Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles in City Logistics
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Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in city logistics 1 CONTENTS MANAGEMENT SUMMARY 4 1 INTRODUCTION 14 1.1 Introduction: Use of electric vehicles in city logistics 15 1.2 Structure of the study 16 1.3 Project boundaries: Sectors, geography and numbers 17 1.4 Project approach and reader’s guide 21 2 POLICY CONTEXT: THE ROAD TOWARDS ZE URBAN DISTRIBUTION 23 2.1 Policy context of ZE city logistics 23 2.2 Logistics sector 27 3 LOGISTICAL PROFILES, VEHICLES & BATTERIES AND CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE 31 3.1 Logistical profiles and requirements 31 3.2 From spatial effect of journey patterns to logistical hot spots 35 3.3 Vehicles and batteries 37 3.4 Charging stations and infrastructure 42 4 CHARGING STRATEGIES AND CHARGING PROFILES 48 4.1 Calculation model for optimum charging 48 4.2 Results and analyses 55 4.3 Sensitivity analyses 58 5 GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD OF CHARGING REQUIREMENT AND IMPACT ON CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE 64 5.1 Charging requirement as a result of ZE zone 64 5.2 Geographical spread of charging requirement in Greater Amsterdam 71 5.3 Impact of charging demand on the power grid 72 5.4 Number of charging points and charging stations 75 5.5 Impact of charging demand on public space 77 5.6 Conclusions and recommendations 78 6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STAKEHOLDERS 81 6.1 Professional carriers and in-house carriers 81 6.2 Local authorities 83 6.3 Shippers, recipients and property managers 83 6.4 Vehicle and battery manufacturers 84 6.5 Recharging infrastructure providers 85 2 CONTENTS REFERENCES 86 APPENDICES 87 Appendix to 2.1: Charging infrastructure and governments 88 Appendix to 3.1: Segment-specific journey profiles 90 Appendix to 3.2: Logistics hot spots 95 Appendix to 3.4: Charging stations and infrastructure 100 Appendix to 4.1: Model input 111 Appendix to 4.2: Model results 114 Appendix to 4.3: Sensitivity analyses 119 Appendix to 5.1: ZE zone background data 121 Appendix to 5.2 Geographical allocation 125 Appendix to 5.3 Effect of not using smart charging in residential areas 127 Appendix to 5.6: Sensitivity analyses regarding size of ZE zone 128 Appendix to 6.2: Format for implementing charging infrastructure in logistics hot spots and industrial sites 131 3 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ZE city logistics In the Climate Agreement presented on 28 June 2019, there is a major role for electric transport, including in city logistics (www.klimaatakkoord.nl/mobiliteit). Almost 12 percent of CO2 emissions are produced by road transport, and 30 to 35 percent of the CO2 emissions in road transport are related to city logistics. The Climate Agreement states that road transport must have reduced CO2 emissions in city logistics by 1 Mt by 2050. Zero-emission zones will be created in 30 to 40 cities, including the Municipality of Amsterdam. Amsterdam is already working on a ‘Clean Air’ action plan and a programme to restrict traffic in the city (city logistics is part of this). Further specification of these ambitions should ensure that traffic and the public space in the city are more suitable for future needs, with a high level of traffic safety, more room for pedestrians and cyclists plus clean air and lower 2CO emissions. Over the next 10 years, an increasing number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) will appear on the roads in order to comply with the zero- emission requirements. For businesses that have to deliver goods in the city or collect them, the challenge is not only making the step to zero-emission vehicles but also minimising the number of delivery vans and trucks that enter the zero-emission zone. Walking, cycling and public transport will be given priority within the growing need for urban mobility. City logistics is not only about supplying shops, offices and building sites, delivering parcels to consumers and companies, delivery vans of service companies, removal companies, but it is also about local shops, caterers and florists who deliver to their customers. What kind of charging infrastructure will be required if BEVs are used to make ZE zones possible for city logistics? Electric vehicles require charging stations for recharging batteries in the right locations and with the right capacity to suit the daily way of working in city logistics. Goods transport, where predictability of supply and low costs have the highest priority, has very different requirements for the charging infrastructure than passenger mobility. The large-scale use of BEVs and PHEVs gives rise to many questions, such as: Does the grid have enough capacity? How and where will companies be charging their vehicles in the future? Are there enough charging points in the right locations? What investments are required? Will the power grid have to be modified, either in the run-up to 2025 or thereafter? Will the demand be covered by the public charging infrastructure, or will companies be installing private charging stations? 4 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY The Topsector Logistics has asked six experts and knowledge institutes to investigate these questions and to present a concrete approach to how sensible and well-substantiated answers can be provided. To make things highly tangible, the Amsterdam region was investigated; the approach could however be applied anywhere. Calculation of local solutions for charging infrastructure In this study, a calculation module was developed and applied, which indicates the consequences for the desired charging infrastructure if electric goods vehicles are used on a large scale within a specific region, in this case the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA). The tangibility and level of detail were chosen to ensure that the assumptions and results can be recognised and translated by not only businesses (including transport), local governments, grid operators but also their financiers. The calculation module can be used for regions other than the AMA by modifying the underlying data and for specifying the consequences of policy scenarios. The analysis of the charging infrastructure was made by analysing the journeys of various companies in the region, of delivery vans and trucks in different sectors. The study is based on the assumption that the availability of enough electric vehicles will not be an issue from 2022 as a 'stress test' for the charging infrastructure. Related questions and answers When asking about the charging infrastructure required for the use of BEV goods vehicles, it turns out that related questions apply in various sectors: • Charging stations - Which location is ideal for businesses? - What kind of charging stations are required and what capacity should they have? - What effect does the charging speed have on operational use (delivery on time) and the energy and personnel costs (waiting times while charging)? - What is the availability of the charging stations (queues or predictable access)? - Are the vehicles charged at public or private charging stations? - Who decides to invest in the charging stations and who funds them? - How easy it is to modify the infrastructure? • Journey profiles - What are the operational requirements for each logistical segment (e.g. e-commerce, fresh produce, food and construction) regarding the capacity of the vehicle, journey length and the number of stops? - What are the starting points and destinations for each segment? The journeys pass through the city, but where do they come from and where do they go? • Charging strategy versus batteries - For the time being, batteries are both costly and low-capacity. What is the best charging strategy for each segment and type of vehicle to be able to work operationally and to deliver predictably in practice? • Lowest costs - Which approach yields the lowest operating costs for businesses in the various segments? • Power demand per location - Given the charging strategies of businesses, where and when is electric power required for charging? And what is the resulting total energy demand? - Does a peak in the power demand together with other use of electricity lead to a total that exceeds the local capacity of the grid? 5 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY The answers turn out to be related and affect all parties: businesses of all sizes, local governments (public charging infrastructure, ZE zones, accessibility, economic necessity of supply, location of industrial site, location of hubs, location of car parks with charging stations), grid operators (infrastructure planning, ability to cover power demand). Structure of the calculation module In order to answer these questions, a calculation module was developed that can calculate results based on detailed basic data, in this case for the AMA. Charging stations First of all, the study focused on what types of charging stations are available and what the costs are for the energy supplied. Table 1 AC10 AC20 FC50 HPC150 HPC350 Public charging stations. Power 11kW 22kW (11kW 50kW (25kW 150kW (75kW 350kW for 2 chargers) for 2 chargers) for 2 chargers) Type 3-phase 3-phase DC Fast charger DC Super Fast charger DC Ultra Fast charger Usage Public Public Public Public Public Table 2 AC3,7 AC20 FC50 HPC150 HPC350 Private charging stations. Power 3,7kW 22kW (11kW 50kW (25kW 150kW 350kW for 2 chargers) for 2 chargers) Type 1-phase 3-phase DC Company DC Company DC Company Home charger Company charger charger Super Fast charger Ultra Fast charger Location Private land Business site Business site Business site Business site Public charging stations are more expensive per kWh than private charging stations if the private charging stations are used fairly often. When calculating the total cost per kWh, it turns out that the effect of energy tax on the integrated cost price per kWh is surprisingly high. Rationally operating businesses will aim to keep charging privately as much as possible, preferably at a charging area (with multiple charging stations), where the power demand per year is so high that bulk consumer rates apply and the utilisation rate is high.