A Probabilistic Model of Phonological Relationships from Contrast to Allophony
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Coc Man Obin Oyubu Iyii Akinaglobal Oncology,THE MEME, Kede Botswana Oncology Global Outreach (BOTSOGO). © 11/2017 Global Onco
CarolynTaylor: Global Focus on Cancer Global Focus CarolynTaylor: CANCA KEDE YIN Coc man obin oyubu iyii akinaGlobal Oncology,THE MEME, kede Botswana Oncology Global Outreach (BOTSOGO). © 11/2017 Global Oncology, Inc. All Rights Reserved. APENY IKOM TWO KANCA APENY AME ITWERO BEDO KEDE Buk man miyi ingeyo ngo amyero igen ka itye kede two kanca kede kaa itye inwongo yat ame lyenyo ikom two kanca onyo mac ame neko kudi me kanca. » Kanca obedo ngo? » Kwon kanca apapat obedo mene nie? Kanca obedo two ame miyo jami onyo kudi Kanca ame makako awang mac, kanca me del aber me komi dongo oyot oyot akati kit ame kom, kanca me remo ducu obedo kwon kanca. myero dong kede, ka pe inwongo kony me yat onyo mac ame neko gii oko romo miyi nwongo goro adwong tiutwal me kom. » Bedo inget jo ame tye kede kanca romo miyi peko? Eyo, bedo inget dano onyo jo ame tye kede » Ibino nwongo yat awene? kanca pe kede peko moro. Kanca pe obedo two Dakatali bino miyi ngeyo awene ame ibino ame kobo onyo onwongoikom dano ame tye mito cako yat me ckanca iye. ilanget wa. Pwod iromo rwate kede dako onyo icoo ame tye kede kanca ibutu ento tii kede opira me gengo yin nwongo kwo okene acalo two jonyo. Apeny piri: CANCA KEDE YIN 1 © 11/2017 Global Oncology, Inc. All Rights Reserved APENY IKOM YAT ME KANCA IV yat me kanca Yat kanca me amwonya mwonya » Yat me kanca obeo yat ango? » Onyo yat me kanca dang tye kede peki ame kelo ka icako tic kede? Man obedo yat ame otiyo kede me cango nyo dwoko ping kero atwo kanca. -
Finding Phonological Rules
14 February 2013 Aaron J. Dinkin Linguistics 1 [email protected] Lecture 8 Phonology: finding phonological rules Given a data from a language, how do you identify phonological rules? —how do you determine if two sounds are allophones of the same phoneme, and/or what rule determines the relationship between the allophones? Basic process: 1) Look at the environments in which the sounds appear 2) Look for natural classes in the environments, and 3) Determine if the sounds are in complementary distribution 4) If so, find which sound occurs in the elsewhere condition if any 5) State a rule which accounts for the distribution you see Example: Consider a dialect of English with two allophones of /aI/, [aI] and [ʌI]. What rule accounts for their distribution? Words containing [aI] Words containing [ʌI] tribe hype dive white rise life oblige bike mime ice fine fly First, we just list the environments in which [aI] and [ʌI] appear in the data: [aI] [ʌI] ɹ__b h__p d__v w__t ɹ__z l__f l__dʒ b__k m__m #__s f__n l__# Next, we look for natural classes among the environments: [ʌI] is always followed by a voiceless consonant. Do we have complementary distribution? Yes: ; [aI] is never pre-voiceless. [aI] is followed by both voiced consonants and the word boundary: not a natural class. Thus [aI] occurs “elsewhere”; it’s the underlying form. So we write the rule: /aI/ becomes [ʌI] before voiceless sounds aɪ ʌɪ / __[–vce] Example: Tojolabal uses both ejective [k’] and regular [k]. Are they allophones of the same phoneme, or distinct phonemes? Sample -
(English-Kreyol Dictionary). Educa Vision Inc., 7130
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 401 713 FL 023 664 AUTHOR Vilsaint, Fequiere TITLE Diksyone Angle Kreyol (English-Kreyol Dictionary). PUB DATE 91 NOTE 294p. AVAILABLE FROM Educa Vision Inc., 7130 Cove Place, Temple Terrace, FL 33617. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Vocabularies /Classifications /Dictionaries (134) LANGUAGE English; Haitian Creole EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Alphabets; Comparative Analysis; English; *Haitian Creole; *Phoneme Grapheme Correspondence; *Pronunciation; Uncommonly Taught Languages; *Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS *Bilingual Dictionaries ABSTRACT The English-to-Haitian Creole (HC) dictionary defines about 10,000 English words in common usage, and was intended to help improve communication between HC native speakers and the English-speaking community. An introduction, in both English and HC, details the origins and sources for the dictionary. Two additional preliminary sections provide information on HC phonetics and the alphabet and notes on pronunciation. The dictionary entries are arranged alphabetically. (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** DIKSIONt 7f-ngigxrzyd Vilsaint tick VISION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDU ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS CENTER (ERIC) MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. \hkavt Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. BEST COPY AVAILABLE Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES official OERI position or policy. INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." 2 DIKSYCAlik 74)25fg _wczyd Vilsaint EDW. 'VDRON Diksyone Angle-Kreyal F. Vilsaint 1992 2 Copyright e 1991 by Fequiere Vilsaint All rights reserved. -
5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. -
Kyrillische Schrift Für Den Computer
Hanna-Chris Gast Kyrillische Schrift für den Computer Benennung der Buchstaben, Vergleich der Transkriptionen in Bibliotheken und Standesämtern, Auflistung der Unicodes sowie Tastaturbelegung für Windows XP Inhalt Seite Vorwort ................................................................................................................................................ 2 1 Kyrillische Schriftzeichen mit Benennung................................................................................... 3 1.1 Die Buchstaben im Russischen mit Schreibschrift und Aussprache.................................. 3 1.2 Kyrillische Schriftzeichen anderer slawischer Sprachen.................................................... 9 1.3 Veraltete kyrillische Schriftzeichen .................................................................................... 10 1.4 Die gebräuchlichen Sonderzeichen ..................................................................................... 11 2 Transliterationen und Transkriptionen (Umschriften) .......................................................... 13 2.1 Begriffe zum Thema Transkription/Transliteration/Umschrift ...................................... 13 2.2 Normen und Vorschriften für Bibliotheken und Standesämter....................................... 15 2.3 Tabellarische Übersicht der Umschriften aus dem Russischen ....................................... 21 2.4 Transliterationen veralteter kyrillischer Buchstaben ....................................................... 25 2.5 Transliterationen bei anderen slawischen -
The Role of Morphosyntactic Feature Economy in the Evolution of Slavic Number
The Role of Morphosyntactic Feature Economy in the Evolution of Slavic Number Tatyana Slobodchikoff Troy University 1. Introduction The Slavic dual pronouns exhibit two different patterns of diachronic change. The first pattern of diachronic change is exemplified in three languages - Slovenian, Upper, and Lower Sorbian. In these languages, dual pronouns continue to be used by the speakers in a bi-morphemic morphological structure consisting of a plural pronominal stem and the numeral dva ('two') or the dual suffix -j (1a). The second pattern of diachronic change is more pervasive and occurred in all of the Slavic languages including Russian and Kashubian. In Russian and Kashubian, dual pronouns were reanalyzed by the speakers as plural (1b). (1) Two Patterns of Diachronic Change in the Slavic Dual a. dual → plural + dva/-j Slovenian & Upper, Lower Sorbian b. dual → plural Russian & Kashubian The diachronic changes in the Slavic dual, although well documented, remain a puzzling problem for morphological theory. Some scholars attribute diachronic changes in the Slavic dual to morphological markedness of dual number. Derganc (2003) shows that the nominal dual, as a more morphologically marked category, was replaced by the plural in Ljubljana Slovenian and some of its other dialects. In a detailed study of the Old Russian dual, Žolobov (2001) proposes that dual pronouns were reanalyzed as plural due to markedness of the dual as a more restricted category of number as opposed to the plural. Nevins (2011) argues that morphological markedness of the abstract features of the dual in Slovenian and Sorbian can trigger either postsyntactic deletion of the marked dual features themselves or deletion of other phi-features, such as gender. -
Acholi / Sudanese
Two TB ma pe Onyute Two TB ma Onyute Atwero poyo koma me munyo yat TB ningning? I winyo ma ber Itwero winyo ma ber Pe itwero nyayo twoTB bot Itwero nyayo two TB bot Pire tek tutwal me munyo yat INH pi kare duc. Ka ikeng dano ma pol dano ma pol munyo yat man pi kare ma pol ci yat man pe bi tiyo tic ma CANGO TWO TB MA PE ber. Mede ki munyo yat wa kare ma daktar owaco ni Eyo Nyik yat konyo in wek pe Nyik yat konyo in wek iwiny kong i cung. twoo omak ma ber ONYUTE NYO Kit yoo ma omyero i poo kwede wic: NONGO TWO Ang’a ma alwongo ka ce amito kony? Ket nyik yat amunya kare ma itwero neno ne pi oyot * nino duc. Proguram me Maine ma lubu Gengo twoo TB LATENT TB Pany kaka nyo lawoti me poyo in pi munyo yat nino Nama cim: 207-287-8157 ducu. Gwet nino ma in i munyo yat iye pi kare duc. Tii ki canduk me poyo wic. Maine Public Health Nursing Program 286 Water Street, 7th Floor Mony nyik yat pi wang cawa ma rom pi nino duc. La State House Station #11 por ma cal, cen nge jwayo lak, camo cam me odiku Augusta, ME 04333-0011 onyo ma pwud pe i cito ka nino. Voice 287-3259 or 1-800-698-3624 TTY 1-800-606-0215 Toll Free number for Calls within Maine Only Ka iwil ki munyo yat pi nino ma pol, coo nino menu weng piny ka iwac ki latic ot yat i nino ma meri me neno daktar. -
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Sinan Bayraktaroğlu Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies Vol.7, No.1, April 2011 A Model of Classification of Phonemic and Phonetic Negative Transfer: The case of Turkish –English Interlanguage with Pedagogical Applications Sinan Bayraktaroğlu [email protected] Abstract This article introduces a model of classification of phonemic and phonetic negative- transfer based on an empirical study of Turkish-English Interlanguage. The model sets out a hierarchy of difficulties, starting from the most crucial phonemic features affecting “intelligibility”, down to other distributional, phonetic, and allophonic features which need to be acquired if a “near-native” level of phonological competence is aimed at. Unlike previous theoretical studies of predictions of classification of phonemic and phonetic L1 interference (Moulton 1962a 1962b; Wiik 1965), this model is based on an empirical study of the recorded materials of Turkish-English IL speakers transcribed allophonically using the IPA Alphabet and diacritics. For different categories of observed systematic negative- transfer and their avoidance of getting “fossilized” in the IL process, remedial exercises are recommended for the teaching and learning BBC Pronunciation. In conclusıon, few methodological phonetic techniques, approaches, and specifications are put forward for their use in designing the curriculum and syllabus content of teaching L2 pronunciation. Key Words: Interlanguage, Language transfer, Negative transfer, Intelligibility, Fossilızation, Allophonic transcription, Phonological competence, Common European Framework (“CEF”) Özet Bu makale, Türkçe-İngilizce Aradili üzerine yapılan deneysel bir çalışmadaki sesbilgisel ve sesbirimsel nitelikli olumsuz dil aktarımlarının sınıflandırılmasını öneren bir modeli tanıtmaktadır. Birinci dilden kaynaklanan bu olumsuz dil aktarımları önem ve önceliklerine göre derecelendirilmektedir. Bunlar Aradili konuşmada “anlaşılabilirliği” etkileyen en önemli sesbirimsel özelliklerden başlamaktadır. -
Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N3748 L2/10-002
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3748 L2/10-002 2010-01-21 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation internationale de normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to encode nine Cyrillic characters for Slavonic Source: UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Authors: Michael Everson, Victor Baranov, Heinz Miklas, Achim Rabus Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2010-01-21 1. Introduction. This document requests the addition of a nine Cyrillic characters to the UCS, extending the set of combining characters introduced in the Cyrillic Extended A block (U+2DE0..2DFF). These characters occur in medieval Church Slavonic manuscripts from the 10th/11th to the 17th centuries CE which are at present the object of scholarly investigations and publications in printed and electronic form. They are also used in modern ecclesiastical editions of liturgical and religious books. The set comprises nine superscript letters for which examples from representative primary sources are given. Printed samples of all units proposed for addition are to be found in the new Belgrade table, worked out by a group of slavists in 2007-08 (cf. BS). They also occur in certain Cyrillic fonts composed for scholarly publications, like the one designed by Victor A. Baranov at Izhevsk Technical university. 2. Additional combining characters. Principally, the superscription of characters in medieval Cyrillic manuscripts and printed ecclesiastical editions fulfils two major functions—the classification of abbreviations (in addition to other means, inherited from the Greek mother-tradition: per suspensionem— for common words of liturgical rubrics, and per contractionem—for nomina sacra, cf. -
Linguistics Module 23: Problems with Phonemic Analysis
Linguistics Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology Problems with Phonemic Analysis Principal Investigator Prof. Pramod Pandey Centre for Linguistics, SLL&CS, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067 Paper Coordinator Prof. Pramod Pandey Module ID & Name Lings_P2_M23; Problems with Phonemic Analysis Content Writer Pramod Pandey Email id & phone [email protected]; 011-26741258, -9810979446 Reviewer Editor Module 23: Problems with Phonemic Analysis Objectives: • To familiarize students with the problems in phonemic analysis • To provide a background to the motivation for the development of generative phonology Contents: 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Insufficiency of the notions of phonetic substance and significant contrast 23.3 Monosystematicity 23.4 Problems in Phonemicization 23.5 Principle of Biuniqueness 23.6 Morphophonemics and separation of levels 23.7 Summary 1 23.1 Introduction In the present module, we take a close look at the various problems in the structural phonology view of phonemic analysis. We discuss the difficulties lying in the strict use of the principles of analysis and the classical concept of the phoneme, the basic assumptions about the separation of levels and the goals of phonological analysis. These issues are taken up in the successive sections 23.2- 23.6. Section 23.7 sums up the main points of the discussion. Figure 23-1: A problem http://blog.regehr.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/bug.jpg 23.2 Insufficiency of the notions of phonetic substance and significant contrast The two basic notions that inform the principles of phonemic analysis are phonetic similarity and significant contrast. Let us consider the notion of significant contrast first. -
Haitian Creole – English Dictionary
+ + Haitian Creole – English Dictionary with Basic English – Haitian Creole Appendix Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo + + + + Haitian Creole – English Dictionary with Basic English – Haitian Creole Appendix Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo dp Dunwoody Press Kensington, Maryland, U.S.A. + + + + Haitian Creole – English Dictionary Copyright ©1993 by Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Authors. All inquiries should be directed to: Dunwoody Press, P.O. Box 400, Kensington, MD, 20895 U.S.A. ISBN: 0-931745-75-6 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 93-71725 Compiled, edited, printed and bound in the United States of America Second Printing + + Introduction A variety of glossaries of Haitian Creole have been published either as appendices to descriptions of Haitian Creole or as booklets. As far as full- fledged Haitian Creole-English dictionaries are concerned, only one has been published and it is now more than ten years old. It is the compilers’ hope that this new dictionary will go a long way toward filling the vacuum existing in modern Creole lexicography. Innovations The following new features have been incorporated in this Haitian Creole- English dictionary. 1. The definite article that usually accompanies a noun is indicated. We urge the user to take note of the definite article singular ( a, la, an or lan ) which is shown for each noun. Lan has one variant: nan. -
Explaining Word Embeddings Via Disentangled Representation
Explaining Word Embeddings via Disentangled Representation Keng-Te Liao Cheng-Syuan Lee National Taiwan University National Taiwan University [email protected] [email protected] Zhong-Yu Huang Shou-de Lin National Taiwan University National Taiwan University [email protected] [email protected] Abstract In this work, we focus on word-level disentangle- ment and introduce an idea of transforming dense Disentangled representations have attracted in- word embeddings such as GloVe (Pennington et al., creasing attention recently. However, how to 2014) or word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013b) into transfer the desired properties of disentangle- disentangled word embeddings (DWE). The main ment to word representations is unclear. In this work, we propose to transform typical dense feature of our DWE is that it can be segmented word vectors into disentangled embeddings into multiple sub-embeddings or sub-areas as il- featuring improved interpretability via encod- lustrated in Figure1. In the figure, each sub-area ing polysemous semantics separately. We also encodes information relevant to one specific topical found the modular structure of our disentan- factor such as Animal or Location. As an example, gled word embeddings helps generate more ef- we found words similar to “turkey” are “geese”, ficient and effective features for natural lan- “flock” and “goose” in the Animal area, and the guage processing tasks. similar words turn into “Greece”, “Cyprus” and 1 Introduction “Ankara” in the Location area. Disentangled representations are known to repre- sent interpretable factors in separated dimensions. This property can potentially help people under- stand or discover knowledge in the embeddings.