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Hospitals and Urbanism in Rome, 1200–1500 Brill’S Studies in Intellectual History

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Hospitals and Urbanism in Rome, 1200–1500 Brill’S Studies in Intellectual History Hospitals and Urbanism in Rome, 1200–1500 Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History Series Editor Han van Ruler (Erasmus University Rotterdam) Editorial Board C.S. Celenza ( Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore) – M.L. Colish (Yale University) J.I. Israel (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) – A. Koba (University of Tokyo) M. Mugnai (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa) – W. Otten (University of Chicago) VOLUME 251 Brill’s Studies on Art, Art History, and Intellectual History General Editor Walter S. Melion (Emory University) VOLUME 12 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsai Hospitals and Urbanism in Rome, 1200–1500 By Carla Keyvanian LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Remains of S. Urbano ai Pantani, the hospital of the Knights Hospitallers in Trajan’s Forum, Rome, early thirteenth century (photo © author). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Keyvanian, Carla. Title: Hospitals and urbanism in Rome, 1200–1500 / by Carla Keyvanian. Description: Leiden : Brill, 2015. | Series: Brill’s studies in intellectual history, ISSN 0920-8607 ; volume 252 | Series: Brill’s studies on art, art history, and intellectual history ; volume 12 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015031751 | ISBN 9789004307544 (hardback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9789004307551 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Hospital buildings—Italy—Rome—Design and construction—History—To 1500. | Public hospitals—Italy—Rome—History—To 1500. | Architecture and state—Italy—Rome—History—To 1500. | Urban development—Italy—Rome—History—To 1500. | City and town life—Italy—Rome—History— To 1500. | Rome (Italy)—Buildings, structures, etc. | Rome (Italy)—Social conditions. | Social control— Italy—Rome—History—To 1500. | Politics and culture—Italy—Rome—History—To 1500. | Rome (Italy)—Politics and government. Classification: LCC RA989.I44 R655 2015 | DDC 725/.510945632—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015031751 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0920-8607 isbn 978-90-04-30754-4 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-30755-1 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Illustrations ix Abbreviations xvi Introduction 1 Part 1 Building States: Rome and Europe 1 Healing Forgiveness 25 2 The Borgo 78 3 Hospitals, Monasteries and Urban Control 138 Part 2 Conquering a City: Rome and Latium 4 Hospitals, Towers and Barons 201 5 The Lateran 288 6 The Papal Hospital: Santo Spirito in Sassia 339 Epilogue 384 Bibliography 389 Index of People 430 Places and Subjects 438 Acknowledgements I wish to thank my two former advisors first of all: Henry A. Millon, who sug- gested I examine the largely unexplored architecture of hospitals many years ago, and David H. Friedman, who I am now fortunate to count among good friends. His support always meant much to me. The two institutions to which I am most indebted are the Center for the Advanced Study of the Visual Arts at the National Gallery of Art and the School of Architecture at Auburn University, my home institution. Graciously led by Elizabeth Cropper, the Center funded several years of research in the early phases of my project, and provided a most intellectually invigorating setting. Nicholas Penny and Caroline Elam offered, in particular, examples of a sparkling combination of erudition and cheerful generosity toward younger colleagues, while Helen Tangires organized an unforgettable tour through southern France on the traces of medieval hospi- tals and covered marketplaces, the topic of her own research. The ready support offered by David Hinson, Head of the School of Architecture at Auburn, enabled the completion of the manuscript, especially its drawings. I greatly benefited from the collegial environment of the School: I single out the humorous Kevin Moore, who peppered me with questions and helped me select the cover image, and Danielle Willkens, who devoted precious time in Rome to procure photographs I needed and contributed her expertise on digital matters. The unfailingly affable Angelina Smith and Jerald Crook in the Library of our School ensured I received (and returned) an ava- lanche of books in a timely manner. I am grateful to all of them. By far the most visible contribution to this book is that of my former research assistants at Auburn. Ivan Vanchev’s eloquent drawings, drafted over the course of a two-year collaboration, did not only illustrate my arguments, but aided in their structuring. The number of times his name appears in this manuscript provides only limited sense of the author’s gratitude for the rarity of his sharp-eyed collaboration. When Ivan graduated, Michael Brudi stepped in, light-footed and sure-handed, to draft maps and see the illustrations to rapid completion, and Cody Franklin made corrections to galley proofs. There is a difference between writing a book and making one: this book would not have been the same without their participation. Diane Ghirardo read drafts of the first chapters, and I am glad of this oppor- tunity to offer my thanks for her warm encouragement. In Rome, some of my most enjoyable and productive conversations were with Allan Ceen. Eunice Howe courteously lent me images of the frescoes in S. Spirito in Sassia, and Michael Kleene, then a student, traipsed around the city to shoot photographs. viii acknowledgements Antonella Lasorsa and Elisa Ciotoli ran to shoot some more on a rainy day and, together with Tiziana Moni, offered unconditional friendship. I deeply appreciate Walter S. Melion, the series editor, a wise and relentless champion of the project who steered it through the phases of publication with rarely found focus. Thanks are also due to the patient and good-humoured Ivo Romein and Paige Sammartino at Brill, who saw the manuscript through faultless production stages. Katia Keyvanian, my sister, drove me around southern Latium on the traces of black-and-white stone revetments she often spotted before I did. Paola Cardo, my mother, read an early version of the chapter on “Hospitals, Towers and Barons,” expressed polite doubts that anyone would want to read so much about ‘streets’ and equally politely declined to read anything further. I dedi- cate this book to her, with much affection, albeit in the hopes she might prove wrong. List of Illustrations 1 Filippo Brunelleschi, Hospital of the Innocents, Florence, ca. 1420, plan (drawing: I. Vanchev) 12 2 Alfred Guesdon, View of Milan, colored lithograph, ca. 1850 (image in the public domain) 12 3 Giovanni Migliara, Ospedale Maggiore in Milan, aquatint, ca. 1830 (photo © Creative Commons, henceforth CC, image courtesy of Wellcome Library, London, ICV No. 14262) 13 4 Hospital of S. Maria della Scala in Siena, facing the cathedral (drawing: M. Brudi) 37 5 The Via Francigena or Franks’ Route (drawing: M. Brudi) 37 6 Diaconiae in Rome (drawing: M. Brudi, based on Richard Krautheimer, Rome: Profile of a City (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), 74) 41 7 Copy of ‘Personification of Charity’ illumination in Theodore Psalter, 1066, fol. 43v (drawing: M. Brudi) 46 8 Passion of Edmund King and Martyr, Bury St Edmunds, ca. 1130 (photo © Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M.736 fol. 9r) 48 9 Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Visiting the Pest House at Jaffa, 1804 (image in the public domain) 56 10 Hospital complex of St-Jean in Angers, plan (drawing: M. Brudi) 61 11 Hospital of St-Jean in Angers: chapel (left) and infirmary (photo © CC) 62 12 Hospital of St-Jean in Angers, infirmary, interior (photo © CC) 62 13 Hospital of St-Jean in Angers, granary (photo © author) 63 14 Hospital of St-Jean in Angers, granary, interior (photo © CC) 63 15 Tonnerre, hospital of Notre-Dame des Fontenilles in the background (photo courtesy of Hotel-Dieu de Tonnerre, Yonne en Bourgogne) 73 16 Hospital Notre-Dame des Fontenilles, interior, view toward apse, ca. 1295 (photo © author) 74 17 Hospital of S. Chiara (now Museo delle Sinopie), Campo dei Miracoli, Pisa, ca. 1330 (photo © author) 77 18 The Borgo in Rome around 1200 (drawing: M. Brudi) 81 19 Anonymous, Pope Silvester and Constantine, fresco in the chapel of St Silvester, monastery of SS. Quattro Coronati, Rome, 1246 (image in the public domain) 93 20 Vatican Palace, Rome, the early buildings (drawing: I. Vanchev) 102 x list of illustrations 21 Matisse Room (formerly marescalcia) in the Vatican Museums, Rome, and details of the capital on the left, mid-12th–early 13th c. (photo © D. Willkens) 107 22 Narthex of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Rome, detail of capital, 1150–1160 (photo © author) 109 23 Narthex of abbey church of Tre Fontane, Rome, detail of capital, ca. 1140 (photo © E. Ciotoli) 110 24 Sistine Chapel, Rome, 13th–15th c. (photo © CC) 115 25 Cathedra Petri in St Peter’s, Rome (photo © Franco Cosimo Panini Editore) 120 26 Copy of apse mosaic in Old St Peter’s, watercolor, 16th c. (photo © BAV Vat. Lat. 5408.A.79.29.30) 125 27 The icon of the Salvatore Acheropita in its setting in the chapel of St Lawrence’s at the Lateran, Rome (photo © CC, A.
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