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NUI MAYNOOTH 0 11 Sco I I Na H£Ireann M3 Nuad

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NUI MAYNOOTH 0 11 Sco I I Na H£Ireann M3 Nuad L .O . W W IP NUI MAYNOOTH 0 11 sco i I na h£ireann M3 Nuad POWER, RESISTANCE, AND RITUAL: PATERNALISM ON THE CLONBROCK ESTATES 1826-1908 By Kevin Me Kenna, B.A. THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: Professor Marian Lyons SUPERVISOR OF RESEARCH: Dr Terence Dooley August 2011 Contents Page Acknowledgements- m Abbreviations iv List of tables, graphs, and charts- v Introduction 1 Chapter one The golden age of paternalism on the Clonbrock estates 1828-1842 17 Chapter two. Paternalism, education, and agricultural instruction the endeavours to promote orderliness on the estates of Lord Clonbrock 1835-1842 52 Chapter three The Great Famine testing the mettle of paternalism 77 Chapter four Conflicting discourses and the legitimation of power 114 Chapter five The cracks appear the manifestation of inherent tensions between Clonbrock and the Catholic clergy and the consequences for deference 152 Chapter six. Swimming against the tide. the troubled years of the 1880s 177 i Chapter seven- Engulfed by the tide- Lord Clonbrock and the United Irish League 207 Conclusion: 248 Epilogue. 259 Bibliography 262 n ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the process of researching and writing this thesis I have been assisted by many people and I owe each and every one of them a great debt of gratitude m bringing this project to fruition I am especially grateful to my supervisor, Dr Terence Dooley, for his unflinching support, valuable advice, great store of knowledge, and openness to new ideas Grateful acknowledgments to Professor Marian Lyons, Head of the Department of History, N U.I Maynooth, who put me at ease as I entered the final phase of writing Special thanks also to Professor R V. Comerford who welcomed me into the department and was most supportive during his tenure as Head I am sincerely grateful to John and Pat Hume for the scholarship I received in 2006 and to the IR C H.S S for funding received m 2007 Without this support it would not have been possible to undertake this work I am grateful to the staff of the repositories and libraries that assisted me in compiling the material from which this work has emerged. The staff of the Ballinasloe Library, Galway County Library, John Paul II Library and the Russell Library Maynooth, the National Archives of Ireland, the National Library of Ireland, the Royal Irish Academy, and the libraries and repositories of Trinity College Dublm Special thanks to George and Susie Gossip for generous access to material m their keeping I am also grateful to fellow students, past and present, at the C S H IH E, N U I. Maynooth- Lisa Butterly, Emer Crook, Des Knopka, Karol Mullaney-Dignam, and Edward Tynan Much appreciation is due to Brian Casey, Patrick Cosgrove, and Ciaran Reilly for their valued assistance To those with whom I began the scholarly voyage, Anne Bergin, Caroline Gallagher, Dave Murphy, Eom McLaughlin, and Louise O’Reilly, I would like to express my thanks for companionship and support. Others who have provided wise counsel at various stages include Damian Carberry, Paul Connell, David Lederer, Donnacha Sean Lucey, Seamas O’Sfochain and William Smyth I wish to express my appreciation to the staff of all the various departments at N U I Maynooth for making the learning experience such a pleasure Special mention, however, must be given to Fiona Kenny, the Residence Officer, for her understanding and support over the years My greatest and everlasting debt of gratitude is to my mother, Mary, who is a tower of strength This work is dedicated to her and to Jack, my father, who sadly passed away in 2005 in Abbreviations C S.H I.H E Centre for the Study of Historic Irish Houses and Estates D I District Inspector IR.C.H.S.S Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences JP Justice of the Peace KPS Kildare Place Society L.H S London Hibernian Society MP Member of Parliament NAI National Archives of Ireland n d. no date/not dated NU.I National University of Ireland N L I National Library of Ireland RAISI Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland R.I.C. Royal Irish Constabulary UIL. United Irish League IV List of tables, graphs, and charts Page Fig 1 Number of holdings owned by Clonbrock in respective civil parishes as per Griffiths valuation 15 Fig 1 1. Summary of £350 in charities for the Clonbrock estates, March 1834-1835 30 Fig 1.2 Breakdown of £101 in ‘Annual charities’ for the Clonbrock estates, March 1834-1835 31 Fig. 1.3 Breakdown of £101 in ‘Occasional charities’ for the Clonbrock estates, March 1834-1835 32 Fig 1 4. Expenditure on improvement projects on Clonbrock estates, 1834-1835 34 Fig 15 Total chanties for Clonbrock estates 1834-1842 42 Fig 1 6 Summary of £408 m charities for Clonbrock estates 1838-1839 43 Fig 1.7. Division of £54 m occasional charities on Clonbrock estate, 1838-1839 43 Fig 1 8 Annual and occasional chanties for Clonbrock estates, 1834-1844 47 Fig 2 1 Expenditure on Clonbrock school, 1834-1844 59 Fig 2.2 Payment and arrears for seed distributed, 1838-1840 67 Fig. 2 3 Number of tenants planting recommended crops m 1844 70 Fig 2.4 Building of walls drams and fences on Clonbrock estates, Dec 1841-1842 72 Fig 2 5 Allowances to tenants for constructing drams on the Clonbrock estate, 1841 72 Fig 3 1 Statement of Ahascragh relief committee 91 Fig 3 2 Salaries and labour costs on Clonbrock estate, 1846-1847 93 Fig 3 3 Breakdown of evictions on the Clonbrock estates 1849-1852 according to value of holding 104 v Fig 3 4. Breakdown of evictions by district on Clonbrock estates 1849-1851 105 Fig 3.5. Comparison of holdings on the Dalystown estate 1843-1853 105 Fig 3.6. Breakdown of holdings‘given up’, ‘surrendered’,‘thrown houses’ 107 Fig. 3 7 Monies paid to people ‘gone away’ or to emigrants 1850-1855 107 Fig. 3.8 Comparative overall decline in holdings on Clonbrock estates 1843 -18 53 108 Fig 3.9 Decline in number of holdings 1843-53, discounting the townlands of Killuremore and Lisolane 109 Fig 3 10 Rental and arrears on Clonbrock estates 1849-1851 112 Fig. 4.1. Comparison between rental and Griffith’s valuation 1854 116 Fig 4 2 Comparison between rents paid by the Gilmores of Lurgan and Griffith ’ s valuation 116 Fig 4 3 Tenants forming the deputation to L G Dillon in 1855 122 Fig 5.1 Attendance at schools in the parish of Ahascragh, 25 June 1868 160 Fig 6 1. Office holders on Mountbellew board of guardians, 1878-1887 185 Fig. 6.2. Office holders on Mountbellew board of guardians, 1888-1893 195 Fig 6 3 Judicial rents fixed on Clonbrock's estates, 1888-93 197 Fig 7 1 Accumulated arrears on the Clonbrock estates, 1889-1898 209 Fig 7 2 Accumulated arrears on the Clonbrock estates, 1901-1908 240 Map Map of the civil parishes of county Galway with shaded areas representing districts in which Clonbrock owned land 16 VI INTRODUCTION Until now works on big houses and landed estates have been published m two separate and specific genres On the one hand there are the familiar coffee table books with glossy photographs depicting architectural splendour, lavish interiors, or ghostly ruins,1 and on the other there are the academic histories of the wider land question and to a lesser extent estate management2 There has, m fact, been a considerable evolution in the historiography of landlord-tenant relations since John E. Pomfref s The struggle for the land in Ireland, 1800-1923 (1930)3 It portrayed Irish landlords as capricious rackrenters that squeezed tenant farmers for as much as they could and evicted indiscriminately. The struggle, m his opinion, was one m which a homogenous group of oppressed Catholic tenants farmers challenged the might of the pro-British landowning elite and won. Pomfref s thesis was very much the accepted orthodoxy until the 1970s when a new generation of scholars began to make extensive use of estate records and discovered that his conclusions were considerably flawed. The first person to present this evidence was Barbara Lewis Solow m The land question and the Irish economy, 1870-1903 (1971) 4 Solow presented evidence that rents in the post-Famine period were low and evictions rare illustrating that the capricious evicting landlord was the exception rather than the rule James Donnelly’s The land and the people of nineteenth-century Cork (1975) supported Solow’s assertions about rents and evictions in the post-Famine period.5 He argued that the economic downturn of the late 1870s had diminished the 1 Mark Bence-Jones, A guide to Irish country houses (revd ed London, 1988), Tarquin Blake, Abandoned mansions of Ireland (London, 2010), Desmond FitzGerald, knight of Glin, and James Peill, The Irish country house (London, 2010), Desmond FitzGerald, David Griffin and Nicholas Robinson, Vanishing country houses of Ireland (Dublin, 1988), Desmond Guinness and William Ryan, Irish houses and castles (London, 1971), Simon Marsden, In ruins the once great houses o f Ireland (Boston and London, 1997), Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd and C S Sykes, Great houses of Ireland (London, 1999), Sean O’Reilly, Irish houses and gardens from the archives of Country Life (London, 1998), Valene Pakenham, The big house in Ireland (n d ) 2 See historiography section below 3 John Pomffet, The struggle for the land in Ireland, 1800-1923 (Princeton N J , 1930) 4 Barbara Lewis Solow, The land question and the Irish economy, 1870-1903 (Harvard, 1971) 5 J S Donnelly, Jr, The land and the people of nineteenth-century Cork the rural economy and the land question (Boston, 1975) 1 increased standard of living to which tenant
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