus recog- nizes, and in fact gives prominence to, the earlier prophets such as Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus. 6. Not every Christian accepts the doctrine of trinity. The renowned physicist and winner of Templeton Prize in Religion, Freeman Dyson, is a Christian who does not subscribe to the doctrine. 7. See for instance the Qur’an (Surah 6, Ayah 75–79, and particularly Ayah 81–82 of the same Surah 6; Surah 13, Ayah 28; Surah 14, Ayah, 27; and Surah 48, Ayah 4). Surah 9, Ayahs 109–110 are more explicit on the crisis of faith: “The foundation (on which stands anything other than faith in Allah) will never be stable; and the hearts (of those who build on such a foundation) will 242 / notes

continue to be tormented by doubt and insecurity, until the hearts are cut to pieces. And Allah is All-Knowing, Wise.” 8. A dictum made famous by a Chinese philosopher, Hui Shih, sums up the essence of taoheed: “Love all things equally: Heaven and Earth are one body.” 9. Basden, 1966. 10. G.J. Afolabi Ojo, 1966, Yoruba Culture (Ile-Ife: Universities of Ife and London Press). 11. The register was promptly impounded by the police, but its full content was not released to the public. 12. ’s election as Governor of was nullified by the Court of Appeal when his opponent, , adduced evidence link- ing Orji to the Ogwugwu secret cult in Okija. Ugochukwu must have been tipped off by a news magazine which had secretly photographed Orji as he was, allegedly, going through the initiation rites. 13. Quoted in TELL, No. 36, September 6, 2004, p. 22.

Three Leadership Selection, Governorship, and Development: The Institutional Dimension 1. Established on January 8, 1912. 2. Election to the Constituent Assembly was organized by the military regime which also nominated its own delegates. It is doubtful if deliberations at the Assembly were influenced by the will of the people. 3. This is the argument of Nigeria’s Vice President in refusing to appear before an administrative tribunal which the federal government set up to decide on his (Atiku Abubakar’s) eligibility to contest the April 2007 presidential election. 4. The “legacies” that some leaders find easy to preserve are grand corruption, empty treasuries, election engineering, and human rights violations. 5. , 2001, Beckoned to Serve (a Memoir by Shehu Shagari) (Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books), p. 437. 6. Vanguard, February 11, 2008. 7. The conduct of primaries preceding local and national elections had some- times ended in violent disputes and loss of lives. Within two days (i.e., on January 14 and 15, 2008) up to 10 PDP members in lost their life after a free-for-all fight ensued over the conduct of the party’s local govern- ment primaries in the state. See Punch and This Day, January 24, 2008. 8. Full text of the statement released by Peoples Democratic Party after the BOT Election Meeting on June 27, 2007 (PDP Secretariat, ). 9. Views expressed by then vice president during author’s meeting with him in Abuja, Friday, February 16, 2007. 10. Shagari, 2001, p. 453. 11. Ibid, p. 437. 12. Of particular interest are the institutions that are underpinned by, among others, the ethos of representative democracy, the doctrine of Separation of Powers, and the abiding faith in individualism). This is not to say that the “American way” is right for others. Like America has done for itself, each notes / 243

society has to work out its governance formula based on values its people can easily identify with.

Four Role of Civil Society in Leadership Recruitment and Renewal 1. The adopted “Life More Abundant” to broaden its pan- Nigerian appeal, and “Afenifere” to reach its Yoruba constituencies. Afenifere means “the party that has the interest of the people at heart” or “the party that has laid out a plan of welfare for the people.” 2. Other prominent members of Afenifere were Chief , Femi Okunrounmu, Pa Onasanya, Chief Reuben Fasoranti, Alhaji Ganiyu Dawodu, Mr. Olanihun Ajayi, Chief , Chief Adefarati, and Chief Ayo Adebanjo. 3. Tempo of November 12, 1998, p. 4. 4. The News Magazine, March 1, 1999, p. 18. 5. Interview with Reuters, April 5, 2003. 6. Human Rights Group, “The OPC: Fighting Violence with Violence,” Human Rights Watch, Vol. 15, No. 4A, February 2003. 7. Omoruyi draws the quotation from Ben Nwabueze, 1994, Nigeria ‘93: The Political Crisis and Solutions (Ibadan: Spectrum). 8. Among Igbo leaders that stood solidly behind MKO Abiola and insisted that he be sworn in as president after the 1992 presidential elections are Admiral , Chiefs Bobo Nwosisi, Ralph Obioha, Dr. , and Ralph Uwechue. 9. The labor unions (NLC, TUC, and TUC) alone have close to 7 million members. 10. This Day, December 31, 2005. 11. One of the interviewees put it in Hausa: “Bai yi contesting, beille ya ci” (mean- ing, “he, the candidate for office of governor, did not contest, let alone win the primary”). This must be in reference to the . The Supreme Court has since decided in favor of the candidate who won the primary but was debarred by his party from contesting the election. 12. Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance Web site. 13. Some delegates (such as Chief [former Commonwealth Secretary-General] and Professor Adebayo Adedeji [former UN Under- Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ECA]), really merited the hon- orific “respected elder statesmen.” 14. http://quickstart.clari.net/voa/art/fr/2005–02-20-voa13html/.

Five Soft Choices in a Hard Environment: Meeting Post-independence Governorship Challenges 1. An example is the Odemo of Ishara, Oba Samuel Akinsanya whose annual salary was reduced to a penny by the Akintola government for refusing to disown Awolowo. 2. The “ten per-centers” are the public officials that used to demand 10 per- cent of contract prices. Apparently the proportion of earnings expected to be 244 / notes

kicked back by government contractors has gone up considerably since the early post-independence period. 3. H.E. General (Dr.) ’s written response to one of the questions from the author (August 19, 2008). 4. When Awolowo resigned from the Cabinet, Gowon picked a renowned econo- mist and public administration scholar, Professor Adebayo Adedeji, to succeed the sage, and fill the ’s slot in the Federal Executive Council.

Six Engaging the Environment from the Macro-economic Angle: Economic Management after Independence 1. In recent months, South Africa too is facing the reality of electricity ration- ing, thanks to the growing household and industrial demand, and the failure to upgrade the aging power stations. Still, the electricity (as well as revenue) generation and overall management record of the state-owned Eskom is not as appalling as that of Nigeria’s NEPA.

Seven Balancing Domestic Welfare Needs with External “Conditionalities”: Leadership Engagement with the People and the International Environment 1. Annual Report, 1951–2, 1952 (: Electricity Corporation of Nigeria). 2. President Yar’Adua’s decision in February 2008 to dismiss Mr. Foluseke Somolu, his special assistant on the Power Sector and coordinator, National Integrated Power Project, was a sign that the state of emergency in the energy sector was not mere rhetoric. The Special Assistant had stated that “only” US$5.16 billion had been allocated to the power sector, and not $10 billion as widely reported, and that even with this “meagre” sum, the sector had made “progress.” This must have infuriated the President as it did the majority of Nigerians! See This Day, February 19, 2008. The National Assembly subse- quently intervened, only to discover that the amount involved far exceeded the $10 billion which Foluseke questioned. The exact amount, according to the House of Representatives, was a whopping $16 billion! See the Punch, February 24, 2008. 3. The World Bank, January 2008, (http://devdata.worldbank.org/edstats/ SummaryEducationProfiles/CountryData/GetShow . . . ). 4. This is according to figures released by the Minister for Youth Development, Senator , and published in the Nigerian Tribune of Friday, August 1, 2008 (p. 17). 5. General Report and Survey on Nigeria Police Force for the Year 1963 (Lagos: Federal Ministry of Information), Appendix F.

Eight Civility in the Lion’s Den: Leadership Selection and Retrenchment in the First Republic 1. Among them, Obafemi Awolowo, 1947, Path to Nigerian Freedom (London: Faber and Faber); 1960, Awo: An Autobiography of Chief Obafemi Awolowo notes / 245

1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); 1968, The People’s Republic (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press); and 1970, The Strategy and Tactics of the People’s Republic of Nigeria(London: Macmillan). 2. The Jammiyar was formed in 1945 by Mallam Abubakar Imam, and Dr. Russell A B Dikko (the first northern Nigerian medical doctor). Besides the Jammiyar, there were the Barewa Old Boys’ Association established in 1939, the Northern Elements Progressive Association (NEPA) started in 1945, and Mutanen Arewa a Yau. 3. Awolowo, 1960, p. 134. 4. Ibid., p. 135. 5. Report of the Public Service Commission, Northern Nigeria, 1954 (: Government Printer). 6. The most famous is the Obudu Cattle Ranch. 7. Aleshinloye, Saka A Y, 2003, Serving the Nation (: Berende Printing Works), p. 115. 8. Ibid., pp. 121–22. 9. Ibid., p. 131. 10. Shehu Shagari, 2001, Beckoned to Serve (a Memoir by Shehu Shagari) (Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books). 11. (http://www.africamasterweb.com/CounterCoup.html), January 22 2008. 12. Shagari, 2001.

Nine Leadership as an Imposition: The Military Shortcut to Power 1. See the interview granted to the Vanguard of March 17, 2008, by General Ibrahim M.B. Haruna on his recollection of how officers used to trust one another before the 1966 coup, and how this trust was destroyed by the coup. 2. Alli regards the Okar/Mukoro coup attempt of 1990 as evidence of the intraregional rivalry between the Hausa-Fulani and the Middle-Belt commu- nities, and of the oil-producing areas’ resentment of northern domination. See M. , 2001, The Federal Republic of (Ikeja: Malthouse Press), pp. 218–220. 3. Murtala Mohammed nearly made the same mistake when, blinded by rage, he perfected arrangements which would have led to the secession of the north after the January 1966 coup. He had overlooked the fact that the Central Bank was then located in Lagos—far away from where the breakaway north could have ready access to the money it needed to stay afloat. This goes to prove that rightful indignation is no substitute for careful planning when embarking on risky ventures. 4. According to the rebel Biafran regime, the civil war would probably have been averted if Gowon had not succumbed to pressures to repudiate the Accord. However, as pointed out in an earlier chapter, the Federal side held the rebel regime wholly responsible for the Accord’s collapse. 5. First nationwide broadcast by His Excellency, Brigadier Murtala Mohammed, July 30, 1975. 6. According to Ihonde, Garba turned against Gowon when the latter’s marriage impeded the former’s access to the head of state. See Ihonde, Moses, 2004, 246 / notes

First Call: An Account of the Gowon Years (Lagos: Diamond Publications), pp. 67–71. 7. Abiola was particularly enraged by the confiscation of a large consignment of newsprint he had imported for his Concord chain of newspapers. The gov- ernment claimed that the newsprint was seized as part of its anti-smuggling operation. 8. Among those senior to Yar’Adua were Brigadiers , Alani Akinrinade, James Oluleye, John Obadan, and Emmanuel Abisoye.

Ten Enter the Fourth Republic: Another Shot at Dynamic Engagement or a Return to Neo-military Governorship? 1. The case of Theodore Orji was unique. Although he had won the election to the office of Abia State Governor in April 2007, the Court of Appeal upended his victory when his opponent, Onyema Ugochukwu, tendered evidence indi- cating that he, Orji, had sworn to a secret oath at the Ogwugwu shrine in Okija. 2. Larry Diamond, 1988, “The 1983 Elections,” in Victor Ayeni, and Kayode Soremekun, (eds.) Nigeria’s Second Republic (Apapa: Publication). 3. Uba’s victory was overturned because according to the Supreme Court the office of Governor was not vacant at the time the election took place. Uba was ordered to hand over to the rightful occupant of the office, . Uba’s appeal had not been decided at the time of writing. 4. This Day, January 22, 2008. 5. The verdict on the governorship election raised a lot of dust, with the opposition (Action Congress) pointedly accusing the chairman and mem- bers of the Election Tribunal of exchanging clandestine telephone calls with, and of being under the influence of, the elected governor’s counsel. 6. “Criminal Politics, Violence, ‘Godfathers’ and Corruption in Nigeria,” Human Rights Watch, Vol. 19, No. 16(A), October 2007. 7. This Day, December 23, 2007. See also TELL, June 25, 2007 8. This Day, 23 December 2007. 9. Vanguard, Monday, December 24, 2007. 10. Besides youths working for political godfathers, street urchins (popularly known as “area boys”) were likely to be recruited as gang members. 11. Report of the State Security Service on Allegation by Chief Afe Babalola on threat to his life by the Governor of , Mr. Ayo Fayose (dated September 25, 2005) 12. Daily Sun, Monday, April 7, 2008, p. 7. 13. Dr. Ahmadu Ali, former Chairman of PDP, senior army officer and minister in Obasanjo’s military government, preferred the title, “garrison commander.” 14. Lawal was a ranking member of the Nigerian Navy, and former Military Governor of . 15. The alias in full is “Eru o b’odo, eni ti ‘o wo’do ni ominu nko” meaning “the river is never afraid; it is the one that contemplates taking a plunge that keeps doubting the wisdom of his intended course of action.” notes / 247

16. His supporters gave him an honorific, Baale Malete, meaning the para- mount ruler of Malete, a neighborhood in the southeast of Ibadan where he resides. 17. Transcript of interview with Alhaji Lamidi Adedibu by Mr. Diran Odeyemi, the UK editor of the Nigerian Tribune, on BEN TV. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid.

Eleven Visionary Leadership and Management of Uncertainty: A Summation 1. The stone casting metaphor is borrowed from the Economist of January 5, 2008, p. 23. 2. Vanguard, February 11, 2008. 3. An example is the appointment of commissioners to serve in ’s cabinet in . The government was practically formed in the residence of Lamidi Adedibu, the governor’s mentor at the time. 4. Cases of exemplary leadership exist at the state and federal levels, among them, the Raji Fashola, the Danjuma Goje, and the Peter Obi administra- tions in Lagos, Gombe and Anambra States respectively, as well as the leader- ship provided by at the National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC). However, whether they and their successors could sustain the transformational governorship momentum over time is an open question. 5. M.J. Balogun, 2001, “Diversity Factors in State Construction Efforts in Africa: an Analysis of Challenges, Responses, and Options,” African Journal of Public Administration and Management, Vol. 13, Nos. 1 and 2, January and July. 6. Settlement is the local euphemism for a bribe. 7. Green is the colour of the Nigerian passport. At foreign airports, it is like a red flag waved in front of a bull. Why this is the case is still a mystery to many Nigerians who go to great lengths to avoid trouble. In the meantime, the real crooks, who are in the minority, have devised ingenious plans to evade being searched and apprehended. 8. Civil Service Disposition List, Office of the Head of Service of the Federation, Abuja. 9. Permanent Secretaries’ ages and length of service calculated by the author, based on data obtained from the Staff Disposition List. 10. National Assembly, Abuja. 11. This Day, January 25, 2008. 12. In Yoruba, the closest word to “immunity” is “imu ni ti.” The latter roughly translates as “the attribute of being infinitely beyond the grip of, or capture by, an opponent”; “the state of being out of control”; “invincibility”; “indom- itability”; “irrepressibility.” In sum, “imu ni ti” in Yoruba is a cross between “impunity” and “immunity” in English. 13. President Umar Yar’Adua, quoted in This Day, January 25, 2008. 14. Shehu Shagari, 2001, Beckoned to Serve (a Memoir by Shehu Shagari) (Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books), p. 438. 248 / notes

15. The new system bears a curious resemblance to that of Swaziland where the King and the Traditional Council (the Tinkhundla) more or less dictate the directions that the modern government, headed by a prime minister, would follow. However, Nigeria is not exactly the same as Swaziland. Political parties are, in the former, free to operate, and elections however imperfect are period- ically conducted. 16. See chapter ten. 17. An example is , whose nomination as foreign minister was vetoed by elders from his zone, but who, as a member of the PDP Central Working Committee and close confidant of the PDP/BOT chairman, Chief , got past the veto and landed the cabinet job. References

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Abacha, General Sani, 5, 44, 45, 73, Ademoyega, A., 167, 170 78, 80, 95–96, 99, 115–118, 175, Ademulegun, Brigadier Samuel, 181, 185–186, 193, 201–203, 213 91, 166 Abiola, (Chief) M.K.O., 73, 95–96, Aderemi, Sir Adesoji, the Oni 179, 201 of Ife, 90 Abisoye, General E., 170 Adesanya, Chief Abraham, 67 Abubakar, General Abdul-Salaami, Adesina, Lam, 215–216 79, 87, 96, 202 Afenifere (Yoruba cultural Abubakar, (Vice President) Atiku, 60, organization), 23, 65, 68–69, 96, 180, 197, 206–208 79–80, 204 Abuja Commodities Exchange, 106 see also Egbe Omo Oduduwa Aburi Agreement (or Accord), 92, 176 African National Congress, 13, 45 Action Congress (AC), 203, 206–207, Africa, Sub-Saharan, 14 224 Agagu, Segun, 209 Action Group (AG), 65, 88–89, Agaie, Umar, 152 156 –157, 164, 199, 204, 210 Agbakoba, Olisa, 73 (see also Bornu Youth Movement, see also Campaign for Democracy Ilorin Talaka Parapo, and United Agbekoya riots (Peasants resist tyranny), Middle Belt Congress) 71, 191 Adalemo, 137 Agbo, Eje, 158 Adams, Gani, 69 Aguiyi-Ironsi, Brigadier, J. T., 91–94, Adamu, 153 –154 161–162, 164, 166, 170–175, Adamu, Martins, 175 181, 187 Adebanjo, Ayo, 68 Ahmadu Bello (the Sardauna of Adebayo, General R. Adeyinka, 175 Sokoto), 6, 89, 91, 148–152, 155, Adedeji, Adebayo, 8, 13, 94 160–161, 164 Adedibu, Alhaji Lamidi, 5, 30, Ajayi, S.A., 155 215–217, 238–239 Akagha, Major F., 173 (see political god-fathers) Akahan, Lt. Col. Joe, 173 Adegbenro, Alhaji Dauda Soroye, 89 Ake (Claude), 67, 87 Adegoke, Major S.A., 174 Akilu, Lt. Col. Halilu, 183 Adelabu, Adegoke, 154, 215 Akinfosile, Olu, 154 Adelakun, Busari, 215 Akinjide, Richard, 161 258 / index

Akinrinade, 67, 87 Attah, Adamu, 215 Akinsehinwa, Lt., 169 attributes (of leadership), 5 Akintola (Chief) Samuel Ladoke, 89, Awojobi, Ayo(dele), 73 91, 159–161, 164, 236 Awolowo, Chief Obafemi, 13, 20, 88, Akpan, 176 93–94, 110, 148–153, 179, 191, Aku of , 155 203, 217, 236 Alamieyeseigha, Chief Diprieye, 211 (see also Action Group, and Unity Alao, Shittu, 175 Party of Nigeria) Alayande, Pa Emmauel, 69 Ayoola Commission, 193 Alberti (Adrianna), 50 Ayua, Ignatius, 197, 207–208 Aleshinloye, 152–153, 156 –158 (see also Ayua Panel) Aliyu, Lt. Col. Sabo, 184 Azikiwe, President Nnamdi, 88, Allegiances, primordial, 64 148–152, 157–161 Allen (Chris), 7, 8 (see also Zik, National Council of Alli, General M.C., 177, 179, 181, 183 Nigerian Citizens, and National Alliance for Democracy (AD), 45, 68, People’s Party) 79, 203–205, 216 All Nigerian People’s Party (ANPP), Babalola, Chief Afe, 212 45, 203–205, 224 Babangida, General and President All Peoples Grand Alliance (APGA), Ibrahim (Badamosi), 44, 45, 71, 203, 205 95–96, 99, 114–115, 120, Ali, Col Ahmadu, 96, 225 128, 175, 178, 180–187, Ali, Senator Muhammed Abba, 137 193, 199, 200–202 Altine, Umaru, 154 Bakassi Boys, 58, 66, 143 Aluko, Tope, 212 Bako, Audu, 188 Amaechi, Rotimi, 209–210 Bako, Ibrahim, 175 Amin, Idi, 5 Bali, General Domkat, 184 Andrade, 141–142 Balogun, M. J., 21, 29, 30, 44, Anekwe, Captain, 164 80, 110, 117, 139, 143, 187, Anenih, Chief Tony (former 200–201, 231 Chairman of PDP Board Balogun, Tafa (former Inspector- of Trustees, 59 General of Police), 32 Anglo-Nigerian Defense Pact, 166–167 Bamali, Nuhu, 152 Anikulapo-Kuti, Fela, 73 Banjo, 176 Anyim, Pius, 96 Barewa Old Boys Association, 65 Aondokaa, Michael Kaase, 234 Basden, 20, 24 Arewa Consultative Forum, 23, 65, 80 Bassey, Lt. Col. W., 173 Argyriades, 40 Benson, T.O.S., 154 Arikpo, 191 Bida, Aliyu Makaman, 152, 155 Aristotle, 4, 39 Biriye, Harold, 159 Aristotelian, 4 Bisalla, Brigadier Iliya, 170, 183 Asika, Ukpabi, 188 Blanchard, 7 Ason, Bur, 116 Bohannan, 29 (see also Nigerian Labor Congress) Boro, Isaac Jasper (Ijaw activist), 72 index / 259

Buba, Michael Audu, 155 Effiong, Lt Col Philip, 94 Buhari, General Muhammadu, 95, Ehrenreich, 140 114, 175, 177–187, 193, Einstein, Albert, 19 204–205, 208 Ejoor, Lt. Col. D., 173, 188 Buhari-Idiagbon regime, 94–95, Ekpo, Mrs Margaret, 73 99, 226 Ekueme, Vice President Alex, 113 Buhari, Salisu, 96 ‘Ekwensu’ (the Devil, God’s Burns, 6, 7 antagonist), 28 Elaigwu, J. Isawa, 36 Causality, 9 Electricity Corporation of Nigeria Chance (see also probability of ) (ECN), 134 appearances, 8, 12 (see also National Electric Power occurrence, 3 Authority and Power Holding Charisma, 5–13,15, 149, 154 Company of Nigeria) Cheema, 40 Emwerem, Evans, 96, Central Bank (of Nigeria), 106, 110, Enahoro, Chief Anthony, 79, 93–94, 117, 122 154, 191 college, electoral, 5 environmental engagement, 8, 10, correlation, 3, 8, 9 12, 37 corruption, 12, 29 see also dynamic engagement environment, complex and constantly Dada, G., 175 changing, 8 Danjuma, General T.Y., 170, 175 environment, vagaries of, 8 Dan Masani, 22 Etiaba, Virginia, 214 Dantata, A., 179 Ezeoke, Eme, 204 Dariye, Chief Joshua, 211 Daura, Sani, 188 Fadahunsi, Musilimu, 213 Deference (to age, authority and Fadipe, N.A., 24, 30 seniority), 24 “failed banks,” 117–118 De Graft-Johnson, 20 (see also Nigerian Deposit Insurance Dent, M., 152 Corporation) Diamond, L., 61 Fajuyi, Col Adekunle, 92,173 Dikko, Umaru, 180 Falae, (Chief) S. Olu, 68, 204 Dimka, Lt. Col. Buka Sukar, Fani-Kayode, Femi, 73 169–170, 182 Farouk, Usman, 188 Dipcharima, Bukar, 155, 161–162, Fashehun, Dr. Frederick, 69 175 Fashola, Raji, 247 Directorate of Food and Rural Fawehinmi, (Chief) Gani, 73 Infrastructure, 115, 129 Fayose, Ayo, 211–213 Dogonyaro, Lt. Col. Joshua N., 185 First National Development Plan Dumuje, R.M., 166 (1962–1968), 108–110 Foster, Major-General, 166 Edet, Louis Orok (first Nigerian Fourth National Development Plan Inspector-General of Police), 55 (1981–1985), 113 260 / index

Gandhi (Mahatma), 6 Ighoba, H., 166, 173 Garba, General Joseph N., 174–175, Ijaw National Congress, 65 178 Ikoku, Sam Gomsu, 154 Gemade, Barnabas, 96 Imam, Abubakar, 152 Goje, Danjuma, 247 Imoke, Liyel, 209 Gomwalk, Joseph, 188 income disparity (see also inequality), governorship, 1, 6, 7, 15, 46 126–127 Gowon, General (Dr) Yakubu Gowon Independent National Electoral former Head of State, 73, 79, 92–94, Commission (INEC), 56–58, 112, 128, 173, 197–198, 204–210, 214, 217, 175–178, 187, 191 223–224, 229, 233–234, 238 Great Nigerian People’s Party, 70 Irabor, Nduka, 179 Gumel, Adamu, 157 Irukwu, Professor Joe, 71 Gusau, General Aliyu Mohammed, Ishola, Kolapo, 215 181, 183 Iwu, Professor Maurice (INEC Chairman) Habib, Abba, 155 Hawking, Stephen, 19 Jackson and Rosberg, 40 hero (and ancestor) worship, 6, 24, 29 Ja’miyyar Mutannen Arewa, 65 Hersey, 7 Jega, M., 175 human welfare indicators, 126–127 Johnson, 8 Huntington (Samuel P.), 9, 40 Johnson, Obadiah, 22 Johnson, Reverend Samuel, 22 Ibo State Union, 65 Jokolo, Major Haruna, 184 Ibori, James, 211 (see also Emir of Gwandu) Ibrahim, Brigadier Salihu, 184–185 Jones, 30 Ibrahim, Jibrin, 96 Jones-Quartery, 148 Ibrahim, Waziri, 236 Joseph, Timothy, G., 213 (see also Great Nigerian People’s (see State Security Service Report on Party) Ekiti) identities, multiple and competing, 19, 20, 22–24, 37 Kaita, Isa, 152 (compare with “wardrobe hypothesis” Kalu, Orji Uzor, 203, 208 as a subset of identity politics) (see People’s Progressive Alliance) “identity value of citizenship,” 142, Kano, (Alhaji) Aminu, 150–151, 227–229, 232, 239–240 154, 191 (see benefits and costs of citizenship) Katsina, Major Hassan Usman, 173 Idiagbon (General Tunde), 182–183 Kauzya, 9 Idris, Ibrahim, 209 Kirk-Greene, A.H.M., 21, 88 Ifeajuna, E., 167–169, 176 Kliksberg, 87 Igbimo Agba Yoruba (Yoruba Council Kontagora, Sani, 157 of Elders), 65, 68–69, 79, 204 Kontagora, General Mamman, 117 Igbinedion, Lucky, 211 Kukah, Rev. Fr., 33 Ige, (Chief) Bola, 68, 202, 215 Kurubo, Lt. Col. G., 173 index / 261 labor unions, 72 Mohammed, General Murtala, 44, Ladoja, Rasheed, 30, 215–216 94, 169, 174–176, 178, 182, Lafiaji, Shaba, 215 187, 193 Lar, Solomon, 96 Mommoh, 176 Largema, Lt Col. Abogo, 91, 166 Mommoh, Kessington, 89–90 Lawal, Muhammad, 215 “Money-bags” (politicians banned leadership by Babangida regime), 44, 95 personalities, 11, 12 “monetization” of civil service institutions, 11, 12, 13 benefits, 119–122 vision, 10–14 (see also shared vision) (see also Udoji Commission arrears) values, 11–13, 15, 29 moral hazards, 49–51 index, scorecard, 6 Movement for the Emancipation of theories, 8, 11 , 58–59 selection culture, 41, 147 Movement for the Actualization of the leadership ideal-types State of Biafra sectional leaders, 34 Movement for the Survival of the self-appointed spokespersons, 8 Ogoni People (MOSOB), 66, 71 strong-men (see also god-fathers, party Mustapha, Hamza, 213 elders), 4, 5, 10, 34, 38, 44, 59 Mutanen Arewa Yau, 65 transactional (leaders), 8, 10, 34, 38 transformational (visionary leaders), Na’Abba, Ghali, 96 8–10 Nasamu, U. Saidu, 209 Lewis, Nobel Laureate, Sir W. Arthur, Nas, Wada, 80 108 National Conscience Party, 205 Luckham, R., 166, 168, 172 National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC), 65, 82, 155, 157, Macaulay, Herbert, 151 160, 199 (see also Nigerian Youth Movement) National Council of State, 73 Magoro, General Mohammed, National Democratic Coalition 183–184 (NADECO), 73, 80 Maimalari, Brigadier Zakariya, 91, 166 National Republican Convention, Maito, Sule, 156 44, 201 Majors coup, 91 “New-breed” (leaders and parties), 44, Malaki, Captain, 169 82, 195, 199, 201–202 Mandela, 6 Ngige, Chris, 214 Masari, Aminu Bello, 96 Ngubane, General Lawrence (Special Mbadiwe, Dr. Kingsley, 161 Task Force on Niger Delta), 65, 211 , 65 Niger Delta Elders Forum (see ethnic Mimiko, Dr. Segun, 206 and cultural organizations), Miners, 167–168, 174 23, 65 Mobutu, 166, 168 Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Mohammed, Air Vice Marshall Decree, 112 Muktar, 184 Nigerian National Alliance (NNA), 159–160 262 / index

Nigerian National Democratic Party Ogunsanya, Adeniran, 154 (NNDP), 90, 159–160, 199 Oguntade, Justice G.A., 209 (Nigerian) Stock Exchange, 106 Ogwugwu cult (see also Okija Shrine), Njoku, Hilary, 166, 173 31–32, 143 Nnamani, Dr. Chimaraoke, 211 Ohaneze Ndigbo (pan Igbo Nnamani, Ken, 96 organization), 23, 65, 70–71, 81 Northern Elements Progressive (see also Ibo State Union) Association, 65 Ohikere, G., 155–156 Northern Elements Progressive Ojo, G.J.Afolabi, 29 Union, 155–156 Ojukwu, Colonel Odumegwu, 71, Northern People’s Congress (NPC), 92–94, 109, 167, 170, 173, 175, 65, 70, 82, 89, 155–160, 203, 205 164, 199 Okadigbo, Chuba, 97 Nsofor, Justice S.A., 205 Okafor, D., 166 (see his dissenting opinion on the Okar, Major G., 169–170 Supreme Court’s judgment on the Oke, Oluyemi, 213 2003 presidential election) Okechukwu, Osita (Secretary Nwabueze, Ben, 70–71 Conference of Nigerian Nyako, Murtala, 209 Political Parties), 79 Nyame, Rev. Jolly, 211 Okiro, Mike (Inspector-General of Nyerere, Mwalimu Julius, 6 Police) Nzefili, Major, 173–174 Okogie, Bishop Olubunmi, 33 Nzeogwu, Major Patrick Chukwuma Okoi-Arikpo, 93 Kaduna, 90–92, 164, 166, Okondo, Chief Dayo, 212 168–170, 174, 176 Okonwezi, Major G., 173 Okoro, Major, 173 Obadare, Ebenezer, 68 Okotie, Chris, 208 Obasanjo, General, later President Okotie-Eboh, Chief Festus S., 91, 154 (Olusegun), 44, 52, 56, 59–60, Okpara, Dr. Michael, 153 66, 68–73, 78–79, 87, 94, Olaniyan, 137 96–97, 99, 119–122, 133, 164, Olanrewaju, S.A., 155 166, 169–170, 187–188, 193, Olatunji, Goke, 212 197, 202–205, 233 Olutoye, 167 Obi, Chike, 73 Oluyemi, S.A., 118 Obi, Peter, 214, 247 Omehia, Celestine, 209, 210 Ochei, Major, 173–174 Omojola, 213 Odidi, 153 –154 Omoruyi, Omo, 70, 81–83 Odu, Second Lt. James, 174 Oni, Segun, 209 Oduduwa, 22 Onoja, L., 175 Oduoye, Simeon, 188 Onwuka, 131, 136–137 Ogbeh, Audu, 96 Oodua People’s Congress (OPC), 58, Ogbemudia, (General) Samuel, 188 66, 69–70, 143, 213 Ogundipe, Brigadier B., 173, 175 Opadokun, 191 Ogunewe, D., 166, 173 Oputa Panel, 186, 193 index / 263

Oputibeya X, His Royal Majesty, Ransome-Kuti, Beko, 73 Captain Nemi Iyalla, 65 Ransome-Kuti, Mrs. Funmilayo, 73 “orisa” (see also ancestor worship), 24, Reagan, President Ronald, 14 28–30 see also “Reaganomics” Orizu, Dr. Nwafor, 161–162, 174–175 reform, 10, 119 Orji, Theodore, 209 see also qualitative change, change in Osunbor, O., 209 policy direction, transformation Oyakhilome, Fidelis, 188 Rewane, Alfred, 154 Ribadu, Alhaji Muhammadu Paden, 88 (Defense Minister), 167 Pam, Lt. Col. James, 91 Ribadu, Nuhu, 56, 211, 234 (see also Pam, Yakubu, 166 Economic and Financial Crimes panegyric (see “oriki”), 22 Commission) Panter-Brick, S.K., 172, 175 “rotational presidency,” 83 papal council (see also pope), 4 Rotberg, Robert, 9, 99 Pategi, Ahman, 155 Rotimi, O., 167 party congress, 5 patronage, 4 Saraki, Bukola, 215 People’s (and Community) Banks, Saraki, Gbemisola, 215 115, 129 Saraki, Olusola, 5, 215 People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 45, Sawaba, Hajiya Gambo, 73 59, 203–210, 224, 236–237 Second National Development Plan (see PDP/BOT’s role) (1970–1974), 110, 128 People’s Redemption Party, 205 secondary (and professional) personalities-institutions linkage, associations, 71–72 41–46 secret societies (and cults), 66, “political will hypothesis,” 9 136–137, 213 population (of Nigeria) secularism (and secularization of age breakdown, 21 faith), 25, 33 ethnic (groups), 21 Securities and Exchange Commission, languages and dialects, 21 106 Prest, Arthur, 154 Senegal, 6 primaries (and electoral colleges), 5, Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 6 77, 209, 224, 238 sensibilities, religious, cultural, 6 prophets, 4 separatism (see irredentist claims), 22, Provinces () 47, 68 Northern, 21 Seri, Lt. William, 169 Southern, 21 Sese Seko, Mobutu, 5 Colony (of Lagos), 21 Shagari, President Shehu (Aliyu Usman), 51, 60, 65, 79, 94, Rabiu, Isyaku, 179 113–114, 156, 159, 161–162, Rafindadi, Muhammadu Lawal, 183 170, 177, 236 (see also National Security (see also National Party of Nigeria) Organization, NSO) Shodeinde, Col. Ralph, 91 264 / index

Shonekan, Chief (Earnest), 45, 95, 201 Tsaro-Wiwa, Ken, 73 (see Interim National Government, Turaki, Alhaji Saminu, 211 ING) Shotomi, F., 166 Uba, Chris, 5, 214 Shuwa, Major M., 173, 174 Uba, Andy, 209, 214 skepticism, 7 Ugokwe, Major Chris, 182 social Darwinism, 129 Ukiwe, Navy Commodore Ebitu, 185 social deficits (or imbalances), Ukpo, Col. Anthony, 183 129–131, 231 Ulamaa, 4 Social Democratic Party (SDP), 44, Unegbe, Lt. Col. Arthur, 91 201 Unification Decree (Decree 34), 92, Solarin, Tai, 72 171, 174 Spencer, Herbert, 129 (cf with “northernization” policy) Structural Adjustment Program United Progressive Grand Alliance (SAP), 114 (UPGA), 83, 159 South Africa, 13 Usman, Bala, 22, 152, 155 South-South Forum, 65 Usman, Musa, 175 Southall et al, 51 Uwechue, 176 Sovereign National Conference, 47, 69, 71 Vasta, General Mamman J., 181, 184 sovereign state, 4 Vatican, 4 Soyinka, (Nobel Laureate) Wole, 73, 79 super-human, 5 Wabara, Adolphous, 96 Wada, Alhaji Inuwa, 175 Tafawa Balewa, Alhaji Abubakar Walbe, W., 175 (Prime Minister), 88, 91, 152, Welby-Everard, Sir Christopher E., 159–161, 166 159, 166 Taiwo, Col. Ibrahim, 169 Williamson, 40 Tarfa, Paul, 175 Wilson, 7, 8 Tarka, J.S., 154 Wushishi, Lt General Inuwa, 182 terror, application of, 4 Thatcher, Mrs Margaret, 14 Yar’Adua, General Shehu Musa, 175, see also “Thatcherism” 187, 203 Third Development Plan (1975– (see People’s Democratic Movement, 1980), 112–113 PDM) Thompson, Justice Adewale, 69 Yar’Adua, President Umaru Musa, 96, Thompson, Tunde, 179 208, 234, 239 Tofa, Bashir, 201 Yusuf, M.D., 191 Transparency International, 87 see also Corruption Perception Index Zoru, Abba, 157