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Managing Woody Bush Encroachment Impacting MANAGING WOODY BUSH ENCROACHMENT IMPACTING SOUTHERN WHITE RHINO (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM SIMUM) HABITAT ON A PRIVATE RESERVE IN SOUTH AFRICA by Kelli Ann Stephens A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Environmental Studies The Evergreen State College June 2019 ©2019 by Kelli Ann Stephens. All rights reserved. This Thesis for the Master of Environmental Studies Degree by Kelli Ann Stephens has been approved for The Evergreen State College by ________________________ Tyrus Smith, PhD Member of the Faculty ________________________ Date ABSTRACT Managing woody bush encroachment impacting southern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum simum) habitat on a private reserve in South Africa Kelli Ann Stephens Private nature reserves in South Africa have been a key contributor to the stabilization of southern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum simum) populations. However, woody bush encroachment is a widespread problem threatening the vital grasslands these rhinos rely on. This research aims to help UmPhafa Private Nature Reserve establish a bush encroachment management plan by identifying land cover changes over the past 18 years and by establishing key areas to restore to grasslands. UmPhafa’s white rhino population was observed for six weeks during the summer months (Jan.-Feb, 2019) where limited- species quadrat surveys acquired the data on lemon bush (Lippia javanica), scented-pod acacia (Vachellia nilotica), sweet-thorn acacia (Vachellia karroo), paperbark acacia (Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii), and hook-thorn acacia (Senegalia caffra) concentrations near the rhino’s summer habitat. These maps were combined with hotspot encroachment locations, ranger encroachment maps, and past seasonal rhino movements by to establish ten zones that encompassed 144.5 hectares for restoration. A weighted decision matrix was used to decide the prioritization of these zones based on their likely restoration impact towards increasing the rhinos’ current grassland habitat. This study provides UmPhafa reserve managers with a guide to begin restoring grasslands that have been in steady declined since the rhinos were reintroduced to the land. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 4 The Southern White Rhino’s Recovery ............................................................................... 4 Southern White Rhino - Umkhombe .................................................................................... 5 Physiology and Anatomy ...................................................................................... 5 Ecology and Diet ................................................................................................... 7 Rhinos as Ecosystem Engineers ............................................................................ 9 Bush Encroachment .............................................................................................................. 10 Controlling Bush Encroachment ......................................................................... 11 The Role of Fire ................................................................................................... 11 Lippia javanica - Umswazi .................................................................................. 14 Acacia - ................................................................................................................ 15 Conservation Decision Making........................................................................................... 18 METHODS ....................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 20 Study Area ............................................................................................................................. 21 Rhino Population .................................................................................................................. 23 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................... 24 GIS Data Modeling ............................................................................................................... 28 NDVI .................................................................................................................... 29 Land Cover Classification ................................................................................... 31 Survey Representation ......................................................................................... 33 Weighted Decision Matrix ................................................................................... 34 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 35 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 35 NDVI Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 35 Land Cover Changes ............................................................................................................ 38 GIS Data Modeling ............................................................................................................... 41 Lippia javanica .................................................................................................... 41 Acacia .................................................................................................................. 43 iv Restoration Priority Zones ................................................................................................... 47 Weighted Decision Matrix ................................................................................................... 48 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 51 Recommended BE Management Plan ................................................................................ 52 Future Research..................................................................................................................... 54 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 55 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 57 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 65 Appendix A. Ranger bush encroachment problem area maps. ....................................... 65 Appendix B. Historic rhino location maps. ....................................................................... 67 v List of Figures Figure 1. Anatomy differences between the white and black rhino ................................................ 6 Figure 2. Top Photo: Four rhinos grazing on an open area with a low density of small shrubs. Middle Photo: Two rhinos grazing among moderately dense patches of shrubs 2-4 m high. Bottom Photo: Two rhinos resting in the shade of acacia over 4 m high ........................................ 8 Figure 3. The image on the left shows acacia coppicing (new growth) 5 months after a fire in Sept. 2018 caused the plant to be top killed. The image on the right shows a ranger standing amongst several L. javanica plants coppicing after being top killed. ............................................ 12 Figure 4. Various acacia tree species in modern pop culture depictions of Africa. ...................... 16 Figure 5. Top left corner: Scented-pod acacia to the left of the giraffes, and sweet-thorn to the right. Top right corner: Giraffe in front of large paperbark acacia. Bottom: Close up of sweet- thorn (left side) and hook-thorn (right side) growing next to one another. .................................... 18 Figure 6. Elevation map of UmPhafa Private Nature Reserve. The green border outlines the Gevonden area, where the rhinos are kept for safety purposes. The green, dotted line designates the cable fence that all animals can travel through, except the rhinos. .......................................... 22 Figure 7. Determining the center point of the quadrat was determined by a random number generator. ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 8. Visual of the “90% Land Cover or Above Encroachment” data collection form on Survey123 ...................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 9. Visual of the “Woody Encroachment” data collection form on Survey123. ................. 27 Figure 10. NDVI is calculated from the visible (Red) and near-infrared (NIR) light reflected by vegetation. ...................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 11. Example of the Vegetative Analysis band combination SWIR 1/NIR/Red on a 2019 Sentinel-2 composite image. .........................................................................................................
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