Notes One The Leadership-Governance-Development Nexus: Separating Coincidences from Correlations 1. Examples are Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana; Herbert Macaulay, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Obafemi Awolowo, and Ahmadu Bello in Nigeria; Patrice Lumumba in Congo; Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya; Julius Nyerere in Tanganyika; Samora Machel in Mozambique; Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso; Augustinho Neto in Angola; and Sam Nujoma in Namibia). Two Values, Vision, and Leadership in a Diverse Society: A Review of Nigeria’s Environmental Engagement Challenges 1. G.T. Basden, 1966, Niger Ibos (London: Frank Cass). 2. The area taken up by water is 13,000 square km, leaving a land area of 910,768 square km. The coastline is 853 kilometres long. 3. According to one account, the Yoruba are descendants of Oduduwa who left the Arabian Peninsula and settled in Ife. He subsequently sent his scions as vice-regents to rule over the people of Benin, Oyo, Ijesha, Ekiti, etc. The Edo of Benin contest this version of Yoruba history. They, the Edo, argue that it would have been impossible for any of Oduduwa’s children to rule in Benin if father and son were outsiders. In other words, Oduduwa originated from Benin, and not the other way round. Fortunately, Yoruba history is beyond the scope of the current exercise. 4. N.A. Fadipe, 1970, The Sociology of the Yoruba, edited by F.O Okediji and O.O. Okediji (Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press), p. 314. 5. As a matter of fact, Islam represents an evolution from the earlier monotheis- tic religions, particularly, Judaism and Christianity. The Qur’an thus recog- nizes, and in fact gives prominence to, the earlier prophets such as Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus. 6. Not every Christian accepts the doctrine of trinity. The renowned physicist and winner of Templeton Prize in Religion, Freeman Dyson, is a Christian who does not subscribe to the doctrine. 7. See for instance the Qur’an (Surah 6, Ayah 75–79, and particularly Ayah 81–82 of the same Surah 6; Surah 13, Ayah 28; Surah 14, Ayah, 27; and Surah 48, Ayah 4). Surah 9, Ayahs 109–110 are more explicit on the crisis of faith: “The foundation (on which stands anything other than faith in Allah) will never be stable; and the hearts (of those who build on such a foundation) will 242 / notes continue to be tormented by doubt and insecurity, until the hearts are cut to pieces. And Allah is All-Knowing, Wise.” 8. A dictum made famous by a Chinese philosopher, Hui Shih, sums up the essence of taoheed: “Love all things equally: Heaven and Earth are one body.” 9. Basden, 1966. 10. G.J. Afolabi Ojo, 1966, Yoruba Culture (Ile-Ife: Universities of Ife and London Press). 11. The register was promptly impounded by the police, but its full content was not released to the public. 12. Theodore Orji’s election as Governor of Abia State was nullified by the Court of Appeal when his opponent, Onyema Ugochukwu, adduced evidence link- ing Orji to the Ogwugwu secret cult in Okija. Ugochukwu must have been tipped off by a news magazine which had secretly photographed Orji as he was, allegedly, going through the initiation rites. 13. Quoted in TELL, No. 36, September 6, 2004, p. 22. Three Leadership Selection, Governorship, and Development: The Institutional Dimension 1. Established on January 8, 1912. 2. Election to the Constituent Assembly was organized by the military regime which also nominated its own delegates. It is doubtful if deliberations at the Assembly were influenced by the will of the people. 3. This is the argument of Nigeria’s Vice President Atiku Abubakar in refusing to appear before an administrative tribunal which the federal government set up to decide on his (Atiku Abubakar’s) eligibility to contest the April 2007 presidential election. 4. The “legacies” that some leaders find easy to preserve are grand corruption, empty treasuries, election engineering, and human rights violations. 5. Shehu Shagari, 2001, Beckoned to Serve (a Memoir by Shehu Shagari) (Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books), p. 437. 6. Vanguard, February 11, 2008. 7. The conduct of primaries preceding local and national elections had some- times ended in violent disputes and loss of lives. Within two days (i.e., on January 14 and 15, 2008) up to 10 PDP members in Akwa Ibom State lost their life after a free-for-all fight ensued over the conduct of the party’s local govern- ment primaries in the state. See Punch and This Day, January 24, 2008. 8. Full text of the statement released by Peoples Democratic Party after the BOT Election Meeting on June 27, 2007 (PDP Secretariat, Abuja). 9. Views expressed by then vice president during author’s meeting with him in Abuja, Friday, February 16, 2007. 10. Shagari, 2001, p. 453. 11. Ibid, p. 437. 12. Of particular interest are the institutions that are underpinned by, among others, the ethos of representative democracy, the doctrine of Separation of Powers, and the abiding faith in individualism). This is not to say that the “American way” is right for others. Like America has done for itself, each notes / 243 society has to work out its governance formula based on values its people can easily identify with. Four Role of Civil Society in Leadership Recruitment and Renewal 1. The Action Group adopted “Life More Abundant” to broaden its pan- Nigerian appeal, and “Afenifere” to reach its Yoruba constituencies. Afenifere means “the party that has the interest of the people at heart” or “the party that has laid out a plan of welfare for the people.” 2. Other prominent members of Afenifere were Chief Bola Ige, Femi Okunrounmu, Pa Onasanya, Chief Reuben Fasoranti, Alhaji Ganiyu Dawodu, Mr. Olanihun Ajayi, Chief Olu Falae, Chief Adefarati, and Chief Ayo Adebanjo. 3. Tempo of November 12, 1998, p. 4. 4. The News Magazine, March 1, 1999, p. 18. 5. Interview with Reuters, April 5, 2003. 6. Human Rights Group, “The OPC: Fighting Violence with Violence,” Human Rights Watch, Vol. 15, No. 4A, February 2003. 7. Omoruyi draws the quotation from Ben Nwabueze, 1994, Nigeria ‘93: The Political Crisis and Solutions (Ibadan: Spectrum). 8. Among Igbo leaders that stood solidly behind MKO Abiola and insisted that he be sworn in as president after the 1992 presidential elections are Admiral Ndubuisi Kanu, Chiefs Bobo Nwosisi, Ralph Obioha, Dr. Chukwuemeka Ezeife, and Ralph Uwechue. 9. The labor unions (NLC, TUC, and TUC) alone have close to 7 million members. 10. This Day, December 31, 2005. 11. One of the interviewees put it in Hausa: “Bai yi contesting, beille ya ci” (mean- ing, “he, the candidate for office of governor, did not contest, let alone win the primary”). This must be in reference to the Rivers State. The Supreme Court has since decided in favor of the candidate who won the primary but was debarred by his party from contesting the election. 12. Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance Web site. 13. Some delegates (such as Chief Emeka Anyaoku [former Commonwealth Secretary-General] and Professor Adebayo Adedeji [former UN Under- Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ECA]), really merited the hon- orific “respected elder statesmen.” 14. http://quickstart.clari.net/voa/art/fr/2005–02-20-voa13html/. Five Soft Choices in a Hard Environment: Meeting Post-independence Governorship Challenges 1. An example is the Odemo of Ishara, Oba Samuel Akinsanya whose annual salary was reduced to a penny by the Akintola government for refusing to disown Awolowo. 2. The “ten per-centers” are the public officials that used to demand 10 per- cent of contract prices. Apparently the proportion of earnings expected to be 244 / notes kicked back by government contractors has gone up considerably since the early post-independence period. 3. H.E. General (Dr.) Yakubu Gowon’s written response to one of the questions from the author (August 19, 2008). 4. When Awolowo resigned from the Cabinet, Gowon picked a renowned econo- mist and public administration scholar, Professor Adebayo Adedeji, to succeed the sage, and fill the Western State’s slot in the Federal Executive Council. Six Engaging the Environment from the Macro-economic Angle: Economic Management after Independence 1. In recent months, South Africa too is facing the reality of electricity ration- ing, thanks to the growing household and industrial demand, and the failure to upgrade the aging power stations. Still, the electricity (as well as revenue) generation and overall management record of the state-owned Eskom is not as appalling as that of Nigeria’s NEPA. Seven Balancing Domestic Welfare Needs with External “Conditionalities”: Leadership Engagement with the People and the International Environment 1. Annual Report, 1951–2, 1952 (Lagos: Electricity Corporation of Nigeria). 2. President Yar’Adua’s decision in February 2008 to dismiss Mr. Foluseke Somolu, his special assistant on the Power Sector and coordinator, National Integrated Power Project, was a sign that the state of emergency in the energy sector was not mere rhetoric. The Special Assistant had stated that “only” US$5.16 billion had been allocated to the power sector, and not $10 billion as widely reported, and that even with this “meagre” sum, the sector had made “progress.” This must have infuriated the President as it did the majority of Nigerians! See This Day, February 19, 2008. The National Assembly subse- quently intervened, only to discover that the amount involved far exceeded the $10 billion which Foluseke questioned. The exact amount, according to the House of Representatives, was a whopping $16 billion! See the Punch, February 24, 2008. 3. The World Bank, January 2008, (http://devdata.worldbank.org/edstats/ SummaryEducationProfiles/CountryData/GetShow . ). 4.