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6 X 10.Three Lines .P65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76648-7 - The Doctrines of US Security Policy: An Evaluation under International Law Heiko Meiertons Index More information INDEX Abbott, Kenneth, 15 Berger, Sandy, 178 Acheson, Dean, 107 Berlin, Congress of (1884), 28 Adams, John Quincy and Adams Biden, Joe, 228–9, 230 Doctrine, 31 bipolar international systems, 172, Afghanistan, 152, 156, 157, 161, 188, 257–9 198, 209 Bolivar, Simon,´ 57 Al Quaida, 179, 198 Bolivia, 66, 68 Algeciras, Conference of (1906), 40 Borah, William E., 86, 93 Alvarez, Alejandro, 29, 43, 50, 52, 53, Bosch, Juan, 131 243 Bowett, D., 30, 56 American Institute of International Boxer Rebellion, 88 Law, 45 Brezhnev Doctrine, 137, 140, 141, ‘American international law’, concept 159–60, 166, 220 of, 43–6, 247 Brian, William J., 55 Angola and Reagan Doctrine, 155 Briand–Kellog Pact (1928) Annan, Kofi, 212 Monroe Doctrine and, 33, 35, 62, 69, Antarctic Treaty (1959), 80 80 anticipated self-defence, 182, 185 Stimson Doctrine and, 85, 90–5, 97, Anzilotti, Dionisio, 12 98, 105, 244, 249 Argentina, 54, 64 Britain. See United Kingdom armed attack Brown, Philip Marshall, 66 Bush doctrine abandoning Brownlie, Ian, 110, 190, 213 requirement of, 193–5, 222 Brum, Balthazar and Brum Doctrine, different interpretations of, 192 74 extension of concept of, 195–200 Budapest Articles, International Law harmonisation of interpretation of, Association (1934), 97 186 Buenos Aires, Declaration of (1936), 36 Asia. See also Nixon Doctrine; South Bush Doctrine, 179–224.Seealso East Asia Treaty Organization imminence of threat; National (SEATO) Treaty; Stimson Security Strategy (NSS) 2002; Doctrine; specific countries pre-emptive self-defence Ford Doctrine (New Pacific principle, Bush Doctrine Doctrine), 150–1 11 September 2001 and, 179 Australia, 81, 212 anti-formalistic approach of, 255 Caroline formula and, 185, 189, 191, Baghdad Pact (CENTO Treaty; 1955), 192, 193, 201, 203–5, 208, 222, 119, 128–9 226, 233, 245 301 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76648-7 - The Doctrines of US Security Policy: An Evaluation under International Law Heiko Meiertons Index More information 302 index Bush Doctrine (cont.) Carter, Jimmy and Carter Doctrine, conclusions regarding, 221–4 152–4 force, use of, 187–9, 202, 215, 220, Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) 221, 233 Treaty (Baghdad Pact; 1955), impact of, 119, 128–9 international law Chaco Dispute between Bolivia and evaluation of doctrine under, Paraguay (1932–1935), 66, 68 185–211 Chamberlain, Neville, 81 hostility of Bush administration Chapultepec, Act of (1945), 72 toward, vii China rejection of doctrine under, 212, Boxer Rebellion, 88 237–9 Briand–Kellogg Pact and, 85 legal aspects of. See under legal Ford Doctrine (New Pacific aspects of US doctrines Doctrine) and, 151 NSS 2006, 226, 230 Manchuria, Japanese occupation of, polarity of international system and, 83, 85, 97 258 on Monroe Doctrine as regional political debate, change in, 225–32 understanding, 65 ‘Regime Change’ and, 194, 234 Open Door Principle regarding, Roosevelt Corollary and, 215, 218, 86–9 220, 223, 224 Stimson Doctrine and, 83, 85, 86–9 scholarly debate, change in, 235–7 Wanghia, Treaty of (1844), 87 self-defence, vii, 187, 189–91, 226, Clark, Joshua Reuben and Clark 234 Memorandum, 34 sovereignty argument of, 218–21, Clay, Henry, 31, 41 223, 252 Cleveland, Grover, 50 UN Charter and Clifford, Clark, 109 Article 2(1), 214, 215, 220 Clinton, Bill and Clinton Doctrine, Article 2(4), 187–9, 202, 215, 220, 176–8, 230, 232 221, 233 Cold War doctrines. See also Article 51, vii, 187, 189–91, 195–6, Eisenhower Doctrine; entries 234, 245 at Johnson Doctrine; Nixon consistency with, 245 Doctrine; Reagan Doctrine; unilateral authority to act under, Truman Doctrine 212–18, 223 Carter Doctrine, 152–4 war on terror, concept of, 230–1, 235 consistency with UN Charter, 245 Bush,GeorgeH.W.andBushSenior endofColdWar,172 Doctrine, 103, 173–4 Ford Doctrine (New Pacific Byers, Michael, 197 Doctrine), 150–1 polarity of international system and, Cambodia, 145, 146, 155 258 Canada, 23, 79, 219 power of defining legality of an Caracas, 10th Inter-American action, 248 Conference in (1954), 37, 71, UN Charter and, 100 135, 136 Colombia, 45, 66, 68 Caroline formula, 42, 95, 185, 189, 191, colonialism, 26–9, 38–42, 160 192, 193, 201, 203–5, 208, 222, communism. See Cold War doctrines; 226, 233, 245 Russia © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76648-7 - The Doctrines of US Security Policy: An Evaluation under International Law Heiko Meiertons Index More information index 303 Congo case (Democratic Republic of Drago Doctrine, 54 Congo v. Uganda; 2005), 234 Dulles, John Foster, 37, 70–3, 125–6, Connally, Tom, 71 127, 136, 158 consistency of US doctrines with international law in force, Egypt, 121 240–6 Eisenhower Doctrine, 121–31 content of doctrines, differing conclusions regarding, 130–1 understandings as to, 241–3 consistency with UN Charter, 245 legality of use of force, differing core principles in speech of 5 understandings as to, 243–6 January 1957, 122–3, 127 prior to UN Charter, 243–4 force, use of, 123–8 subjectivity of evaluations regarding, conclusions regarding, 130 240 criteria for, 123–5 with UN Charter, 244–6, 254 indirect aggression, 127 constitutional law, 14 legality of, 125–6 containment, Reagan Doctrine as legal aspects of. See under legal break from policy of, 158 aspects of US doctrines content of doctrines, differing Monroe Doctrine and, 130 understanding as to, 241–3 Nixon Doctrine and, 149, 151 Costa Rica, 63 self-defence, 127, 128 counter-intervention, 165 Suez Crisis (1956) precipitating, Crabb, Cecil V., viii, x, 5 121 Critical Defense Zones, 153 terms for, 122 Critical Legal Studies School, 13–14 Truman Doctrine and, 123, 130, Cuba, 31, 134 251 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 37, 77, UN Charter and, 124–5, 126, 130, 204, 208 245 Czechoslovakia, 111, 137, 139, 140 Erfolgunswert (‘act’s wrong’), 198 Ethiopia, 155 Davis, Norman, 57 Europe/European Union, 26, 144, 212. Declaration on Solidarity for the See also specific countries Preservation of Political Evans–Sahnoun Commission Integrity of American States (Canada), 219 against Communist ex iniuria ius non oritur, 5 Intervention (1952), 71 exceptionalism, US, 253 defensive–isolationist phase of Monroe Doctrine, 30–1 failed states, concept of, 221 Denmark on Monroe Doctrine’s force, use of, vii, 7.SeealsoEisenhower applicability to Greenland, 79 Doctrine; National Security desinteressement principle, Monroe Strategy (NSS) 2002; Nixon Doctrine, 27 Doctrine; Reagan Doctrine; Dinstein, Y., 208 Truman Doctrine ‘doability’ (Tunlichkeit) of doctrines, Bush Doctrine, 187–9, 202, 215, 220, 22, 152, 177 221, 233 doctrines, defined and described, 3–7, Bush Senior Doctrine on, 173–4 17–23, 240 Clinton Doctrine on, 176–8 Dominican Republic, US intervention differing understandings as to in (1965), 78, 131, 139, 141 legality of, 243–6 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76648-7 - The Doctrines of US Security Policy: An Evaluation under International Law Heiko Meiertons Index More information 304 index force, use of (cont.) Großbraumordnung, concept of, 47–50, doctrines in 1990s focused on 52, 139, 247 situations in which force shall Guam Doctrine, 142 not be used, 178 Guyana, 32 international law prior to UN Charter, 243–4 Haas, Richard, 219 limits of work regarding study of, Hackworth, G., 36 20–1 Hague Conventions, 33, 40–1, 61 Monroe Doctrine, 31, 34, 38–42, 82, Hallstein Doctrine (Germany), 241 83 Hammer, C., 5 national liberation movements’ right Handlungsunrecht (‘action’s wrong’), to, 160 198 Open Door Principle and, 87, 88 Hay, John and Hay Doctrine, 55, 87, Powell Doctrine on, 174–6 88 in self-defence. See self-defence Haya de la Torre Asylum case (1950), 45 Stimson doctrine, 91–3, 97 hegemonic international law, vii Weinberger/Weinberger–Powell Bush Doctrine, unilateral authority Doctrine on, 174–6 to act under, 212–18, 223 Ford Doctrine (New Pacific Doctrine), Cold War, end of, 172 150–1 doctrines generally as claims of, France, 59, 63, 87, 121, 128 251–6 Franck, Thomas, 136, 137, 139, 140, historical instances of, 2 187, 188 Monroe Doctrine, hegemonic Friendly Relations Declaration (UN interpretation of, 32–4 General Assembly, 1970), multilateralism and paradox of, 214 168–9, 209 multipolar system preceding, 25 post-American epoch, 235, 236–7 geographical extent of Monroe sovereignty arguments, 1, 252–3 Doctrine, 78–80 stability of, 258 Germany, 32, 54, 81, 87, 88, 241 US exceptionalism, 253 Gerson, A., 110, 158, 166 Henkin, Louis, 110 Ghana, 208 Holy Alliance and Monroe Doctrine, 26 Glennon, Michael, 187–8 Hoover, Herbert, 35, 85, 92 ‘Good Neighbour’ Policy and Howard, John, 212 multilateralisation of Monroe Huber, Max, 1, 247 Doctrine, 35 Hughes, Charles Evans, 62 Grant, Ulysses S., 31 Hughes, William Morris, 81 Gray, Christine, 230 Hull, Cordell, 49, 79 Gray, Colin S., 7 humanitarian intervention, Clinton Great Britain. See United Kingdom Doctrine on, 176–8 Greek Civil War (1943–7) and Truman Doctrine, 100–1, 102, 106, 115, imminence of threat, 233, 238 129 Caroline formula for, 193, 216, 222 Greenland, application of Monroe conclusions regarding, 222–3 Doctrine to, 79 in NSS 2002, 183, 184, 189, 193, Grenada, 1983 intervention in, 161, 194–5, 205 208 Waldock’s incipient self-defence, Grewe, Wilhelm, 2, 235 193 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76648-7 - The Doctrines of US Security Policy: An Evaluation under International Law Heiko Meiertons Index More information index 305 indirect aggression, 110, 111–14, 119, Johnson Doctrine (first), 133 127 Johnson Doctrine (second), 131–42 inter-American system and Monroe Brezhnev Doctrine and, 141 Doctrine, 74–5, 78 Carter Doctrine and, 154 internal conflicts, interference in, 21 conclusions regarding, 141–2 International Court of Justice (ICJ).
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