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The Articulation of Anti Communist Discourse in Foreign Policy Opinion of the American Elite from Kennan to Kissinger

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The Articulation of Anti Communist Discourse in Foreign Policy Opinion of the American Elite from Kennan to Kissinger Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of International Relations PRESIDENTIAL DOCTRINES AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS MAGAZINE: THE ARTICULATION OF ANTI COMMUNIST DISCOURSE IN FOREIGN POLICY OPINION OF THE AMERICAN ELITE FROM KENNAN TO KISSINGER Zeynep Elif KOÇ Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2018 PRESIDENTIAL DOCTRINES AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS MAGAZINE: THE ARTICULATION OF ANTI COMMUNIST DISCOURSE IN FOREIGN POLICY OPINION OF THE AMERICAN ELITE FROM KENNAN TO KISSINGER Zeynep Elif KOÇ Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of International Relations Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2018 i ii iii iv v To the beautiful memory of my beloved father Hasan Koç vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is not easy to choose proper words for expressing my feelings to all the people, who have supported me in the preparation process of this study. One thing I am sure is that I could not finalize this dissertation without the help and support of whom, I would like to mention particularly. I am thankful to my dearest family, to my father Hasan Koç, my mother Ayşegül Koç and my sister Merve Banu Polat for their endless support throughout my life. Above all, my deepest gratefulness belongs to my dearest father, Hasan Koç, who has passed away during this process and cannot see the study I accomplished. Although I cannot share this moment with him physically, I feel his presence; his support, his trust and his companionship in the very center of my heart as I always did. If it weren’t for you, I would not achieve so far. I owe my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Önsoy my thanks for his support and patience during the process: not only in this study, but also in my academic progress. I also would like to thank the distinguished jury I attended, Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ömür Atmaca and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Serdar Palabıyık, for their precious contributions to this study. I also feel compelled to thank to my dear friends for their support in every stage of my life and always being there for me. Thanks all of you for not going crazy during this process! Last but most certainly not least, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Burcu Sarı Karademir, who endlessly encourage and support me in my humble academic journey as well as my life. I always feel privileged and lucky to know her and work with her. Thank you, my dearest guide from astris! vii ABSTRACT KOÇ, Zeynep Elif. Presidential Doctrines And Foreign Affairs Magazine: The Articulation Of Anti Communist Discourse in Foreign Policy Opinion Of The American Elite From Kennan To Kissinger. Master’s Thesis. Ankara, 2018. Poststructuralist IR theory argues that knowledge constitutes an important aspect in legitimization of foreign policy-making. Consequently, legitimization is based upon production of knowledge through intellectual practices. Moreover, legitimization becomes an important aspect in the process of production due to the need for justification of state actions concerning security issues by any means necessary. Therefore, in accordance with poststructuralist approach towards international relations, main argument of this study is that there is a relationship between foreign policy-making in the United States and production of knowledge by American elite under the framework of anti communist discursive practices. Anti communist discursive practices constitute the ground of this production since communist ideology is the anti-thesis of American ideology and consequently, it is the primary security concern for the United States in post-war years. As for communist ideology’s entity as primary security concern, it derives from both domestic structure of the United States, which based upon its ideology and its attributed entitlement as the defender and promoter of American ideology on behalf of Western values in international scale. Thus, this study aims to examine articulation of anti communism in American foreign policy in accordance with American ideology and its relation with foreign policy opinion of American elites. On this basis, in this study, intertextual analysis will be conducted upon presidential doctrines from 1947 to 1979 and articles in Foreign Affairs magazine within the period from beginning of the Cold War until the end of Détente Period of the Cold War. Keywords Presidential doctrines, post structuralism, Foreign Affairs magazine, anti communism, American elite viii ÖZET KOÇ, Zeynep Elif. Başkanlık Doktrinleri ve Foreign Affairs Dergisi: Kennan’dan Kissinger’a Amerikan Elitinin Dış Politika Görüşlerinde Anti Komünist Söylemlerin Artikülasyonu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2018. Post yapısalcı Uluslararası İlişkiler teorisi, dış politika yapımının meşruiyet kazandırılması sürecinde bilginin önemli bir yeri olduğunu iddia eder. Bununla bağlantılı olarak, söz konusu meşruiyet entelektüel uygulamalarla üretilen bilgiye dayanır. Buna ek olarak, meşruiyet, devletin güvenliğini ilgilendiren konularda devletin mevcut olan tüm yollara başvurarak gerçekleştirdiği eylemleri meşrulaştırma noktasında önem arz eder. Böylelikle, uluslararası ilişkilerde post yapısalcı yaklaşıma uygun olarak, bu çalışmanın temel savı, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin dış politika yapım süreciyle Amerikan elitinin bilgi üretimi arasında anti komünist söylem uygulamaları çerçevesinde bir ilişki olduğudur. Anti komünist söylem uygulamaları, komünist ideoloji Amerikan ideolojisinin anti tezi olması ve dolayısıyla savaş sonrası yıllarda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin birincil güvenlik meselesi haline gelmesi sebebiyle söz konusu bilgi üretiminin temelini oluşturur. Komünist ideolojinin birincil güvenlik meselesi haline gelmesi ise hem Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Amerikan ideolojisi temelindeki iç siyasi yapısı itibariyle hem de kendisine atfedilmiş Batı değerlerini temsilen Amerikan ideolojisinin uluslararası düzeyde koruyucusu ve destekçisi salahiyetinden ileri gelmektedir. Buradan hareketle söz konusu çalışma, Amerikan dış politikasında Amerikan ideolojisi ekseninde anti komünizmin artikülasyonu ve bunun Amerikan elitinin dış politika görüşleriyle ilişkisini analiz etme amacındadır. Bu temelde, bu çalışmada 1947’den 1979’a kadar ilan edilmiş Amerikan başkanlık doktrinleriyle Soğuk Savaş’ın başlangıcından Soğuk Savaş’ta Yumuşama Dönemi’nin sonuna kadar olan süreçte Foreign Affairs dergisinde yayımlanmış makaleler üzerine metinler arası söylem analizi uygulanmaktadır. Anahtar Sözcükler Başkanlık Doktrinleri, post yapısalcılık, Foreign Affairs dergisi, anti komünizm, Amerikan Eliti ix TABLE OF CONTENTS KABUL VE ONAY ................................................................................................ i BİLDİRİM ............................................................................................................ ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI .................................. iii ETİK BEYAN ...................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vii ÖZET ................................................................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 1.1. RESEARCH QUESTION .......................................................................... 4 1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 5 1.3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................... 9 1.4. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2: HISTORY OF ANTI-COMMUNISM IN THE UNITED STATES .. 24 2.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 24 2.2. HISTORY OF ANTI-COMMUNISM IN THE UNITED STATES .............. 25 2.2.1. Anti-Communism in the United States during the Inter-War Period . 25 2.2.2. Anti-Communism in the United States during the Second World War .................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.3. Anti-Communism during the Tensest Years in Relations with the Soviet Union: 1945-1963 ............................................................................ 31 2.2.4. Anti-Communism in the United States during Détente in Relations with the Soviet Union: 1963-1974 ............................................................... 47 2.2.5. Anti-Communism in the United States En Route for the Second Cold War: 1974-1979 .......................................................................................... 49 x 2.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINTED PRESS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ANTI-COMMUNIST ENVIRONMENT IN THE UNITED STATES .......................................................................................... 51 2.3.1. The Council on Foreign Relations and Foreign Affairs Magazine .... 55 2.4. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 59
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