DOCSLIB.ORG

EURASIA Black Sea Fleet Commander Takes Over Northern Fleet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EURASIA Black Sea Fleet Commander Takes Over Northern Fleet EURASIA Black Sea Fleet Commander takes over Northern Fleet OE Watch Commentary: Vice Admiral Aleksandr Alexsanderevich Moiseev has been a fast-burner in the Russian submarine service and has spent much of that time beneath Arctic ice. He is no stranger to the Northern Fleet. Aside from the expected achievements of an up-and-coming submariner, in 1998, his submarine launched two German commercial satellites into orbit while submerged. It was the first commercial space launch for the Russian Navy and the first commercial payload launched from a submarine. His involvement in the November 2018 Kerch Strait incident has done nothing to slow down his meteoric career. As the accompanying passage from the Barents Sea Independent Observer discusses, he is replacing Nikolay Yevmenov, who is promoted to command the Russian Navy. End OE Watch Commentary (Grau) “Aleksandr Moiseev served 29 years onboard nuclear submarines. Now, he is the new commander in charge of Russia’s most powerful fleet.” Map of Russian Northern Fleet bases. Source: Kallemax at English Wikipedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Northern_Fleet_bases.png, Public domain Source: Atle Staalesen, “Putin appoints new leader of Northern Fleet,” Barents Sea Independent Observer, 8 May 2019. https:// thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2019/05/putin-appoints-new-leader-northern-fleet Putin appoints new leader of Northern Fleet The decree from President Vladimir Putin was signed on the 3rd of May. But the news was made public by the Armed Forces only six days later as thousands of Navy officers were marching in the streets on Victory Day May 9th. The person who has headed the Northern Fleet for the past three years, Nikolay Yevmenov, is promoted to command the Russian Navy. He takes over the leadership of one of most powerful military forces in the world. Yevmenov replaces Vladimir Korolev, who has been in charge of the Russian Navy since 2016. Aleksandr Moiseev comes from the post as commander of the Black Sea Fleet where he has served since May 2018. He has long experiences in the North. For more than two decades, he served on board submarines that have crisscrossed the Arctic. He started in 1988 as engineer on a sub and ended up as captain onboard one of the world’s most powerful nuclear submarines. In 1994, he served on board the K-18 Karelia , a Delta-IV submarine, and was decorated for his participation in the planting of a Russian flag at the North Pole. From 1998 he headed the nuclear powered K-407 Novomoskovsk, another Delta IV sub. He later became head of the Northern Fleet’s 31st division, the powerful unit based in Zapadnaya Litsa on the Barents Sea coast. In 2008, he was in charge of the nuclear-powered submarine K-44 when it made a transfer from the Northern to the Pacific Fleet while submerged under the polar ice. He is a man well-liked by the President himself. In 2011, he was awarded the medal for Hero of the Russian Federation, and subsequently became the deputy commander of the Northern Fleet and then the leader of the submarine unit of that same fleet. THE RUSSIAN WAY OF WAR by LESTER W. GRAU and CHARLES K. BARTLES At any given time, assessments of the Russian Armed Forces vary between the idea of an in- competent and corrupt conscript army manning decrepit Soviet equipment and relying solely on brute force, to the idea of an elite military filled with Special Operations Forces (SOF) who were the “polite people” or “little green men” seen on the streets in Crimea. This book will attempt to split the difference between these radically different ideas by shedding some light on what the Russian Ground Forces consist of, how they are structured, how they fight, and how they are modernizing. DOWNLOAD AT: https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/fmso-books/199251/download OE Watch | June 2019 7.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OOB of the Russian Fleet (Kommersant, 2008)
    The Entire Russian Fleet - Kommersant Moscow 21/03/08 09:18 $1 = 23.6781 RUR Moscow 28º F / -2º C €1 = 36.8739 RUR St.Petersburg 25º F / -4º C Search the Archives: >> Today is Mar. 21, 2008 11:14 AM (GMT +0300) Moscow Forum | Archive | Photo | Advertising | Subscribe | Search | PDA | RUS Politics Mar. 20, 2008 E-mail | Home The Entire Russian Fleet February 23rd is traditionally celebrated as the Soviet Army Day (now called the Homeland Defender’s Day), and few people remember that it is also the Day of Russia’s Navy. To compensate for this apparent injustice, Kommersant Vlast analytical weekly has compiled The Entire Russian Fleet directory. It is especially topical since even Russia’s Commander-in-Chief compared himself to a slave on the galleys a week ago. The directory lists all 238 battle ships and submarines of Russia’s Naval Fleet, with their board numbers, year of entering service, name and rank of their commanders. It also contains the data telling to which unit a ship or a submarine belongs. For first-class ships, there are schemes and tactic-technical characteristics. So detailed data on all Russian Navy vessels, from missile cruisers to base type trawlers, is for the first time compiled in one directory, making it unique in the range and amount of information it covers. The Entire Russian Fleet carries on the series of publications devoted to Russia’s armed forces. Vlast has already published similar directories about the Russian Army (#17-18 in 2002, #18 in 2003, and #7 in 2005) and Russia’s military bases (#19 in 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Making Waves
    Making Waves Sea Blindness and Australia’s Second Sea Navy (RAN), HMAS Stirling, at Garden Island, off Fre- Brian K. Wentzell mantle, Western Australia. The base is now the home of all Collins-class submarines, five Anzac frigates and a It is interesting to examine countries with coasts on more single fleet tanker. There is also a heliport to support he- than one ocean. Which coast is emphasized illustrates licopters assigned to the ships. Other resources, includ- much about the country’s history. Thus in Canada, the ing the landing ships, air warfare destroyers, coastal pa- focus has historically been on the Atlantic Ocean. Only trol vessels and mine warfare forces would have to deploy recently has focus changed to the Pacific coast and even from the east coast and northern areas to counter a major more recently the Arctic coast. For Australia the focus has maritime threat in the eastern Indian Ocean. been on the Pacific Ocean, and not the Indian Ocean. The Royal Australian Air Force has three air bases, two of David Brewster, writing for the Australian Strategic Policy which are in a maintained but inactive status in the north Institute, has highlighted the importance of the Indian coast area of Western Australia, and the other is a training Ocean as a waterway to world markets from the west and airfield shared with the Republic of Singapore Air Force northwest of the Australian continent. His article, entitled near Perth, which is on the southwest coast. Aside from “Australia’s Second Sea: Facing Our Multipolar Future in two training squadrons, there are no dedicated combat, the Indian Ocean,” exposes Australia’s national blindness early warning, maritime patrol or cargo aircraft based in to the importance of this ocean to the economy and secur- the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Declaration by the High Representative Federica Mogherini on Behalf of the EU on the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol
    PRESS Council of the EU EN PRESS RELEASE 195/19 17/03/2019 Declaration by the High Representative Federica Mogherini on behalf of the EU on the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol Five years on from the illegal annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol by the Russian Federation, the European Union remains steadfast in its commitment to Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The European Union reiterates that it does not recognise and continues to condemn this violation of international law. It remains a direct challenge to international security, with grave implications for the international legal order that protects the territorial integrity, unity and sovereignty of all States. The European Union remains committed to fully implementing its non-recognition policy, including through restrictive measures. The European Union calls again on UN Member States to consider similar non-recognition measures in line with the UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262. Russia's violations of international law have led to a dangerous increase in tensions at the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov. The unjustified use of force by Russia against Ukraine on 25 November 2018 is a reminder of the negative effects of the illegal annexation of the Crimean peninsula on regional stability. The EU reiterates its call on Russia to release the illegally captured Ukrainian crewmembers, vessels and equipment unconditionally and without further delay. Pending their release, Russia should respect their rights to legal representation and access by consular authorities, and to provide the injured crewmen with appropriate medical treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Naval Postgraduate School Thesis
    NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS A STUDY OF THE RUSSIAN ACQUISITION OF THE FRENCH MISTRAL AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT WARSHIPS by Patrick Thomas Baker June 2011 Thesis Advisor: Mikhail Tsypkin Second Reader: Douglas Porch Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2011 Master‘s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS A Study of the Russian Acquisition of the French Mistral Amphibious Assault Warships 6. AUTHOR(S) Patrick Thomas Baker 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Northern Black Sea Region in Classical Antiquity 4
    The Northern Black Sea Region by Kerstin Susanne Jobst In historical studies, the Black Sea region is viewed as a separate historical region which has been shaped in particular by vast migration and acculturation processes. Another prominent feature of the region's history is the great diversity of religions and cultures which existed there up to the 20th century. The region is understood as a complex interwoven entity. This article focuses on the northern Black Sea region, which in the present day is primarily inhabited by Slavic people. Most of this region currently belongs to Ukraine, which has been an independent state since 1991. It consists primarily of the former imperial Russian administrative province of Novorossiia (not including Bessarabia, which for a time was administered as part of Novorossiia) and the Crimean Peninsula, including the adjoining areas to the north. The article also discusses how the region, which has been inhabited by Scythians, Sarmatians, Greeks, Romans, Goths, Huns, Khazars, Italians, Tatars, East Slavs and others, fitted into broader geographical and political contexts. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Space of Myths and Legends 3. The Northern Black Sea Region in Classical Antiquity 4. From the Khazar Empire to the Crimean Khanate and the Ottomans 5. Russian Rule: The Region as Novorossiia 6. World War, Revolutions and Soviet Rule 7. From the Second World War until the End of the Soviet Union 8. Summary and Future Perspective 9. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Literature 3. Notes Indices Citation Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • Mare Nostrum Strategy: Russian Military Activity in the Black Sea
    SPECIAL REPORT 03/21/2019 MARE NOSTRUM STRATEGY: RUSSIAN MILITARY ACTIVITY IN THE BLACK SEA Warsaw Institute MARE NOSTRUM STRATEGY: RUSSIAN MILITARY ACTIVITY IN THE BLACK SEA SOURCE: MIL.RU l Owing to its geographic location, Russia’s prerequisite to acquire and maintain the status of a superpower has long been to seize and retain control over two maritime „windows to the world.” This strategy was first mapped out by Peter the Great and led to multiple wars in the Baltic and Black Seas. l Russia has in the past focused on intensifying its activities in the south, as exemplified by the conflict with Ukraine and Moscow’s armed intervention in the Syrian civil war. Symbolically, this is illustrated by making the Black Sea city of Sochi Russia’s „summer capital” and a place where Vladimir Putin hosts world leaders and Kremlin officials. l The Black Sea is to become a platform from where Russia is able to exert influence on neighboring regions, including the Middle East, the Balkans and the Mediterranean countries. The Kremlin’s accom- plishments in the Black Sea region and friendly ties with the Turkish authorities successfully obstructed shipping Caspian hydrocarbon supplies to Europe. l Thanks to the annexation of Crimea from Ukraine in 2014 and increased combat capabilities in the immediate vicinity of the peninsula, Russia finally managed to regain dominance across the Black Sea it had lost in 1991. For Russia, it is vital to exert full control over Crimea as it will permit the Kremlin to hold Kiev in check while extending field reconnaissance activities and firing capabilities to the vast area of the Black Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific Fleet Strategic Nuclear Augmentation
    EURASIA Pacific Fleet Strategic Nuclear Augmentation OE Watch Commentary: As the accompanying passage from Izvestia reports, the Borei class (also called the Dolgorukii class) nuclear- powered ballistic missile submarine is replacing the Typhoon and Delta class submarines of the Russian Navy. Significantly, Russia is moving to balance their naval nuclear strike force between the Northern and Pacific Fleet. The underpopulated Eastern Military District has fewer combat forces than those to the West. This move is part of Russia’s gradual reinforcement of the eastern periphery as well as providing a higher degree of survivability for its naval nuclear strike force. End OE Watch Commentary (Grau) “Russia is building up its strategic nuclear forces in the east. The shipbuilders will soon be handing over the Project 955A Borei-class missile submarine cruiser Knyaz Oleg [Prince Oleg] to the Pacific Fleet. The new boat will be based in Kamchatka.” Source: Aleksei Ramm, Bogdan Stepovoy, “«Князь» моря сего: новый подводный крейсер пополнит Тихоокеанский флот (Prince of This Sea: Submarine Cruiser Will Augment Pacific Fleet),”Izvestia , 3 September 2019. https://iz.ru/914852/aleksei-ramm-bogdan-stepovoi/kniaz- moria-sego-novyi-podvodnyi-kreiser-popolnit-tikhookeanskii-flot Prince of This Sea: Submarine Cruiser Will Augment Pacific Fleet It was originally destined for the Northern Fleet, but there was a change to the Defense Ministry’s plans. A Pacific Fleet crew for the submarine has already been raised, and this has been dispatched to Severodvinsk to take over the boat from the shipbuilders…. The series of fourth-generation Borei- and Borei-A-class missile platforms will provide the basis of Russia’s sea-based Strategic Nuclear Forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Romanov News Новости Романовых
    Romanov News Новости Романовых By Ludmila & Paul Kulikovsky №138 September 2019 New Bust to Emperor Alexander III at St. Nicholas Church in Polyarny City A monument to Emperor Alexander III was solemnly opened and consecrated in Polyarny city On the occasion of the 120th anniversary of Polyarny, a solemn opening ceremony of the bust of Emperor Alexander III took place on the territory of St. Nicholas Church. Polyarny is a city in the Murmansk region, located on the shores of the Catherine’s harbour of the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea, about 30 km from Murmansk. The city is home to the Northern Fleet and as such is a closed city. The port was laid down in the summer of 1899 and named Alexandrovsk in honour of Emperor Alexander III. In 1931 it was renamed Polyarny., Parishioners of the church of St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker and Rector Archpriest Sergei Mishchenko, initiated and sponsored the bronze bust of the great Russian Emperor Alexander III. The monument was made with donations from parishioners and in February 2019 was delivered from the workshop of Simferopol to Polyarny. The opening and consecration ceremony was conducted by Bishop Tarasiy of the North Sea and Umba. The St. Nicholas Church, with the bust of Emperor Alexander III standing under the bell tower. Stories from Crimea In 2019, there were two extraordinaire reasons to visit Crimea and Yalta in particular - the 100 years anniversary of several members of the Imperial Romanov family, including Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, leaving Russia from Yalta - and 125 years since the repose of Emperor Alexander III in Livadia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Northern Fleet Sources of Radioactive Contamination
    NO9600025 Bellona Report Volume 2:1996 NEI-NO--726 \ Sources of Radioactive contamination Thomas Nilsen Igor Kudrik Alexandr Nikitin BELLONA V .., I! V: NO9600025 Bellona Report Volume 2:1996 The Russian Northern Fleet Sources of Radioactive contamination Thomas Nilsen Igor Kudrik Alexandr Nikitin 2 C 1 0 1 The publication of this report is sponsored by: Stiftelsen Fritt Ord/Foundation for Freedom of Expression (Main contributor) Contributors: Norsk Hydro a.s. Petrochemicals Division NORSAS, Norwegian Resource Centre for Waste Aker ASA Management and Recycling Chemical Workers Union of Norway Norsk Sivilingeni0rers Forening Norwegian Seafood Export Council Norges ingeni0rorganisasjon (NITO) FESIL AS Green Sea Operations AS Norwegian Society of Engineers UNI STOREBRAND Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry AGAAS WASA Forsiikring (Stockholm) OZO Hotwater A/S Norwegian Fishermen's Association Energiforsyningens Fellesorganisasjon EnFO Norwegian Federation of Oilworkers' Trade Union Store Norske Spitsbergen Kullkompani AS Norwegian Polar Institute Svalbard Samfunnsdrift AS Odda Smelteverk Norzink AS Published by: The Bellona Foundation Norway: P.O. Box 2141, Griinerl0kka N-0505 OSLO, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Russia: Brussels: USA Russia Bellona Europa Bellona USA 183038 Murmansk 142-144 Avenue de Tervueren 310 D Street NE P.O. Box 4310 B-1150Bruxelles Washington, DC 20002 Bellona Russia Belgium USA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] URL: Photos: Copying permitted when source is http://www.grida.no/ngo/bellona/ John Berg (archive), Thorbj0rn Bj0r- stated. kli, Per Stale Bugjerde, Nils B0hmer, ISBN 82-993138-5-6 The Norwegian Defence, Frederic Comments to this report are welco- ISSN 0806-3451 Hauge, Aleksej Klimov, Igor Kudrik, med.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 2005, No.1
    www.ukrweekly.com Published by the Ukrainian National Association Inc., a fraternal non-profit association Vol. LXXIII HE KRAINIANNo. 1 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, JANUARY 2, 2005 EEKLY$1/$2 in Ukraine YushchenkoT U elected presidentW of Ukraine by Andrew Nynka Kyiv Press Bureau KYIV – Viktor Yushchenko won Ukraine’s presiden- tial election on December 26, the country’s Central Election Commission said after announcing the prelimi- nary result of the tally. But Mr. Yushchenko’s opponent, Viktor Yanukovych, has refused to concede and has launched an appeal of the result, delaying Mr. Yushchenko’s inauguration. Speaking in his first public appearance after the polls closed at 8 p.m., Mr. Yushchenko proudly announced his victory at 2:30 a.m. on Monday, December 27. “The first news,” he said into a microphone at his campaign headquarters, “It happened.” “This is a victory of the Ukrainian people, the Ukrainian nation,” he said before a mass of some 500 journalists who applauded wildly after he made his ini- tial statement. “The era of [Leonid] Kuchma, [Viktor] Medvedchuk and [Viktor] Yanukovych fades away into the past. An era of a great new democracy is starting. This is what dozens of millions of Ukrainians dreamt about. Today it is fashionable, stylish and beautiful to be a citizen of Ukraine,” he said. Though Mr. Yushchenko proclaimed he had won the rerun of the run-off election the day after the polls closed, the Central Election Commission did not announce the conclusion of its preliminary tally until the following day. AP/Efrem Lukatsky (Continued on page 10) Supporters of Viktor Yushchenko celebrate during a rally in Independence Square on December 27.
    [Show full text]
  • NAVAL FORCES USING THORDON SEAWATER LUBRICATED PROPELLER SHAFT BEARINGS September 7, 2021
    NAVAL AND COAST GUARD REFERENCES NAVAL FORCES USING THORDON SEAWATER LUBRICATED PROPELLER SHAFT BEARINGS September 7, 2021 ZERO POLLUTION | HIGH PERFORMANCE | BEARING & SEAL SYSTEMS RECENT ORDERS Algerian National Navy 4 Patrol Vessels Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2020 Argentine Navy 3 Gowind Class Offshore Patrol Ships Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2022-2027 Royal Australian Navy 12 Arafura Class Offshore Patrol Vessels Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2021-2027 Royal Australian Navy 2 Supply Class Auxiliary Oiler Replenishment (AOR) Ships Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2020 Government of Australia 1 Research Survey Icebreaker Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2020 COMPAC SXL Seawater lubricated propeller Seawater lubricated propeller shaft shaft bearings for blue water bearings & grease free rudder bearings LEGEND 2 | THORDON Seawater Lubricated Propeller Shaft Bearings RECENT ORDERS Canadian Coast Guard 1 Fishery Research Ship Thordon SXL Bearings 2020 Canadian Navy 6 Harry DeWolf Class Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ships (AOPS) Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2020-2022 Egyptian Navy 4 MEKO A-200 Frigates Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2021-2024 French Navy 4 Bâtiments Ravitailleurs de Force (BRF) – Replenishment Vessels Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2021-2027 French Navy 1 Classe La Confiance Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2020 French Navy 1 Socarenam 53 Custom Patrol Vessel Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2019 THORDON Seawater Lubricated Propeller Shaft Bearings | 3 RECENT ORDERS German Navy 4 F125 Baden-Württemberg Class Frigates Thordon COMPAC Bearings 2019-2021 German Navy 5 K130
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Constraints to Soviet Maritime Power Brian Needham University of Rhode Island
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Theses and Major Papers Marine Affairs 1989 Geographical Constraints to Soviet Maritime Power Brian Needham University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/ma_etds Part of the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Needham, Brian, "Geographical Constraints to Soviet Maritime Power" (1989). Theses and Major Papers. Paper 305. This Major Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Marine Affairs at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Major Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEOGRAPIllCAL CONSTRAINTS TO SOVIET MARITIME POWER BY BRIAN NEEDHAM . A PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF MARINE AFFAIRS UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1989 MAJOR PAPER MASTER OF MARINE AFFAIRS APPROVED _ Professor Lewis M. Alexander UNNERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1989 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Table of Contents i i INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 3 Recent History 3 Status of the Soviet Navy 4 Missions of the Soviet Navy 5 GEOGRAPHICAL CONSTRAINTS 8 Physical Constraints 8 Political and Legal 9 Military 1 0 THE NORTHERN FLEET 1 3 THE BALTIC FLEET 17 THE BLACK SEA FLEET 22 THE PACIFIC FLEET 26 ALTERNATIVES 31 Overseas Bases 31 Offensive Operations 32 Defensive Operations 32 Change of Policy 33 i i CONCLUSIONS 35 N01ES 37 BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 Orientation Maps 40 iii GEOGRAPHIC CONSTRAINTS TO SOVIET MARITIME POWER INTRODUCTION Despite Soviet military expansion on land immediately following World War II, maritime strategy remained defensive in nature and the four Soviet Fleets operated largely in the vicinity of their own bases.
    [Show full text]