DOCSLIB.ORG

A Review of Potential Methods for Monitoring Rangeland Degradation in Libya Abdulsalam Al-Bukhari1,2, Stephen Hallett1* and Tim Brewer1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Review of Potential Methods for Monitoring Rangeland Degradation in Libya Abdulsalam Al-Bukhari1,2, Stephen Hallett1* and Tim Brewer1 Al-bukhari et al. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice (2018) 8:13 Pastoralism: Research, Policy https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-018-0118-4 and Practice REVIEW Open Access A review of potential methods for monitoring rangeland degradation in Libya Abdulsalam Al-bukhari1,2, Stephen Hallett1* and Tim Brewer1 Abstract Natural and human factors exert a profound impact on the degradation of rangelands, human effects being the most significant factor in increasing the severity of deterioration. This occurs through agricultural expansion at the expense of rangelands, and with the number of domestic and wildlife animals exceeding the natural carrying capacity. This raises concerns about the ongoing sustainability of these land resources, as well as the sustainability of traditional pastoral land practices. Rangelands require effective management, which is dependent upon accurate and timely monitoring data to support the assessment of rangeland deterioration. Natural rangelands provide one of the significant pillars of support for the Libyan national economy. Despite the important role of rangeland in Libya from both economic and environmental perspectives, the vegetation cover of Libyan rangeland has changed adversely qualitatively and quantitatively over the past four decades. Ground-based observation methods are widely used to assess rangeland degradation in Libya. However, multi-temporal observations are often not integrated nor repeatable, making it difficult for rangeland managers to detect degradation consistently. Field study costs are also significantly high in comparison with their accuracy and reliability, both in terms of the time and resources required. Remote-sensing approaches offer the advantage of spanning large geographical areas with multiple spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. These data can play a significant role in rangeland monitoring, permitting observation, monitoring and prediction of vegetation changes, productivity assessment, fire extent, vegetation and soil moisture measurement and quantifying the proliferation of invasive plant species. This paper reviews the factors causing rangeland degradation in Libya, identifying appropriate remote-sensing methods that can be used to implement appropriate monitoring procedures. Keywords: Libyan rangeland, Land degradation indicators, Rangeland monitoring, Rangeland management, Remote-sensing data Introduction These areas provide essential forage for animals and a habi- Substantial increases in the world’s population over the tat for wildlife in many places globally (Yu et al. 2010). past 50 years have led to extensive overuse of natural Many human communities live in and depend directly resources, with consequent and serious environmental im- upon rangelands for their livelihood, whereas others rely on pacts (UN DESA 2015). One principal concern is the the rangelands for recreation and for its spiritual and cul- growing and extensive abuse of rangelands in many arid tural values (Maczko et al. 2011). Rangelands support both and semi-arid regions of the world. Rangelands are defined those living within them and those beyond (AU-IBAR as those parts of the world where domestic animals and 2012). It is estimated that rangelands store up to 30% of the wildlife graze on native vegetation (Squires 2010), and world’s soil carbon, in addition to the substantial amount of cover 40–50%ofthegloballandarea(Mitchell2000). above-ground carbon stored in trees, bushes, shrubs and grasses (Neely et al. 2009). As ecosystems become * Correspondence: [email protected] degraded, their capacity to deliver such services become 1School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedford undermined (Favretto et al. 2016). The capacity of range- MK43 0AL, UK lands as a feed source for livestock and the support of Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Al-bukhari et al. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice (2018) 8:13 Page 2 of 14 sustainable livelihoods for herders has been reduced rangelands occupy about 13.3 million hectares, extend- due to the combination of various factors, including ing across more than 70% of the land area of the coun- degradation due to overgrazing and expansion of cul- try. They are distributed across four regions according tivation (Bounejmate et al. 2004). The primary force to the classification of the Development Commission of driving rangeland degradation is often attributed to Rangeland (1980): the western, central and eastern anthropogenic influences, e.g. overgrazing and mis- regions, located above the 50-mm isohyet, and the management of resources by pastoralists (WISP 2008; southern region, located below the 50-mm isohyet Li et al. 2013; Sidahmed and Yazman 1994;Squires (Figure 1). 2010). The degradation of biophysical rangeland These areas play an important role in protecting the resources has serious implications for pastoral ecosys- environment and conserving the soil from erosion by tems, livelihoods and livestock production (AU-IBAR water and wind, which is reflected in the impact reduc- 2012). Squires (2010) states that many land-use strat- tion of desertification factors. They are also important as egies and methods are no longer suitable in the face a recreational resource, providing an important source of economic and political changes, due to population of firewood, aromatic and medicinal plants as well as growth and the trend for nomadic pastoralists to become non-traditional food. Moreover, a large number of sedentary. Rangeland degradation has become a signifi- people in Libya work in sectors related to rangeland cant challenge in North Africa due to its impact on the (Omar Al-Mukhtar University 2005). The Libyan range- spatial extent of the rangelands and their productivity land contributes an important role towards the food needs (Dutilly-Diane 2007) and in Libya this situation was recog- of the large numbers of grazing animals, whose total an- nised by Dregne and Chou (1992) where two thirds of the nual food requirement is estimated to be some 562 thou- rangeland were categorised as degraded. sand tons (Rangeland Development Project 2008). The Libyan rangelands are one of the significant pillars of rangeland also contains the largest soil seed banks support for the Libyan national economy. Libyan amongst Libyan rangelands (El-Barasi and Saaed 2013). Figure 1 Distribution of Libyan rangeland in relation to terrain and rainfall Al-bukhari et al. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice (2018) 8:13 Page 3 of 14 However, the vegetation cover in Libyan rangeland has semi-arid lands and represents one of the most serious changed both qualitatively and quantitatively over the past global environmental challenges and requires a solution four decades as a result of many factors including low (Hill et al. 1995; Kassahun et al. 2008). rainfall, overgrazing, improper agricultural practices, mis- management, misuse, seasonal fire outbreaks, frequent Field-based monitoring of rangeland degradation droughts, wind and water erosion and human activities The assessment of degradation in arid rangelands is dif- (Darag and Yousif 1996;OmarAlMukhtarUniversity ficult due to short-term variations in rainfall, landscape 2005). This paper reviews the factors causing degradation diversity and the problems associated with sampling in Libyan rangel and identifies remote-sensing methods large areas (Pickup et al. 1998). Moreover, the pastoral that can be used as part of a monitoring programme. systems have been characterized by high mobility, dyna- mism and a high dependency on local knowledge (SCBD Rangeland degradation 2010) to manage a highly diverse and complex environ- Rangeland degradation has an impact on biotic sustainability ment, given the high spatial and temporal variability of and reduces the variety of future uses of rangeland ecosys- the resources in the drylands (AU-IBAR 2012). Range- tems (Kauffman et al. 1997). Decisions taken about land use, land management as a discipline, observing alteration in the number of livestock species to use, the season of use and forage, land cover and land use, is dependent upon the stocking density all have profound and far-reaching effects judgement and experience of field specialists and less on on the stability and, ultimately, the sustainable use of range- quantitative methods (Booth and Tueller 2003; West lands (Squires 2010). Rangeland degradation may be defined 2003). Existing strategies for rangeland evaluation can be as “the retrogression of vegetative cover leading to surface divided into two main groups: traditional field tech- layer exposure to wind and soil erosion by washing away the niques based on actual fieldwork, and direct measure- organic compositions that give vigour to plants’ develop- ments of surface cover, and remote-sensing ment” (Solomon 2003), arising as a consequence of excessive methodologies based on non-intrusive measurements human activities and/or unfavourable natural conditions. with limited fieldwork (Svoray et al. 2013). Monitoring Rangeland degradation represents more than the retreat of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding the Causes of Bush Encroachment in Africa: the Key to Effective Management of Savanna Grasslands
    Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales (2013) Volume 1, 215−219 Understanding the causes of bush encroachment in Africa: The key to effective management of savanna grasslands OLAOTSWE E. KGOSIKOMA1 AND KABO MOGOTSI2 1Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana. www.moa.gov.bw 2Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Francistown, Botswana. www.moa.gov.bw Keywords: Rangeland degradation, fire, indigenous ecological knowledge, livestock grazing, rainfall variability. Abstract The increase in biomass and abundance of woody plant species, often thorny or unpalatable, coupled with the suppres- sion of herbaceous plant cover, is a widely recognized form of rangeland degradation. Bush encroachment therefore has the potential to compromise rural livelihoods in Africa, as many depend on the natural resource base. The causes of bush encroachment are not without debate, but fire, herbivory, nutrient availability and rainfall patterns have been shown to be the key determinants of savanna vegetation structure and composition. In this paper, these determinants are discussed, with particular reference to arid and semi-arid environments of Africa. To improve our current under- standing of causes of bush encroachment, an integrated approach, involving ecological and indigenous knowledge systems, is proposed. Only through our knowledge of causes of bush encroachment, both direct and indirect, can better livelihood adjustments be made, or control measures and restoration of savanna ecosystem functioning be realized. Resumen Una forma ampliamente reconocida de degradación de pasturas es el incremento de la abundancia de especies de plan- tas leñosas, a menudo espinosas y no palatables, y de su biomasa, conjuntamente con la pérdida de plantas herbáceas. En África, la invasión por arbustos puede comprometer el sistema de vida rural ya que muchas personas dependen de los recursos naturales básicos.
    [Show full text]
  • Response of Wildlife to Bush Thinning on the North Central Freehold Farmlands of Namibia T
    Forest Ecology and Management 473 (2020) 118330 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Response of wildlife to bush thinning on the north central freehold farmlands of Namibia T Matti T. Nghikembuaa,b,c, Laurie L. Markera,b, Bruce Brewera,b, Lauri Mehtätaloc, Mark Appiahc,d, ⁎ Ari Pappinenc, a Cheetah Conservation Fund, Otjiwarongo, Namibia b CCF Bush PTY Ltd, Otijwarongo, Namibia c University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, Joensuu Campus, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland d Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (CSIR-FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Agriculture is considered the backbone of the Namibian economy. However, bush encroachment affects ap- Bush encroachment proximately 45 million hectares of Namibian farmland and in the absence of appropriate restoration measures, Biodiversity negatively affects local biodiversity and the national economy. Bush thinning operations on three freehold farms Restoration were assessed to examine the response of local ungulates (small, medium, large) and predators (meso, large). Carrying capacity Camera traps were used to capture wildlife in bush encroached and previously thinned habitats. We hy- Overgrazing pothesized that thinning would increase the activity of small, medium, and large ungulates, meso and large Bush thinning predators, and that the magnitude of the increase in activity at thinned sites would differ among animal types. Our results revealed that the expected animal captures were not equal – small, medium, and large ungulates were common, large predators were least common; thinned areas had more expected animal captures and overall animal-treatment interactions were almost significant (p = 0.051).
    [Show full text]
  • 4.0 Ramoelo 20032018.Indd
    © University of Hamburg 2018 All rights reserved Klaus Hess Publishers Göttingen & Windhoek www.k-hess-verlag.de ISBN: 978-3-933117-95-3 (Germany), 978-99916-57-43-1 (Namibia) Language editing: Will Simonson (Cambridge), and Proofreading Pal Translation of abstracts to Portuguese: Ana Filipa Guerra Silva Gomes da Piedade Page desing & layout: Marit Arnold, Klaus A. Hess, Ria Henning-Lohmann Cover photographs: front: Thunderstorm approaching a village on the Angolan Central Plateau (Rasmus Revermann) back: Fire in the miombo woodlands, Zambia (David Parduhn) Cover Design: Ria Henning-Lohmann ISSN 1613-9801 Printed in Germany Suggestion for citations: Volume: Revermann, R., Krewenka, K.M., Schmiedel, U., Olwoch, J.M., Helmschrot, J. & Jürgens, N. (eds.) (2018) Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa – assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions. Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. Articles (example): Archer, E., Engelbrecht, F., Hänsler, A., Landman, W., Tadross, M. & Helmschrot, J. (2018) Seasonal prediction and regional climate projections for southern Africa. In: Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa – assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions (ed. by Revermann, R., Krewenka, K.M., Schmiedel, U., Olwoch, J.M., Helmschrot, J. & Jürgens, N.), pp. 14–21, Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. Corrections brought to our attention will be published at the following location: http://www.biodiversity-plants.de/biodivers_ecol/biodivers_ecol.php Biodiversity & Ecology Journal of the Division Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of Plants, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg Volume 6: Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa Assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions Edited by Rasmus Revermann1, Kristin M.
    [Show full text]
  • Tanzanian Rangelands in a Changing Climate: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation
    Net Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 2(1), pp. 1-10, January 2014 ISSN: 2315-9766 Review Tanzanian rangelands in a changing climate: Impacts, adaptations and mitigation Sangeda A. Z.1* and Malole J. L.2 1Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania. 2Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3007, Morogoro, Tanzania. Accepted 12 December, 2013 ABSTRACT Livestock are central to the livelihoods of Tanzanians who rely on them for income via sales of milk, meat, skins and draught power. Owning livestock is amongst the ways in which many Tanzanians could diversify their risks, increase assets and improve their resilience to changes in climate. Though local coping strategies can deal with shocks in the short-term, they are hardly able to cope with more frequent and severe climate events. Observably, temperature, rainfall and atmospheric CO2 concentration interact with grazing and land cover change to influence rangeland quality and composition. Increased temperature increases drought stress and tissue lignifications in plants and, consequently, affects their digestibility and decomposition rate. Increased temperature and lower rainfall also increases vegetation flammability resulting in a shift in species composition due to increased fire frequency. Literature indicates that, Tanzania rangelands receiving between 400 and 1000 mm of rain per year (e.g. Kongwa, Monduli, Kiteto, Simanjiro, Ngorongoro, Babati, Hanang, Mbulu and Karatu) have greatest impact on climate change on surface drainage. A 10% drop in rainfall of 1000 mm per year in a rangeland results in a decline in surface drainage of only 17%, while in areas of 500 mm per year will result in a 50% decline.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3. Brush Management As a Rangeland Conservation Strategy
    CHAPTER 3 Brush Management as a Rangeland Conservation Strategy: A Critical Evaluation Steven R. Archer,1 Kirk W. Davies,2 Timothy E. Fulbright, 3 Kirk C. McDaniel,4 Bradford P. Wilcox,5 and Katharine I. Predick6 Authors are 1Professor, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0043, USA; 2Rangeland Scientist, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR 97720, USA; 3Regent's Professor and Meadows Professor in Semiarid Land Ecology, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; 4Professor, Animal and Range Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; 5Professor , Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2126, USA; and 6Senior Research Specialist, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0043, USA Reference to any commercial product or service is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by USDA is implied 105 Woody plant encroachment “represents a threat to grassland, shrub- steppe, and savanna ecosystems and the plants and animals endemic to them… ” 106 Conservation Benefits of Rangeland Practices Brush Management as a Rangeland Conservation Strategy: A Critical Evaluation 3 Steven R. Archer, Kirk W. Davies, Timothy E. Fulbright, Kirk C. McDaniel, Bradford P. Wilcox, and Katharine I. Predick IntRoduCtIon et al. 2009). In semiarid and subhumid areas, encroachment of shrubs and trees Rangelands support the majority of the world’s into grasslands and savannas may have livestock production (Safriel and Adeel 2005) neutral to substantially positive effects on and play an important role in human health primary production, nutrient cycling, and and global carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles accumulation of soil organic matter (Archer (Campbell and Stafford Smith 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Bamford, A.J., Diekmann, M., Monadjem, A., Mendelsohn, J., 2007
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Graw, Valerie; Oldenburg, Carsten; Dubovyk, Olena Working Paper Bush encroachment mapping for Africa: Multi-scale analysis with remote sensing and GIS ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy, No. 218 Provided in Cooperation with: Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung / Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn Suggested Citation: Graw, Valerie; Oldenburg, Carsten; Dubovyk, Olena (2016) : Bush encroachment mapping for Africa: Multi-scale analysis with remote sensing and GIS, ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy, No. 218, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/149603 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy No.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Woody Bush Encroachment Impacting
    MANAGING WOODY BUSH ENCROACHMENT IMPACTING SOUTHERN WHITE RHINO (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM SIMUM) HABITAT ON A PRIVATE RESERVE IN SOUTH AFRICA by Kelli Ann Stephens A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Environmental Studies The Evergreen State College June 2019 ©2019 by Kelli Ann Stephens. All rights reserved. This Thesis for the Master of Environmental Studies Degree by Kelli Ann Stephens has been approved for The Evergreen State College by ________________________ Tyrus Smith, PhD Member of the Faculty ________________________ Date ABSTRACT Managing woody bush encroachment impacting southern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum simum) habitat on a private reserve in South Africa Kelli Ann Stephens Private nature reserves in South Africa have been a key contributor to the stabilization of southern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum simum) populations. However, woody bush encroachment is a widespread problem threatening the vital grasslands these rhinos rely on. This research aims to help UmPhafa Private Nature Reserve establish a bush encroachment management plan by identifying land cover changes over the past 18 years and by establishing key areas to restore to grasslands. UmPhafa’s white rhino population was observed for six weeks during the summer months (Jan.-Feb, 2019) where limited- species quadrat surveys acquired the data on lemon bush (Lippia javanica), scented-pod acacia (Vachellia nilotica), sweet-thorn acacia (Vachellia karroo), paperbark acacia (Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii), and hook-thorn acacia (Senegalia caffra) concentrations near the rhino’s summer habitat. These maps were combined with hotspot encroachment locations, ranger encroachment maps, and past seasonal rhino movements by to establish ten zones that encompassed 144.5 hectares for restoration.
    [Show full text]
  • Textural Analysis of High Resolution Imagery to Quantify Bush Encroachment in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa, 1955-1996
    Textural analysis of high resolution imagery to quantify bush encroachment in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa, 1955-1996 A. T. HUDAK* and C. A. WESSMAN Center for the Study of Earth from Space / Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, and Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA (Received 19 October. 1999; in find ,forn~20 January 2000) Abstract. Fire suppression associated with decades of cattle grazing can result in bush encroachment in savannas. Textural analyses of historical, high resolution images was used to characterize bush densities across a South African study landscape. A control site, where vegetation was assumed to have changed minim- ally for the duration of the image record (1955-1996), was used to standardize textural values between multidate images. Standardized textural values were then converted to estimates of percent woody canopy cover using a simple linear regression model. Results indicate a 30% relative increase in percent woody cover between 1955 and 1996. 1. Introduction Woody plant encroachment is the slow proliferation of woody plants at the expense of grasses in savannas, which are by definition composed of both plant functional types. Encroaching woody species may be trees or shrubs, which are collectively referred to as 'bush' in the South African savanna region targeted in this study. Causes of bush encroachment have been widely debated but are most strongly associated with chronic cattle grazing and fire suppression (Archer et al. 1995, Hudak 1999b). Bush encroachnient reduces the grazing capacity of savanna rangelands and is therefore widely regarded as undesirable. A method to quantify bush encroachment is desirable not only to assess obvious changes in ecosystem structure but also associated, potential long-term changes in ecosystem function, carbon storage, and biodiversity (Hudak 1999a).
    [Show full text]
  • Benefits of Bush Control in Namibia
    THE ECONOMICS OF LAND DEGRADATION Economics of Land Degradation Initiative: Benefits of bush control in Namibia A national economic study for Namibia and a case for the Otjozondjupa Region www.eld-initiative.org Implemented by: Contributing Authors: Catherine Birch, Angus Middleton, Lawrie Harper-Simmonds and Pauline Lindeque Editing: Ina Neuberger-Wilkie Photography: GIZ Support to De-bushing Project (pg. 17, 21, 26, 40, 43); Harvesting site of Organic Energy Solutions (Pty) Ltd (Ohlthaver & List Group) (pg. 34); Nico Smit – University of Free State (pg. 33); Piet Lauscher – Otjiwa Lodge (cover) Visual concept: MediaCompany, Bonn Office Layout: kippconcept GmbH, Bonn Acknowledgements: Information presented in this report is based on studies commissioned by the Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative as well as the Support to De-bushing project, a bilateral cooperation between the Namibian and German Governments. The research was conducted by the Namibia Nature Foundation in consultation with a range of stakeholders (rangeland experts, research organisations, farmers unions, parastatals and NGOs) during the time period October 2015 until February 2017. Information is based on two separate assessments, namely a national ELD study and a regional ELD study for Otjozondjupa region, one of the regions most affected by bush encroachment. Both assessments follow the 6+1 step approach of the ELD Initiative. Suggested citation: Birch, C., Harper-Simmonds, L., Lindeque, P., and Middleton, A. (2016). Benefits of bush control in Namibia. A national economic study for Namibia and a case for the Otjozondjupa Region. Report for the Economics of Land Degradation Initiative. Available from: www.eld-initiave.org Underlying research: Birch, C., Harper-Simmonds, L., Lindeque, P., and Middleton, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Launching a Kid Meat Goat Geographical Indication in Albania Territorial Value Chain Issues Coming from the Hasi Regional Analysis – Northern Albania
    Launching a Kid Meat Goat Geographical Indication in Albania Territorial Value Chain Issues coming from the Hasi Regional Analysis – Northern Albania Medolli B., Bernard C., Dobi P., Garnier A., Lerin F. in Napoléone M. (ed.), Ben Salem H. (ed.), Boutonnet J.P. (ed.), López-Francos A. (ed.), Gabiña D. (ed.). The value chains of Mediterranean sheep and goat products. Organisation of the industry, marketing strategies, feeding and production systems Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 115 2016 pages 333-342 Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l’adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=00007295 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To cite this article / Pour citer cet article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Medolli B., Bernard C., Dobi P., Garnier A., Lerin F. Launching a Kid Meat Goat Geographical Indication in Albania Territorial Value Chain Issues coming from the Hasi Regional Analysis – Northern Albania. In : Napoléone M. (ed.), Ben Salem H. (ed.), Boutonnet J.P. (ed.), López-Francos A. (ed.), Gabiña D. (ed.). The value chains
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Bush Encroachment Control in a Communal Managed Area in the Taung Region, North West Province, South Africa
    Effects of bush encroachment control in a communal managed area in the Taung region, North West Province, South Africa RO Mokgosi orcid.org 0000-0001-8975-0868 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Scientiae in Botany at the North West University Supervisor: Prof K Kellner Co-supervisor: Prof P Malan Graduation May 2018 21003149 i DECLARATION I, Reamogetswe Olebogeng Mokgosi (21003149), hereby declare that the dissertation titled: Effects of bush encroachment control in a communal managed area in the Taung region, North West Province, South Africa, is my own work and that it has not previously been submitted for a degree qualification to another university. Signature: ……………………………… Date: …………………………. Reamogetswe O. Mokgosi This thesis has been submitted with my approval as a university supervisor and I certify that the requirements for the applicable M.Sc degree rules and regulations have been fulfilled. Signed: ………………………………… Prof. K. Kellner (Supervisor) Date: ……………………....................... Signed: ………………………………. Prof. P.W. Malan (Co-Supervisor) Date: ………………………………….. ii Abstract The communally managed Taung rangelands are degraded because of bush encroachment. Bush encroachment is defined as a natural continuous retrogressive ecological succession, resulting in the increase of both alien and indigenous encroacher woody species and a reduction in grass species composition. This in turn result to changes in soil chemical and physical properties. The knowledge of the interaction between bush encroachment, land-use and soil conditions is essential to sustainably manage these areas. More than 80 % of the respondents in the Taung area owns cattle. To mitigate poverty stress; many pastoralists in the Taung area resorted to high stocking rates, leading to high grazing pressures locally and thereby, led to bush encroachment.
    [Show full text]
  • Grasslands of the World.Pdf
    The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The mention or omission of specific companies, their products or brand names does not imply any endorsement or judgement by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-105337-5 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2005 CONTENTS Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xv Contributors xvii Glossary of technical terms and abbreviations used in the text xviii Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 Purpose of the book 13 Structure of the book 13 Complementary information resources 16 References 17 Chapter 2 – The changing face of pastoral systems in grass-dominated ecosystems of eastern Africa 19 R.S.
    [Show full text]