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he helps he thaniel, Katie, thaniel, ently with all you have accomplished in your life and I can’t wait to see where you go you where see to wait can’t I and life your in accomplished have you all with ently

forever grateful to those who helped edit this thesis this edit helped who those to grateful forever

bt aaeial ad n itry advice sisterly in and academically both ,

kept helped change my perceptions of the world and myself, and for that I am forever forever am I that for and myself, and world the of perceptions my change helped

me to move towards towards move to me

in touch with me while I have been away and who have offered me their love their me offered have who and away been have I while me with touch in She veryone who veryone

Tanvi

also ters, Marissa and Becky. Marissa, you have inspired me throughout my throughout me inspired have you Marissa, Becky. and Marissa ters, passionate .

It was fantastic to be able to spend more time with all of you, and and you, of all with time more spend to able be to fantastic was It , me with the motivation and direction I needed needed I direction and motivation the with me

emboldened me to adventure to Ireland, which proved to be a vital a be to proved which Ireland, to adventure to me emboldened & heir love and encouragement, and I am forever grateful for all they all for grateful forever am I and encouragement, and love heir

Rabbi Kendall Rabbi who have supported and believed in me for all my life. They They life. my all for me in believed and supported have who graciously allowed graciously t throughout my life. Iyou.t throughout here wouldn’tmade life. have my without it

people in Leitrim. people in a e been very helpful andopene helpful and very been tosuggestions change. o hn m avsr Tmr Ste Tamara adviser, my thank to

ohr hogot u lvs s e i drn ti thesis this during did we as lives our throughout other h path of serenity. Thank you also to my friends fr friends my to youalso Thank serenity. of path

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Aaron, Csenka, Erik, Masa, Sophia, Sophia, Masa, Erik, Csenka, Aaron, –

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CEU eTD Collection CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 1 2.1 Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) 1.4 Scope and Limitations 1.3 Thesis Obje 1.2 Research Questions 1.1 Problem Statement 5.2 Benefits Associ 5.1 Risks Associated with Fracking 4.3 Represe 4.2 Fracking Irelandin 4.1 The Fracking Process 3.4 Research Limitations 3.3 Document Analysis Meth 3.2 Interview Methodology 3.1 Media Analysis Methodology 2.3 The Significance of Media Risk Amplificationin and Framing 2.2 Framing Theory 2.1.1 The Modern Conceptualisation Risk of 5.2.3 Positive SocialImpacts 5.2.2 Positive Economic Impacts 5.2.1 Positive Environmental Impacts 5.1.3 Adverse Social Impacts 5.1.2 Adverse Economic Impacts 5.1.1 Adverse Environmental Impacts 4.3.1 Anti 4.2.5 Fracking Companies: Tamboran and Energi Oil 4.2.4 Fracking Regions: Clare and Leitrim 4.2.3 Irish Regulation for Fracking 4.2.2 DevelopmentThe of Fracking Ireland in 4.2.1 PotentialThe for FrackingIreland in 3.1.2 Coding Methodology 3.1.1 Newspaper Articles Reviewed 2.3.3 Media Agenda and 2.3.2 Media: Local vs. National 2.3.1 Media Risk and Perception 2.2.3 How 2.2.2 Framing Media andthe 2.2.1 What Framing?is 2.1.3 Social Amplification Riskof in the Media 2.1.2 The SocialThe Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) ntation of Fracking Culturein and Media -

– – – – – Fracking Protest Groups and Media in Ireland to Identifyto Frames

Case Study: Fracking Study: IrelandCase in Methodology Research Frameworks Analytical Introduction Document Anal Document ctives and Outline ated with Fracking

......

...... -

...... Setting

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...... odology

...... Table of Table ysis ofysis Fracking Discourse

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...... Contents

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Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, ......

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...... eanUniversity ......

12 47 31 25 22 21 21 20 19 18 18 17 1 12 12 11 65 62 62 61 57 55 47 47 44 43 40 40 37 35 34 33 31 30 29 28 28 26 25 23

1 4 9 8 5

CEU eTD Collection Appendix Personal Communication References CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 6 Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should 6.3 Frame Anal 6.2 Media Discourse Analysis 6.1 Main Interview Discourses 7.4 Summary of Main Fracking Risk Perception Frames 7.3 Comparison Local of vs. National CoverageFracking 7.2 Missing Fracking Frames 7.1 Prominent Fracking Frames and Patterns 6.3.4 Key Noted Terms 6.3.3 Associated Discourses 6.3.2 Associated Stakeholders 6.3.1 Fracking Risk andBenefit Discourse 6.1.6 Energy Sources: Wind andNuclear 6.1.5 Distrust of Governmentthe 6.1.4 Protest Culture 6.1.3 Corrib Gas Project 6.1.2 Pristine Environment 6.1.1 Key Buzzwords: Risks, Controversy, andDebate 7.1.5 Local Environmental Issue Frame 7.1.4 Risky Language Frame 7.1.3 New Irish Protest Movement Frame 7.1.2 Economic Potential Frame 7.1.1 Risk Local to Life Frame 6.3.6 Limitations Mediain Analysis 6.3.5 Analysis of Article Publication Date

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...... – – –

Results Conclusion Discussion ysis Results

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s ......

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125 124 111 107 .. 105 103 100 .

89 67 98 95 93 89 89 87 86 83 80 77 73 72 71 71 70 69 68 68 67 67 99

CEU eTD Collection F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Figures of List T T T T T T T T T T T T T List IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGUR IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE IGURE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE ABLE AB LE THE UNDERTHE S C GAS “ N THE THE THE UNDERTHE C C E SHALE GASSHALE OCIAL 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. ODES UNDERTHE ATEGORY ATEGORY ORTHWEST 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. of Tables of

” N N N N N N A A N C C C C

T T T T T P D L P

N N N N KEYTERMS AND SORTED

UMBEROF UMBEROF UMBEROF UMBEROF UMBEROF UMBEROF LL LLNATIONAL EWSPAPERSAND NUMBER ATEGORY ATEGORY ATEGORY ATEGORYOF T T T T T F ROPOSEDAREA UNC FOR ROPOSEDAREA UNC FOR OVE HE HE HE HE HE IAGRAMOF HYDRAULIC UMBEROF UMBEROF UMBEROF UMBEROF REQUENCYOF HE HE HE HE HE I I MPACT RISH LOCALRISH NEWSPAPER P P P P P P P P P P ERCENTAGEOF ERCENTAGEOF ERCENTAGEOF ERCENTAGEOF ERCENTAGEOF L A A C C ” ERCENTAGEOF ERCENTAGEOF ERCENTAGEOF ERCENTAGEOF ERCENTAGEOF EITRIMANTI C ...... A ATEGORYOF SSOCIATED SSOCIATED ARBONIFEROUS TEGORY K K K C A A A A A A A A A A ODES UNDERTHE EY EY EY RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES AND RTICLE A C RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES I

RISH NEWSPAPERS RISH ANAL ATEGORYOF SSOCIATED N N N

M OTED OTED OTED A ONTHLY - D S SSOCIATED FRACKINGSIGNS TAKEHOLDERS A A A A A F ISCOURSES C C C C C A A A A A RACKING C C C C RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES ODEDAND ODEDAND ODEDAND ODEDAND ODEDAND T T T RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES RTICLES ODED ANDODED ANODED ANDODED ANDODED

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IRONMENTAL ESOURCES INESOURCES THE ...... ISCOURSEUNDER THE ...... K I E MPACT E S EY

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AND MPACT ...... I ...... MPACTS “ ...... SHALE

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.. 133 133 132 132 132 131 131 130 130 129 125 125

86 85 84 83 81 80 78 77 76 75 73 45 42 41 32 27

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EnergyInformation Administration inable Energy Authority Ireland of onmental Protection Agency Ireland) (of

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them to emphasis to them It is impossible to create media that does not possess a frame. Frames arise arise Frames frame. a possess not does that media create to impossible is It or intentionally developed be can Frames may Frames express the patterns of thought that journalists and audiences use to make to use audiences and journalists that thought of patterns the express Frames and become invisible become

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. Clarke 1977). According to a study by the Pew Research Center (1998), local local (1998), Center Research Pew the by study a to According 1977). Clarke hl sm acs te ei o sensationali of media the accuse some While risks through the media, not only the discourse within the articles must must articles the within discourse the only not media, the through risks , nta a rae assmn o assessment broader a instead help l tik h fcs r, n wa ms pol wl rgr a the as regard will people most what and are, facts the think ill eemn gp in gaps determine

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do. National papers, in contrast, tend to be more be to tend contrast, in papers, National do. 22

the media discourse of fracking risks and and risks fracking of discourse media the National and local news news local and National rs cn e eemnd hog a through determined be can risk f .

issues (Hester issues instead I also conducted also I s n ad xadn o risks, on expanding and ing According to Long (1958), (1958), Long to According be studied separately as as separately studied be

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discussed in terms of more abstract concepts like energy security and climate climate and security energy like concepts abstract more of terms in discussed - setting is the "ability [of the news media] to influence the salience of topics of salience the influence to media] news the [of "ability the is setting

other differences discourseother inrisk t ed, et al. et

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Reynolds 2002). By choosing what will be reported be will what choosing By 2002). Reynolds and are influencing the policy agenda as to what issues what to as agenda policy the influencing are - setting effectssettingoccur likely most are to toinrelation ulc n gvrmn attention government and public

Shaw 1972; Mcleod 1972; Shaw

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seemingly successfu ihy pressuris highly The The hydraulic fracturing process hydraulicfracturingThe increased growth, population decades, coming the In

and South America, but Europe has Europe but America, South and gas are trapped within tiny cracks in the rock the in cracks tiny within trapped are gas and

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For example, in example, For s, alcohols, and other organic chemicals (Abdalla 20 (Abdalla chemicals organic other and alcohols, s, Other infrastructure, such as roads, as such infrastructure, Other 2012

nsport nsport a ). Of the 157 exploration wells drilled in Ireland since since Ireland in drilled wells exploration 157 the Of ).

the United States farmers have had oil companies oil had have farmers States United the s tl i development in still is in (57,000 litres) (57,000

s 33

water and fracking chemicals and transfer out transfer and chemicals fracking and water , and the and , or a wastewa a or

(11.4 million litres) million (11.4

waste Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, of chemical wastewater that wastewater chemical of ter treatment facility (Soeder (Soeder facility treatment ter water mpressor stations also must be must also stations mpressor

et al. must . As Ireland currently has has currently Ireland As .

can contain can of hydrofracturing fluids hydrofracturing of much much

2013). also

t al. et

more be built in order in built be l environment.

contaminants

eanUniversity 2011). This This 2011). familiarity 10). With 10). would and s

CEU eTD Collection US the in case the in Ireland A US. the in fracking to compared as disadvantages and advantages has fracking instead enterBri the will but prices, energy Irish lower not will Ireland in extracted gas natural any so market, Scheer2012). market US the to similarly that assume to strategy’ risk ‘high a be would it that ov demand gas global the of 84% up make will gas unconventional Clancy ( system Irishenergy the to crucial more even become will gas natural that predict many and generation electricityin used fuel the of 61% for accounted gasnatural 2012, of As (Bord market energy UK the to connection close a has Ireland and UK, the 2014). (Whittaker fuels fossil of form the 4 decision I greatly affect this Ireland, Northern in fracking begins UK the If markets. energy their c the Cameron David Minster Prime and activities fracking supports decades.for land their on resourcesmining Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should .

2 parts of parts .1 The ountry. Ireland has a strong connection to the UK historically, physically, and through and physically, historically, UK the to connection strong a has Ireland ountry.

Fracking activities in Ireland are often compared to the American situation in which which in situation American the to compared often are Ireland in activities Fracking in is energy imported this of 90% over and imported is energy Irish of 85% Currently is more complex and harder to predict and drill into than the flat and consistent shale consistent and flat the than into drill and predict to harder and complex more is and

the US, Irish shale can be drilled in multiple layers instead of just one layer one just of instead layers multiple in drilled be can shale Irish US, the

Potential for Scheer Scheer

This may be due to the fact that the Irish energy market is connected to the UK the to connected is market Irishenergy the factthat the to due be may This rish fracking policy recently . Ireland has thick sha thick has Ireland . 2012). 2012). tish energytish market.

been economically successful. successful. economically been The Sustainable Energy Author Energy Sustainable The

Fracking inIre in regards to regards in .

le and sandstone, which allows drilling to occur on on occur to drilling allows which sandstone, and le shale gas development gas shale Ireland receives 50% of its imported energy from from energy imported its of 50% receives Ireland The 34 land

government

Fracking in Ireland has both its its both has Ireland in Fracking h Iih a mre wl res will market gas Irish the ity of Ireland (SEAI) predicts that that predicts (SEAI) Ireland of ity

of the United Kingdom United the of openly promotes openly

(Russell 2010; Clancy 2010; (Russell er the next 250 years, and years, 250 next the er tog te shale the lthough na Móna 2014). Móna na

CER 2011; CER fracking in fracking

currently could

pond as is is as and

CEU eTD Collection fracking in Ireland. The report highlighted limitations in the understanding of Irish geology Irish of understanding the in limitations highlighted report The Ireland. in fracking for potential the evaluate to Aberdeen of University the from fracking on report preliminary bemust exploration an has company exploration an granting consider seriously government options The 2013). Rabbitte 2013a; EPA NIEA, (DCENR, excluded was drilling exploration but sampling, geological shallow permitted also option The data. p the assess (DCENR 2011): 2013).Rabbitte 2014; Mitchell (DCENR Basin Clare the of parts and Basin Carboniferous West North the in fracking companies three offered DCENR for Minster 30 the of dissolution the after days thirteen 14, February On issued. were options licencing petroleum 4 way, tobedone frackingwellsable may thaninthe withfewer US. be (Moorman efficiency increased of result the with levels multiple . 2 .2 The Development ofFracking inIre These   

n 02 te Irish the 2012, In Energi Oil CarboniferousBasin LoughAllen Natural Gas Ireland Basin, Carboniferous Tamboran onshore first the after 2011 in occurred Ireland in fracking of discussion real first The granted th

licencing Dall and the collapse of the Fianna Fail/Green Party coFiannaFail/GreenParty the ofcollapse the and Dall otential for shale gas shale for otential

a lease for exploration (DCENRa exploration 2011). leasefor , with Resources, with licensing for for licensing with Resources,

pin wr fr seset upss ny n re fr opne to companies for order in only purposes assessment for were options

over 495 squareoverBasin Clare 495 kilometres inthe (inClare County)

the counties of Leitrim in Ireland an Ireland in Leitrim of counties the licence niomna Poeto Aec (P) omsind a commissioned (EPA) Agency Protection Environmental In 2011, three coInthree 2011, Company exploration exploration

and discovers a viable source of petroleum, then they they then petroleum, of source viable a discovers and , with ,

35 based largely on desktop studies and previous and studies desktop on largely based licencing

mpanies over 986 square kilometres in the in kilometres square 986 over

over 467 square kilometres in the Northwest square kilometres inthe 467 over land

options to evaluate the potential for potential the evaluate to options Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, obtained licence

alition, the newly appointednewly the alition, to the companies, and if a a if and companies, the to

and exploration exploration d Fermanagh in Northern in Fermanagh d licence

Mitchell

requires that t that requires licence 2012). eanUniversity

Northwest

options In this this In

2007 he he ;

CEU eTD Collection EPA 2013b).The ofareas Reference Terms thefocusfor outline thestudy: of and NIEA, (DCENR, process consultation public Irish an for recorded ever submissions of 11 yearsover tworeport with thefinal completed2016. by EPA, the by sponsored is project The to (Rabbitte respect Ireland Northern and in Ireland both in practice fracking for protection best environmental the determine to order in designed was study organisational a of sponsored completion the until technology fracturing hydraulic of use the to regards in made be would decision no that announced DCENR of Minister The Resources. Tamboran and Oil Energi companies: three the of two from applications licence a neededcould more proceed.fracking detailed before studywas that felt many and Ireland, of potential fracking the of summary preliminary a provided only informa of range broad a through sources of variety a use did report the peer enough utilise not to appeared and peer publication not was it because and industry fuel fossil the with has University Aberde that connections strong the for groups environmental by and press the in criticised was report The 22). 2012, (Healy forward” way the are fracking of failures and successes f be should fracking and development corporate, gas shale “Media, on material that: available publically other concluded and scientific, report The 2012). (Healy concern environmental risk seismic and Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should January 

Project A:Baseline C from project the forReference of Terms Draft the on place took consultation public A exploration up follow two of receipt the confirmed DCENR the 2013, March In

rjc (CN, IA ad P 21b. diitrd y h EA a multi a EPA, the by Administered 2013b). EPA and NIEA, (DCENR, project to ae i a ainl chrn mne. eald peer Detailed manner. coherent rational, a in ramed 8 Marc 8 s and stated that contamination of groundwater would be the most serious most the be would groundwater of contamination that stated and s h

2013, which warranted 1,356 submissions, one of the largest amounts largest the of one submissions, 1,356 warranted which 2013, haracterisation

the

DCENR, and the and DCENR,

- reviewed literature (Hernan 2012a). But 2012a). (Hernan literature reviewed

NEIA

new new -

eiwd nlss f the of analyses reviewed and should be completed be should and research tion areas. The report report The areas. tion - eiwd before reviewed

governme

2013). nt en - -

CEU eTD Collection from fracking activities. di these Ultimately, 2011). Partners and Phillippe 2014; (McGowan that fracking by caused require damages for liability may to subject be Directive operators Liability Environmental the and gas, and oil of productions gra Directive Hydrocarbons The biodiversity. and thelandscape Impact to requirements impacts cover 2000 andAssessment Environmental Natura and usage, chemical covers Directive CHemicals) of Restriction and Authorisation and water Th fracking. of during occur regulation can cover that spillage/leakage Directive Waste Mining and Directive, Groundwater Framework, Water the example, For practises. fracking influence do directives EU current mandate to legislation European no is there though even But countries. individual by managed and developed are regulations Instead, fracturing. 4 guide to report a with conclude decision should and 2016 to 2014 from phase research its with proceed will project The 2013b). EPA and NIEA, (DCENR, consultations future for periods precautionary the emphasise sections, certain of phrasing the change studies, quality air baseline health, human of aspects more include now would theythat noting comments public the to respondedNIEA and DCENR, EPA, The . 2 .3 Iri  

There is currently no European no currently is There Project Regulatory C: Framew ImpactsOperations:Mitigationand Measures B: Project - making at that time. sh Regulation forFracking o o o

A3 A2 A1 – – – novninl a Epoain Etato ( Extraction & Exploration Gas Unconventional

Air Quality Seismicity Groundwater, SurfaceEcosystemsAssociated Water and

ork for Environmental Protection Environmental ork for - wide regulation that provides guidelines for hydraulic for guidelines provides that regulation wide rectives do address many of the issues that may arise may that issues the of many address do rectives

rnil, n cnie etnig comment extending consider and principle, t atoiain t epoain and explorations to authorisations nts

RAH Rgsrto, Evaluation, (Registration, REACH e rcig eurmns mn o the of many requirements, fracking Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, UGEE

Poet and Projects ) eanUniversity

CEU eTD Collection operator The property. or persons damageto discuss not does directive the but soil, and water Directive Liability Environmental 2014). (Costello compensation require not does and owners property neighbouring for provisions no are there but water, or land the to damage of case in permit unconst be to prove authori under landowner a of property private the to access of right the and landowners local on impacts larger have may fracking as fracking envisioned D and Minerals Petroleum the to amendments the of none example, time this at activities fracking monitor effectively to authority the lacks regulation Ireland’s environmental that believe scholars Many fracking. of fracking European regulation. of tenant guiding a be should principle precautionary the process, fracking the discussed are risks US the in while place take actions fracking before framed is risk of idea the Europe, In ideology. legislative European of part main a is principle precautionary the as Europe in ears receptive reach to limited too is knowledge when used be should it as regulation” risk in play to role limited policy. the safety its for proof of burden the then risk, its on agreement scientific no is there and environment, the or individuals to harm causing of risk a has policy or action (M debate regulatory fracking the in play to role stronger a have should that one and Europe Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should ajone 2002; McGowan 2014; Postel 2013c). Postel 2014; McGowan 2002; ajone

a scientific consensus on a dangerous iss dangerous a on consensus scientific a The European regulations European The in policy community of tenant main a as Principle Precautionary the champion Many codn t Mjn (02, te rcuinr picpe a a eiiae but legitimate a has principle precautionary “the (2002), Majone to According

itutional (Whittaker 2014). This This 2014). (Whittaker itutional

afterwards (Majone 2002). Because there are many unknowns about unknowns many are there Because 2002). (Majone afterwards

as well as Irish environmental regulations apply in the in apply regulations environmental Irish as well as

uses the the uses

“ 38 oltr pays polluter

The Precautionary Principle claims that if an if that claims Principle Precautionary The ue (18). This risk framework falls on more more on falls framework risk This (18). ue Act

(Costello 2014; Whittaker 2014) Whittaker 2014; (Costello

imposes liability on the holder of the the of holder the on liability imposes ”

s rnil t peet aae to damage prevent to principle ation of a petroleum lease may lease petroleum a of ation falls on those creating those on falls vlpet c 1960 Act evelopment the claims The EU The . For For . case case of CEU eTD Collection regulation for any unconvent efficient and proper provide will it claims DCENR the way, this In 2013). (Rabbitte basis” sea at or land on unconventional, bo that gas ensure and to oil need indigenous we But our resources. from Ireland to benefits the maximise to is goal shared our “Ultimately, stated: Rabbitte Pat (DCENR), Resources Natural and Energy Communications, frac on speech 2013 a In operations. fracking activities frameworks legal of variety conse Pipeline Gas a and consent Development of Plan a Lease, Petroleum a and Regulation, Energy for Commission the from approval case safety and consent Act Gas a EPA, the from Licence Control Prevention Pollution Integrated Full months. 2 least at of course the over place take would and heritage archaeological as well as factors, the in take would to respects in consent planning obtain of requirements and Authority; Local the from pads well EPA to: need would for ‘pure only measures remedial or preventative out carrying of cost the for liable be therefore would

and the Nati the and Irish officials continue to champion proper regulation asaregulation champion key Irish proper officials continue to i (2013), Rabbitte Accordingto . ecological damages butnotfor2014,141). damage’ (Costello other

to account potential impacts on population, flora, fauna, soil, water, air, climatic climatic water,air, fauna, flora,population,soil, on impacts accountpotential to licencing

obtain consent from the Minister of DCENR, who would be advised by the by advised be would who DCENR, of Minister the from consent obtain the Environmental Impact D Impact Environmental the onal Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS); (NPWS); Service Wildlife and Parks onal

ol as icue pann cnet rm od Pleaná Bord from consent planning include: also would ional gas extractioninthe future. would –

are conducted safely and on an environmentally sound sound environmentally an on and safely conducted are be involved in the regulation of of regulation the in involved be f a company wanted to beginfracki to wanted companya f th exploration and production production and exploration th

39 irective.

t rm h Mnse of Minister the from nt ig te iitr o te eatet of Department the for Minister the king, An Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, Environmental Impact A Impact Environmental gain planning permission for the for permission planning gain

tenet uue rs fracking Irish future ng in a region, theyregion, a in ng Energy.

– of future potential future of

ovninl or conventional eanUniversity vrl, a Overall, ssessment a an la,

CEU eTD Collection Ireland. Northern and Ireland both in possibilities fracking explore than plans fracking potential 4 government decision of type this determine should government, ban fracking 1992. in county the in mining ban to attempt Mayo’s of because Convery to According fracking. which counties, their of sentiments the reflect to order in bans plans development their into bans fracking from Fermanagh“hasthe debatearound theemotion heightened and fracking.” the granted who Foster, Arlene Investment and Trade Enterprise, Basin. Carboniferous Northwest mostly of consists Basin Clare The 2008). no and time the at unviable commercially shale. and sandstones of mostly consisting thick, kilometres 3 be to estimated is Basin Carboniferous Carb B 4. Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should . asin, the Northwest Carboniferous Basin, and the Clare Basin. To date, only the Northwest the only date, To Basin. Clare the and Basin, Carboniferous Northwest the asin, 2 2 .5 Fracking Companies: Tamboran and Energi Oil . 4 oniferous Basin and Clare Basin have have Basin Clare and Basin oniferous

Fracking Regions: Clare and Leitrim o date, To counties Rosscommon and Clare, Leitrim, of authorities local The Allen Lough the Ireland: in development gas shale for areas main three are There they are based on illegal precedentsare on based they This is better

y h lcl uhrte i a is authorities local the by

b asin was drilled in the 1960s the in drilled was asin Australi

informed on these types of issues. ontheseinformed types ofissues. an abrn Resources Tamboran Canadian One interviewee claimed that the that claimed interviewee One and

Scannell nri Oil Energi C . subsequent

licence due to a ruling that overturned the local authority thelocal a ruling thatoverturned to due arboniferous sediments and is shallower than the the than shallower is and sediments arboniferous The officials in these counties counties these in officials The 40 , iue f power of misuse

but low flow rates from the wells the from rates flow low but

21) local (2012),

. options for development. The Northwest The development. for options

has released more information information more released has abrn urnl hs emsin to permissions has currently Tamboran

exploration occurred (Bentham occurred exploration

u t te at that fact the to due Furthermore,

, bans should not take place place take not should bans

were licences fact that the Minister for Minister the that fact According to Moorman to According h ntoa, o local not national, the

rdmntl anti predominately hy eiv that believe they

have implemented have

implemented to Tamboran, is Tamboran, to

the national national the

made them made for

et al. et

the its its a -

CEU eTD Collection expects to recover 25% of the flowback water and will then treat the water in nearby ponds nearby in water the treat then will and water flowback the of 25% recover to expects then and suppl rainwater from water their source initially will they that and risks fault contain that areas in wells placing avoid will it that claims Resources Tamboran directions. different inthreemeters 2,880wells.drill These apartwill theshale for layerswithin in wells a total of kilometre 1 at border) the of Ireland in acres 40,000 and Figure

Mitchell ement this amount with groundwater (Moorman and Mitchell 2012). The company company The 2012). Mitchell and (Moorman groundwater with amount this ement 2 .

Proposed area for unconventionalProposed for gas area Resources Tamboran exploration by in

(201 Source: Source: 2), Tamboran plans to use 40,000 acres of land in Northern Ireland and and Ireland Northern in land of acres 40,000 use to plans Tamboran 2), The Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources Natural and Energy Communications, Department of The

[see the Northwest Basin Carboniferous Figure

each

in length. This will produce 24 wells per pad, spaced 20 spaced pad, per wells 24 produce will This length. in 2 ] . This area will contain 120 well 120 contain will area This .

Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl,

- pads (60 on each side each on (60 pads

eanUniversity 0

CEU eTD Collection to company first the be will it so, does ResourcesIf Tamboran frackingfluid. its in chemicals of use the without hydraulicfracturing harmless even chemicals, extra will that chemicals, “confident are biodegradable they as water, and sand only use te the At 2014). (Tamboran Ireland” in operations fracturing hydraulic needwill notbeable torefining will tobetransferred facilities,it tobe directly as used. extract gas the that shows analysisGas pools. Olympicswimming of size the be would that Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should Tamboran Resources also claims that claims also Resources Tamboran Figure Source: The Department of Communications, Energy, and Natural Resources Natural and Energy, Communications, Department of The Source: 3 . Proposed area for unconventiona Proposed for area .

e unnecessary be

perform 42 it

this ty this will “try to use no injected chemicals in chemicals injected no use to “try will . ” o ae n cmay a performed has company no date, To l gas Energiexploration by Oil pe of fracking operation. The company The operation. fracking of pe st stage they plan to plan they stage st

[its] ed ed

CEU eTD Collection documentary explored the experiences of residents in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Texas and and Texas Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, in residents of experiences the explored documentary celebrity populist, anti the for points “rallying main the of one be to proved HBO, by funded and Fox Josh by directed n Academy The discourse. fracking roomsides and for little compromise. 2014). (Crawford wrong” it’s or right either middle “no was there fracking to relation in that claimed Council County Leitrim technology the Cathaoirleach opposeSeanand it. thoseMcDermott, who the (Chairperson) of on focuses discourse general The issue. 4. Basin [see Clare the in is Oil Energi than Basin Carboniferous Northwest the in drilling to committed anti interviewed one leading done, has Resources Tamboran as numbers quantifiable released not has Oil Energy confirmed. yet not antheyfor e apply may program, current their of results the on Depending 2014). Oil (Energi area the for design well optimal identify and targets, drilling potential identify potential, gas the quantify to planning after thewells produce which will decades” “for uptoseveral (Tamboran 2014). weeks few a in performed be can process fracturing and drilling whole the that claims also 3

Representation of Fracking in Culture andMedia Culture in ofFracking Representation Numerous sources Numerous often is fracking literature, and media the both In Cl the in interest its that asserts Oil Energy - fracking movement” as the film “turned the obscure anti obscure the “turned film the as movement” fracking Figure 3 ]. ]. n Occup and

xploration licence for the right to conduct drilling activities, but this is butthis activities, licence therightdrilling conduct for to xploration of media information have proven have information media of edre ca endorsed y

mntd 00 documentary 2010 ominated - rcig ciit o eiv ta Tmoa i more is Tamboran that believe to activist fracking a

43 Many see fracking as a debate with only two two only with debate a as fracking see Many dichotomy

s” Wo 21; egl 2013). Weigel 2012; (Wood use” aire Basin is “100%,” and that they are they that and “100%,” is Basin aire Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, deemed between

to be highly influential within influential highly be to

a controversial and divisive and controversial a - fracking move fracking

hs i fvu o the of favour in those Gasland

witn and written ,

eanUniversity ment into a a into ment ground, it’s it’s ground, The The

CEU eTD Collection screening began regions proposed the of screenings local to attributedIrelandoften is in movement 4.3.1 Anti and series the of run entire numerous forms of the during printed were corrections no false, as claims the Times clai interviewees the of one Alternatively, 2011). (Kennedy 2011 in venue” journalis investigative of pieces strongest the of “one as championed is Times movie Hollywood the 2013, other popular narrative in communities in made claims maker I world. the around communities local many in movement documentary journalist by and Resources Natural of Department Colorado’s process hadonthe the that affects adverse the expose to order in place taking was fracking which in states other Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should

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Gasland Gasland of hydraulic fracturing hydraulic of

local reference

a misrepresentatio – and the economy rather than the environmental risk environmentalthe economyandthan the rather

people (Jaspal

. McAleer focused on the benefits the on focused McAleer . that of economi

entitled “Drilling Do “Drilling entitled , n eti i ery 01 hog hs oe s h crtr f the of curator the as role his through 2011 early in Leitrim in Gasland documentation weredocumentation rele Promised Land Promised FrackNation

continue and n of n . Filmmaker and Gr and Filmmaker . c benefit ps ps and Media Irelandin

Nerlich 2013). Nerlich acts as a counterpoint to counterpoint a as acts

biased

44 starring Matt Damon in 2012, and a and 2012, in Damon Matt starring s wn” (Ladd 2013). The 2013). (Ladd wn”

FrackNation o e used be to Gasland –

claims. to the fracking debate. ased alongased withthe articles.

ee hlegd y h Sae of State the by challenged were Even though Even

rish journalist and documentary and journalist rish mrec o the of emergence een Party activist Johnny Gogan Gogan Johnny activist Party een

of fracking to the local farming local the to fracking of , a documentary reviewing the the reviewing documentary a , as the spark to ignite protest protest ignite to spark the as Phelim McAleer Phelim Gasland Gasland New York Times York New

opponents criticis opponents documentary in the documentaryin m from any news news any from m

that , providing the the providing ,

was the focusthe was e ta the that med anti ’s alterative ’s

New York New - fracking

series ed -

CEU eTD Collection public understanding of fracking and to and fracking of understanding public Good Energies identify Alliance to Fracking Leitrim, Love from individuals study interviewed this for research the of part As Ireland. Northern Fracking No and Fracking, To No Say Residents Basin Rathlin Feremanagh, Fracking Ban Network, Awareness Fracking anti Five Carrick Free, Fracking Ireland Keep Fracking, Against Network West North Dublin, Fracking No Ireland, Fracking An Clare), Fracking (No Clare Free Fracking Cork, Free Fracking Leitrim,countycouncils in the by passed bans fracking local the influence helped which continued protests years, two loc the show to attempt 600 than more initia of Tamboran’s protested locals organised group a 2011, August In Dublin. and Clare, Donegal, Sligo, Leitrim, in develop to began groups campaign localised more passed, time As fracking. gas shale of Gasland screening a 2011, of summer the In 2014). News (Infoshop Cinema’ Mobile ‘Leitrim Most anti Most Ireland, Free Fracking Ireland: in exist groups protest regional eleven Currently

in Drumshanbo allowed the first relatively l relatively first the allowed Drumshanbo in - rcig rts gop as eit n Norther in exist also groups protest fracking - fracking groups focus on awareness on focus groups fracking - against al opposition to the proposal (I proposal the to opposition al Figure Clare, and Rosscommon. - Fracking, Love Fracking, 4 . Love Leitrim anti . Love Leitrim

their views on the representationIreland. on offrackingtheir views in

promote local knowledge and action. Most local anti local Most action. and knowledge local promote Source: Author Source: l meeting with the Leitrim County Council as an an as Council County Leitrim the with meeting l

45 Leitrim

arge group of locals to become aware of of aware become to locals of group arge

- fracking signs fracking

- , and Good Energies Alliance Ireland. Alliance Energies Good and , reCae o rcig uln and Dublin, Fracking No Clare, Free asn ciiisi odrt increase to order in activities raising nfoshop News 2014). Over the next next the Over 2014). News nfoshop Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, Iead icuig Fermanagh including: Ireland, n

i rcig er, No Kerry, Fracking ti eanUniversity

I , -

CEU eTD Collection gainattention, and acceptancecommunities. inlocal cause, their promote to methods creative use groups protest 2014; local Release Many 2014). Leitrim Telegraph (Love land their on fracking of threat the to up standing farmers for allegory an presents which Adore” I Farm “My entitled dance their with 2014 media. awareness an as video this fracking2014). to Examiner (Irishrelation in have Co the Womenin documentary her for Awards Film Rights Human Liberties Civil for Council Irish 2013 the at Prize Grand the won who Glynn, Dearbhla Ireland. in message their spread ban inClare onfracking instituted in2012. countywide the to lead to helped effort awareness overwhelming this that believes activist One fracking. of awareness raise to order in county the in households the all to leaflets out area. county Leitrim the in fracking against demonstrations numerous performed has which group, protest (F.A.R.T.) Tamboran Resisting Are Fishermen prom county hand numerous through is awareness raises Leitrim aware.” people make to things positive doing and proactive, one to According Lei events. Love of cycling member and walk 10k the a around organised group bulbs the daffodil and planted community Leitrim Love 2012, in Day Down Frack Global the c the to give back showing After fracking. of issues the with of showingscreenings by began groups fracking Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should Anti The Tahany Academy of dancing entered the world Irish Dancing Championships in Championships Dancing Irish world the entered dancing of Academy Tahany The - fracking protest protest fracking oting anti oting ngo ommunity in order to create a positive image within the community. During community.the within image positive a create to order in ommunity , made a video that highlighted the ignorance that most people in Ireland in people most that ignorance the highlighted that video a made , trim, the group does a “good job at raising awareness, being positive, positive, being awareness, raising at job “good a does group the trim, - fracking sentiments [see sentiments fracking - asn to, n te ie ws lo rmtd hog socia through prompted also was video the and tool, raising groups have also used forms of media and art representation to representation art and media of forms used also have groups

Gasland, 46

Figure Gasland Gasland Numerous Irish news websites reportedIrishon websites Numerousnews - ae in ta ae ped rud the around spread are that signs made Love 4

]. Local fishermen also formed the formed also fishermen Local ]. in order to familiarise local citizens citizens local familiarise orderto in Leitrim Clare Fracking Concerned sen Concerned Fracking Clare n o te as ht Love that ways the of One

began to do activities to activities do to began The Value of Value The Belfast l t CEU eTD Collection pollution, pollution, noise renewables, in decrease and reliance fuel fossil increased emissions, GHG and change sources anal through determined of frames 5 and terminology us technologies. fracking of use the against arguments impacts. social categories risk in discussed 5 emergesIrish the media. from news the between made be then can comparisons and analysis, media the in coded are chapter this in identified risks for scope better a define can I themes, risk fracking including literature, the and economics, environment, toaddresscommon discoursesociety.chapter aims the used infracking in representation This the of areas the in expressed be to tend benefits and risks CHAPTER .1.1 Adverse Environmental Impacts . 1

Risks Associated with Fracking with Associated Risks , h evrnetl mat fo fakn oeain rpeet o represent operations fracking from impacts environmental The frame risk a using discussed be to tends Fracking lang the in framed normally is discourse Fracking

ee s follows: as were academic atqae, radioactivity, earthquakes,

These three categories appeared often within the academic discourse as as discourse academic the within often appeared categories three These 5 ed in this risk discourse.ed risk inthis

eea aaei fakn rs dsore n te ik icus that discourse risk the and discourse risk fracking academic general

rcig ik discourse risk fracking –

academic and m and academic Document Analysis ofFrackingDocument Analysis Discourse ss f h fakn dsore n cdmc oras n media and journals academic in discourse fracking the of ysis atwtr n wtr olto, ae ue ar olto, climate pollution, air use, water pollution, water and wastewater .

hs include These

edia n wllf (yo 21; ebean 2013; Beebeejaun 2014; (Dyson wildlife and

47 niomna ipcs eooi ipcs and impacts economic impacts, environmental sources. h mjr des evrnetl impacts environmental adverse major The

This section explores the common ideas common the explores section This coding terms in terms coding By first identifying the most common common most the identifying first By Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl,

with the impacts of the technology the of impacts the with aeo ik adbnft. These benefits. and risks of uage the media analysis. The The analysis. media the e f h biggest the of ne eanUniversity ,

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process also creates air pollution. pollution. air creates also process that sources when burned when sources

). Texas in county the total emissions from shale gas, the gas may be more pollutive than other than pollutive more be may gas the gas, shale from emissions total the

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n Pennsylvania released methane at rates 100 to 1000 times higher times 1000 to 100 rates at methane released Pennsylvania n et al. et x The fracking process may release large amounts of methane from methane of amounts large release may process fracking The SO ,

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n priuae matter, particulate and 2011; Hou 2011; sitive and negative effects of shale gas on gas shale of effects negative and sitive

during the fracking process fracking the during an energy source that creates less pollution less creates that source energy an Companies are now trying to come up with equipment with up come to trying now are Companies

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g Hret 00 taey wih a cmitd rln to Ireland committed has which strategy, 2020 Harvest e n” to natural gas through fracking infrastructure investment infrastructure fracking through gas natural to n” GHG emissions emissions GHG lesby increases in livestock production coupled with coupled production livestock in increases from

et al. et sources energy renewable to gas shale ompares

shale or other fossil fuel fuel fossil other or shale

that (2012), shale gas development may slow down slow may development gas shale (2012), uction may lead to a decrease in renewables and in decrease a mayto lead uction 51 Renewables

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et al. et 1) Wn eeg faue peoiaty n h itriw a well, as interviews the in predominantly featured energy Wind 012).

a form of energy of form Rsac fo te S hw ta ivsig 1 ilo i renewable in million $1 investing that shows US the from Research . ilk te da f id nry and energy wind of idea the dislike fossil fuel lock fossil

2009). In the UK, the renewable sector could support up to 400,000 to up support could sector renewable the UK, the In 2009). Ireland and Northern Ireland, wind projects have been proposed proposed been have projects wind Ireland, Northern and Ireland

with controversial public acceptance due to the physical the to due acceptance public controversial with - in.

et al. et infrastructure 52

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CEU eTD Collection concerns about fracking that caused a suspension in June 2011 of all fracking ac fracking all of 2011 June in suspension a caused that fracking about concerns public and awareness public exacerbated earthquakes These place. took activities fracking earthquakes small Oklahoma. and England, Columbia, British in occurred have fracking industry’s earthquakes well the with problems cause not have date to earthquakes risk Earthquakes lawsuit. newspapers many as reporting, media in and lawsuits through residence, of places their near happening (Woodyard hazards” traffic NIMBYism and nuisance noise a “create would project the that claimed He neighbourhood. his for proposed site fracking a against lawsuit a Ironically, health. and lives have locals Many 24 for run is equipment and livestock, Noise Pollution

n ei ad literature and media in Scholars often discuss often Scholars site fracking from pollution Noise

risk “abundance of caution” (Fountain 2014). Few instances of earthquakes related to related earthquakes of instances Few 2014). (Fountain caution” of “abundance w (Not In My Back Yard), the concept that individuals are more against activities against more are individuals that concept the Yard), Back My In (Not

ed ith wildlife (Ladd 2013; Rahm 2011; Woodyard 2014). At some sites the fracking the sites some At 2014). Woodyard 2011; Rahm 2013; (Ladd wildlife

in a few days, which caused which days, few a in aae o oa ifatutr o threaten or infrastructure local to damage spoken

– that are assoc are that

antds . ad 2.2 and 1.5 magnitudes - hours a day and can disrupt the sleep patterns of those living those of patterns sleep the disrupt can and day a hours

against fracking due to the to due fracking against Rex Tillerson, the Chairman and CEO of Exxon Mobil, put forth put Mobil, Exxon of CEO and Chairman the Tillerson, Rex - ( casings and casings Peduzzi Peduzzi

earthquakes occurring as a result of fracking of result a as occurring earthquakes iated with fracking activities fracking with iated and with

s Harding

lutae hw rcig icus i advanced is discourse fracking how illustrates

can also cause problems for nearby residents, residents, nearby for problems cause also can 53 all fracking operations to shut down due down shut to operations fracking all

fracking infrastructure. In Ohio, there were 11 werethere Ohio, In infrastructure.fracking –

i te lcpo rgo o te K after UK the of region Blackpool the hit 02 Haez 04 Amd 2014). Ahmed 2014; Haaretz 2012; effect Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl,

that ed

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and websites covered this this covered websites and 2014 In March 2011, two 2011, March In ). This act of of act This ). as

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have the potential to potential the have

2012; Weltman 2012; 2012

, especially sensitive s sensitive especially , , this initial reaction to fracking as a response to seismic activity indicates indicates activity seismic to response a as fracking to reaction initial this , oetal edt increases to lead potentially d - Fahs

release Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) (NORMs) Materials Radioactive Occurring Naturally release p l ants are not equipped to treat radioactive materials, and and materials, radioactive treat to equipped not are ants and

abandoned gas station was found full of radioactive radioactive of full found was station gas abandoned pecies such as amphibians and reptiles and amphibians as such pecies Taylor 2013; Ladd 2013). The construction of well of construction The 2013). Ladd 2013; Taylor habitat 54 aua wllf truh salinis through wildlife natural

rgetto (Gille fragmentation quite a dis a quite endangered Fracking s

n acradohriless Risks illnesses. other and cancer in and can affect migratory patterns of of patterns migratory affect can and

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tance operations operations

species and other animals inanimalsother and species

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over over ed. ed. - . CEU eTD Collection large be smaller volumesonce volume estimates( will extracted 15 around be to believed ( data base well 2012 of in analysis 85% by cut were estimates Poland in Similarly 2011). (Kennedy data improved to due 2011 in 80% by gas Geolog Shale Marcellus the US of estimate its slashed The Survey inflated. been has profitability industry’s the that sign a as volumes a be to activity the of favour OverestimatedProfitability as favour themainargumentsfracking technology.of in used are impacts economic a roads, values damaged estate wells, real abandoned decreased to due taxpayers on placed burden a and cycle, over the as such fracking, with 5 the wellbeing ofnatural ecosystems. fracking a could pose 2014). (Marshall health ecosystem natural threaten greatly could chemicals and solution saline of use the UK, the in Trust Wildlife the of director the Trottor, Stephen .1.2 Adverse Economic Impacts lso While While fracking Academic appears h eooi bnft o fakn ae fe ue a te igs dsore in discourse biggest the as used often are fracking of benefits economic the

in the discourse. Many point to the overestimation of potential shale gas shale potential of overestimation the to point Many discourse. the in , the idea that fracking is not quite as profitable as it has been illustrated been has it as profitable as quite not is fracking that idea the ,

major threat to the survival of threatened and endangered species and ofand threatened endangered species threatsurvival major the to wih asd ay obs t h tm aot h poetd revenues projected the about time the at doubts many raised which , tzlci 2012 Strzelecki - 30% as compared to 80% for conventional gas, meaning that these these that meaning gas, conventional for 80% to compared as 30%

discourse also focuses on negative economic impacts associated impacts economic negative on focuses also discourse to counter the positive economic impacts, which tend to be used be to tend which impacts, economic positive the counter to

( estimation of estimation inmn 01 Weber 2011; Kinnaman

h rcvr rt o ucnetoa gs s also is gas unconventional of rate recovery The

its 55

profitability

Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, and , the potential for a “Boom Bust” “Boom a for potential the ,

Clavin Pearso

n 2012). 2012).

et al. and by 66% in 2012 in 66% by and 2012). These adverse adverse These n hs way, this In eanUniversity on d

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The profitability of extensive shale gas development outside of the US has yet to be to yet has US the of outside development gas shale extensive of profitability The In some cases, the economic burden of fracking has fallen on the local citizens due to due citizens local the on fallen has fracking of burden economic the cases, some In simila bubble profit a is gas shale that believe Many as market European the to transfer not may US the in gas shale of profitability The many predict many fracking fluid fracking These claims are countered by claim by countered are claims These . According to Williams Williams to According .

- into the groundwater, surface water, and air (Finkel 2011). 2011). (Finkel air and water, surface groundwater, the into av akr i nt recogni not did bankers savvy ers -

up costs can be substantial in relation to cleaning up up cleaning to relation in substantial be can costs up

in hn h U, and US, the than tion 56 et al. et

eventually

(2011), the overall production costs for for costs production overall the (2011), s of economic prosperity due to shale shale to due prosperity economic of s n the US due to the less promising less the to due US the n

s burst e that by overproducing natural natural overproducing by that e r to that of the housing market, housing the of that to r (Ladd 2013; Rogers 2013 Rogers 2013; (Ladd hr i also is there gers 2013). She believes She 2013). gers

o EU no tating: “I tating: e of natural natural of e - wide The The t is t ). ). CEU eTD Collection al. (Brasier communities of structure social the impact all life, of quality the and community, c the services, municipal traffic, infrastructure, affect to can damage which crime, housing, industry, fracking the of arrival the by caused transition demographic communities impacting negatively landscape, rural 5 d and values increased torepairroads taxes and ecosystems. property lower of form the in fracking of costs the of some bear ofconstruction i it but values, property on wells of effect the about known is much not Currently, construction. well shale by influenced being values estate real of possibility the on reports also media The taxpayers. damage road of costs the localities pay to afford cannot “absolutely it that acknowledged has industry the (2011), Kennedy to Hardingand2012). (Peduzzi well the of size the on depending vary will waterand 2011). Rahm Ladd2013; 2014; trucks water and sand heavy The taxpayer. the on fall also may damage road of costs The 2011). (Finkel wastes hazardous and material improper and spillage, wastewater soil, and streams contaminated .1.3 Adverse Social Impacts

2011; Jacquet oil mat ae rmd s matn hmn health, human impacting as framed are impacts Social s believed that the value of existing real estate will will estate real existing of value the that believed s fracking wells nearby wells fracking and amn tuim cetn botws ifign o hmn rights human on infringing boomtowns, creating tourism, harming

Stedman 2011; Perry 2012;Schafft A single use well needs b needs well use single A . Many .

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also 57

et al. et tend to damage roads over time (Mertens (Mertens time over roads damage to tend 2012). Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, et al. etween 360 and 1,100 truckloads of of truckloads 1,100 and 360 etween In this way, citizens will have tohave will citizens way, In this 2013). fetn ashtc ad the and aesthetics affecting decrease

ipsl f radioactive of disposal - paced economic and and economic paced

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CEU eTD Collection t in turbines wind ruin this beauty Inglesby 2013; of value local the and tourism harm ultimately can which dynamic landscape the change will it because fracking oppose many way, this In landscape. untouched rural the Aesthetics Landscape the Rural and impacts asa resu health negative of fears and risks the on emphasis large a place does discourse the claims, 2013). (Polus cancer interviewee and asthma, headaches, irritation, eye over concerns were contamination water drinking of incidents 161 birth cancer, to linked literature. system. respiratory the and eyes, skin, affect could ca and system, immune system, nervous 40 cancer, cause could them of 25% States, United the in process Colborn by conducted me the in made claims the of many support community scientific the by published articles Journal activities. fracking to due impacts health to related risks and fears the on focus writers many media, the in discussed is fracking Health Impacts Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should T f frame also journalists and scholars Many as

perception he discourse, especially in Ireland, also focuses on the idea of the aesthetic beauty of of beauty aesthetic the ofidea the on Ireland,focuses also in especially discourse,he

something

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to be maintained and cherished and maintained be to

et al. et 02. ih pol i te interviews the in people Eight 2012). defects, and infertility ( infertility and defects, (2011), of 353 chemicals known to be used during the fracking the during used be to known chemicals 353 of (2011),

rdiovascular systems, and more than 75% of them of 75% than more and systems, rdiovascular

58 i aot ua hat ipcs I a study a In impacts. health human about dia Postel 2013c Postel

racking as a t a as racking

This study is often cited in the academic the in cited often is study This o e implemented be to ,

and reported be seen in relation to the proposed tothe proposed relation be in seen they claimed claimed they

). Between 2008 and 2012, over 2012, and 2008 Between ). the scientific credibility of these of credibility scientific the hreat to human health. When When health. human to hreat referenced

from fracking as well as as well as fracking from - 0 cud fet the affect could 50% that that n part in Ireland’s pristine pristine Ireland’s fracking the land (Ladd land the hl one While u t the to due would

CEU eTD Collection rm om o ut econo bust to boom from of types other resource or mining with association rapid in experience typically growth that population “places and economic are boomtowns (2013), Schafft to According literature. Boomtown beganand inthe area, the c western a of in underway project similar renta bike people 250,000 attract could that project Greenway Leitrim, In development. in currently large Leitrim, and Clare In activity. 2014 (Costello countryside the ecosystem. natural and environment Tourism protest groups organisation of the landscape on the aesthetics,and potentialimpactsand involvement, public as debate, turbine wind the interview Six landscape. local the on sore and disruption a as turbines the viewed who residents local the from opposition determined industry Frackin pristine the of destruction the to relation in expressed are tourism on Impacts

extraction” (143). These areas then experience social stresses and tough transitions tough and stresses social experience then areas These (143). extraction” ls, s

depends on environmental tourism and people traveling to s to traveling people and tourism environmental on depends bed and breakfasts, hotels breakfasts, and bed . oastal route to promote tourism. tourism. promote to route oastal

g’s association with the creation of boomtowns also arises also boomtowns of creation the with association g’s se mies when the industry leaves. leaves. industry the when mies ). Fracking could therefore pose a threat to this type of economic of type this to threat a pose therefore could Fracking ).

potential jobs and economicpotential jobs local couldbe benefits lost. Clare they

represent similar energy issues energy similar represent C ounty ounty Tourism is a substantial industry substantial a is Tourism - scale hiking trail projects have been proposed and are and proposed been have projects trail hiking scale n activist one n hp i teae.Aohr ciitsoeo a of spoke activist Another area. the in shops and , ees claimed that the opposition to fracking mirrored frackingto opposition the that claimed ees called the Wild Atlantic Way, which which Way, Atlantic Wild the called

59 Both projects could be threatened if fracking fracking if threatened be could projects Both

pk o te rmto b lcl of locals by promotion the of spoke a year and would help to vitalis to help would and year a Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, oh lr ad eti Counties Leitrim and Clare Both n eain o their to relation in

in Ireland, and much of much and Ireland, in ee the “untouched” “untouched” the ee

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Discourse surrounding fracking in relation to human rights is not as prominent in the in prominent as not is rights human to relation in fracking surrounding Discourse oily and socially bt t os per in appear does it but , include: the right to security of person and bodily integrity, the right of a family to to family a of right the integrity, bodily and person of security to right the include:

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o ua rights human to long - Journalist John Journalist em negative term

- fracking tend and and n CEU eTD Collection frames these explores section This communities. local in investment through impacts social positive for potential the and landowners, for benefits and security, energy creation, job including b potential the including 5 gasnatural drilling. or and law the for respect from crime, that believed respondents they that stated (2009), US the Theodori in region Shale by Marcellus conducted study a In fracking. to relation unfav [See an supporter by river fracking the unknown into thrown was Fools!” April You: For Good is “Fracking stating sign ex For activities. fracking of opposition in those and support in those between strife social increased experience also may Communities workers. and activities fracking for diversions resource de may community the in individuals the of life of quality The (36). industry gas shale the with employment seek who people new of arrival the to due character” community changing and cohesion, community pa changing stress, “Increased Community Impact .2 Benefits Associated with Fracking with Associated .2 Benefits der, and disagreements amongst local residents were worsened due to the introduction of introduction the to due worsened were residents local amongst disagreements and der, ual ad sd t s n xml o hw omnt tnin wr icesn in increasing were tensions community how of example an as it used and ourably ample, one interviewee said that in Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, on 1 April 2014, a 2014, April 1 on Ireland, Northern Fermanagh, in that said interviewee one ample, as h dsore o te eeis f rcig oue o a mle nme o frames, of number smaller a on focuses fracking of benefits the for discourse The Brasier to According countersprevious risk frames. tothe

enefit of fracking for climate change, the economic benefits benefits economic the change, climate for fracking of enefit rae s rsl o a isfiin aon o srie de to due services of amount insufficient an of result a as crease t al. et trs f neatos ihn omnte, decreased communities, within interactions of tterns

(2011), social impacts on communities may include: include: may communities on impacts social (2011), Figure

]. The interviewee spoke of the incident incident the of spoke interviewee The ].

Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, eanUniversity

CEU eTD Collection discourse The cost a representing fracking, of risks environmental 2014). Mertens 2014; Whittaker 2012; creation, job prosperity, economic overall on focuses 5 and downemissions slow climate change cur help to gas shale for potential the towards points discourse the way, this In 2013). l a be will it that meaning world, the of parts other climate curb help also gas producing that made are arguments UK, the especially and Europe, In (Pearson 2035 least at until emissions reduce GHG to help could gassubstitution transformat future the for fuel critical a as gas identify does 2015 for EnergyRoadmap Commission’s European the change solution, climate a as seen be not should gas shale that argue some Although 2012). (Cathles energy GH high the from transition world the help can that regulations. reasonable with combined if 25% to 20% by emissions mercury US reduce also could gas to transition the that believes (2011) a potentiallybe oil, and coal to compared o gas shale 5. Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should f GHG emissions. When shale gas is burned, it produces half of the emissions of CO of emissions the of half produces it burned, is gas shale When emissions. GHG f .2.2 Positive Economic Impacts 2.1 Positive Environmental Impacts h fae f oiie cnmc mat at a te ags pro largest the as acts impacts economic positive of frame The how on focus to tends discourse the impacts, environmental positive to relation In can be viewed be can solution to anthropocentric climate changeanthropocentric climate to solution fe i peetd s cmaio bten econ between comparison a as presented is often change as the as change

as a cleaner source of energy than other fossil fuel sources in terms terms in sources fuel fossil other than energy of source cleaner a as and if methane leakages are avoided then shale gas could could gas shale then avoided are leakages methane if and

shale gas extraction gas shale

hs bnft ae fe ue a a one t the to counter a as used often are benefits These on a global scaleon a 62

ion of the energy system, and that a short a that and system, energy the of ion Many claim that shale gas is a “bridging fuel” “bridging a is gas shale that claim Many

G emitting fossi emitting G e ss pollutive process overall (Jones (Jones overall process pollutive ss - benefit analysis of fracking potential. potential. fracking of analysis benefit n eeg security energy and

. process is better monitored than in than monitored better is process

(BBC 2013; Gold 2014). Gold 2013; (BBC l fuels to clea to fuels l omic potential and and potential omic - rcig rm and frame fracking domestically

(I nglesby

ner forms of forms ner et al. et Ken

b GHG GHG b

natural

2012 t al. et - et al. et nedy

term term will will 2

as ). ).

CEU eTD Collection providessource the besteconomic growt energy interms of fracking that claims these bolster to helps US the in had currently has fracking success The 2011). (Kennedy developments gas shale to due imports oil in year per billion $700 saved 20 (Usborne grow to continue to expected is number that and day, a oil of barrels million 8.3 produce will US the that predicted is it 2014, In 2014). (Ahmed fracking million in boom energy produced5 US Inthe 2009, extraction. and frackingtechnology investment into its to relation an experienced recently has States United The authority. international increase security (Clarke energy and production energy domestic boost time same the at and sources electricity based as fracking champion Some jobs as well as energy cheaper of influx market. gas US the on had has gas shale that effects the to attributed is development energy increased and (Inglesby security employment, higher GDP, boosted production, energy increased competitiveness, domestic increased bills, energy lower prices, gas cheaper to lead will Overall EconomicProsperity promotion offrackingactivities. the supporting strongly arguments potential economic positive the with risk, environmental

The media media The pro dominant most The barrels of oil per day and now its producing 7.4 million, which is largely attributed to attributed largely is which million, 7.4 producing its now and day per oil of barrels

nry indep energy et al. tend to attribute to tend et al. al. et 2013). nec, ainl euiy goa eeg leadership energy global security, national endence, 2012). an

energy solution as it can help facili help can it as solution energy fracking frame focuses on the idea that fracking technology fracking that idea the on focuses frame fracking

The predicted decrease in energy prices from shale shale from prices energy in decrease predicted The

the emergence of the shale gas industry in the US the in industry gas shale the of emergence the is predicted is

to increase overall economic prosperity. prosperity. economic overall increase to Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, h and h

energy tate a transition from coal from transition a tate

security. security. , 14). The US has has US The 14).

n ee more even and eanUniversity

to This This gas

an -

CEU eTD Collection to order in production domestic in increase an desire countries European this, of Because 2013). Renard (Le Algeria and Norway from portion al. best a In 2014). (EC 2035 by demand gas EU the of 10% around meet and production gas total EU’s fo account could sources gas Unconventional 2014). McGowan 2012; estimates (EIA its for hasbeencriticised gas thereport global resources,tenth of the but shale Information (USEIA) Administration their may2012 reportone Europe have predicted that in producing energy to relation in risky more becomes Energy Security emigrationthis more anddynamic maintain communities. to help will adults young their for jobs more having that believe many but families, Canada, r for theindustry. supportof areas in communities small many in employment mo and ( years jobs time full 600 create will project its that fra the from created be will jobs 600,000 major a is unemployment where areas in jobs CreationJob Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should rl rs vlae, as villages, Irish ural 02. h EU The 2012). Mertens 2014; Pierce 2013 Pierce 2014; Mertens The desire for energy security in Europe is growing as the global political situation political global the as growing is Europe in security energy for desire The the of Much ty o traine for stly - r utai. ay on pol d rtr t ter oeon yas ae with later years hometowns their to return do people young Many Australia. or case scenario, shale gas could reduce import dependence to about 60% (Pearson (Pearson 60% about to dependence import reduce could gas shale scenario, case

- 7 eevs 4 o is a iprs from imports gas its of 34% receives 27 pro poesoas and professionals d

- h yug ouain ed t mv t Dbi, h U, h US, the UK, the Dublin, to move to tends population young the fracking fracking

As As seen discourse is framed around the idea that fracking will create will fracking that idea the around framed is discourse ). Although many argue that these jobs will be temporary be will jobs these that argue many Although ).

in the interviews, emigrationin the interviews,

cking industry, and Tamboran in Ireland predicts predicts Ireland in Tamboran and industry, cking

not the local population, population, local the not as well as energy supply in Ireland for up to 40 to up for Ireland in supply energy as well as 64

issue with shale gas potential gas shale with

nations I te S peitos siae that estimate predictions US, the In . bolster

such as Russia. The US Energ US The Russia. as such

Russia and also a significant significant a also and Russia nry euiy n decrease and security energy

proves to be issue in a major to proves ams hl o the of half almost r strong a

acts as an as acts

desire for for desire incenti

prevent ve et et y CEU eTD Collection companies tend to give money back to the community (Mertens 2014). Although critics say say critics Although 2014). (Mertens community the to back money give to tend companies r fracking have that Farmers fracking. from gain landowners, farmers that benefits the for American Europe in made still than are arguments less benefit therefore and rights mineral own their own not emerge do these of examples some 5 promote fracking. cruc and necessary a is security energy increasing energy, its of supply.” 85% energy imports Ireland of Because security is fracking] [on perspective Irish an from benefit economic (Mi dependence 45% by increase fracking. to due (2013) BBC the to According production gas alternative for the concerning cur uncertainty the Europe, In supply. energy countries European decrease to desire relianceenergy onRussian imports the reinforces Ukraine the and Russia between conflict 2014 current 2008 of winter toRuss foreign especiallyregards dependence, in .2.3 Positive Social Impacts ial aim. Within Within aim. ial The benefits of fracking are not often framed in terms of positive social impacts, but impacts, social positive of terms in framed often not are fracking of benefits The as discourse fracking in strongly features security energy of promise The

- continued gas supply. gas continued 09 novn te kan i sil rs i mn pol’ mns ad the and minds, people’s many in fresh still is Ukraine the involving 2009

ller 2013). According to Whittaker (2014), the “most significant potential potential significant “most the (2014), Whittaker to According 2013). ller in order to meet demand meet to order in fracking If

currently rely on imported fuel sources, and this reliance causes risks for for risks causes reliance this and sources, fuel imported on rely currently igs placed on their land gain additional economic benefits and the oil oil the and benefits economic additional gain land their on placed igs academic were , t ,

discourse, energy security appears prominently as a way to to way a as prominently appears security energy discourse, methods he US and Canada currently have gas securit gas have currently Canada and US he

shut down in the US now, energy imports would have to to have would imports energy now, US the in down shut

(European 2011). Parliament in the literature. the in Because of this, many European countries are looking are countries European many this, of Because wt a tog eie o rdc gs domestically. gas produce to desire strong a with , , which would exacerbate political vulnerability and and vulnerability political exacerbate would which ,

rently with Russ with rently 65

ia. The energy crisis caused by Russia in the inthe by Russia crisis caused energyia. The

Although landowners in the EU tend to tend EU the in landowners Although Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, ia and the Ukraine creates fears creates Ukraine the and ia

y for 100 years 100 for y eanUniversity almost all almost

CEU eTD Collection Irishreflected infuture fracking policies. be may schemes benefit similar reporting, media Irish in fracking to relation in actions UK’s the of prominence the to due but drafted, been has legislation fracking no as place in benefits infrastructure. gas shale in investment the from result can that outcomes positive potential the express and dissent community curb and 2014 (Sanders Almond 50% determined gas previously the shale from from increase collected an rates was which business development, the of 100% keep could authorities local that communities host (Sander the to going productions from revenues of 1% and phase, exploration industry o guidelines newincluded actionsThese 2014). Almond (Sandersand gas development to shale relation in UK. the in infrastructure the wealth. venture the locally, remains money of little and landowners companies the to go profits the of most that Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should , and this and , omnte hv te oeta t gi pretgs f h pois rm fracking a from profits the of percentages gain to potential the have Communities s and Almond 2014 Almond and s - the 2013, June In led can gain incentives can fortheir land. economic leasing n permitting and planning for shale gas, tax incentives to encourage exploration, exploration, encourage to incentives tax gas, shale for planning and permitting n schemes of community benefits, benefits, community of schemes ).

These social benefits for the communities are used in the discourse to help to discourse the in used are communities the for benefits social These

could be beneficial be could UK Wlim 2014 Williams ; This strategy This

T reasury published a long a published reasury

improving community infrastructure and community and infrastructure community improving

rln crety os o hv ay community any have not does currently Ireland

indicated actions that the government should take take should government the that actions indicated . nJnay 04 Dvd aeo announced Cameron David 2014, January In ). 66

£100,000 in community benefits at the the at benefits community in £100,000 - term strategy report on improving on report strategy term

CEU eTD Collection ideology’ emphasises the belief that many have that fracking is inherently bad, and it is more is it and bad, inherently is fracking that have many that belief the emphasises ideology’ NIMBYism interviews. the in prominently often is discourse fracking that idea the and fracking surrounding th un in risks are there and do, we that everything in risks always are there world modern the “In claimed: mirrored that ways in described fracking describe to ‘debate’ and ‘controversial’ word 6.1.1 determined through analysis them in Discourses Interview Main 6.1 article analysis results. these of implications the discusses chapter following the then and the from themes major the as well interviews. as 3) Chapter in identified (as articles newspaper CHAPTER t ut e oie i odr to order in policed be must at determining codes for for codes determining

n written in Key Buzzwords: Risks, Controversy, ay f h itriwe rfre t ‘ik’ soitd ih rcig ad sd the used and fracking, with associated ‘risks’ to referred interviewees the of Many data, interview the From compile I chapter this In - policed fracking to be sure.” be to fracking policed This chapter further chapter This ad h cnet f rcig ‘ideology,’ fracking of concept the and ,

is presented ingraphs the chapter within Appendix. is presented and intables inthe om o ky themes key for form 6

–

Resu the media analysis. media the of theinterview

lts identifies the most prominent frames found in the ana the in found frames prominent most the identifies I iden I The the

anan sf society safe a maintain h rsls rm h cdn aayi o te 2 Irish 320 the of analysis coding the from results the

ik ecpin rmwr. o eape a journalist a example, For framework. perception risk tified neves lo elce ideas reflected also interviews . The following are the most prominent themes as as themes prominent most the are following The In this this In

many themes and key terms key and themes many

nineteen 67 I transcribed all transcribed I

way,

and

interview transcripts. many view fracking view many

activities

Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl,

u t a esr extent. lesser a to but Debate Rfrne t the to References .

interviews and then examined then and interviews . Fr .

‘ acking risks were often often were risks acking debated

f scaremongering, of and

The data The

as a modern risk modern a as ’ then used them used then

lo appeared also ‘ controversy eanUniversity

‘Fracking

from the the from

lysis, lysis, ’

CEU eTD Collection “ha project the because Project Corrib the of context the without controversy continued and protest of years after today running still is and 1993 in began project The pipelines. gas the be would who Mayo of county the in locals the from considerable opposition and controversy in resulted and resources gas offshore of development the involved Project frac 6.1.3 areasLeitrim asFermanagh. and such havin on Ireland of this threaten west therefore could Fracking the environment.” in ourselves pride “We interviewee: one to the i The referenced prominently 6.1.2 view frackingrisky asenergy a source. will individuals then risk, energy controversial abo think language, peopletend todiscussrisk frackingspecific mayusing related influence which how explanation. subsequent much without fracking describe t issue ideological an of Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should ndustries se king as a similar energy issue with similar local reactions and social consequences social and reactions local similar with issue energy similar a as king natural

local Corrib Gas Project Pristine Environment Twelve interviewees mentioned the mentioned interviewees Twelve The ut fracking and its overall safety. overall its and fracking ut Frhroe te nevees icse the discussed interviewees the Furthermore, . industries environment was often was environment ocp o Iead ossig f pitn ntrl niomn ws very was environment natural pristine a of consisting Ireland of concept

as well as the aesthetic appearance aesthetic the as well as throughout han an environmental issue. issue. environmental an han Oe orait lie ta fakn cno b understood be cannot fracking that claimed journalist One .

discussed alongside the alongside discussed h itriw, ih eto i nn o te interviews. the of nine in mention with interviews, the

If fracking is constantly referred to as a debated, debated, a as to referred constantly is fracking If Corrib Gas Project Gas Corrib 68

associate

‘pristine’ ay f hs trs ee sd to used were terms these of Many

These terms suggest that individuals that suggest terms These

fet ht rcig ol hv on have could fracking that effect of the Irish countryside Irish the of fracking

tourism, agriculture, and fishing and agriculture, tourism,

and it and image and the local pride of of pride local the and image with d informed everybody in in everybody informed d

was often compared to compared often was these terms these g a pristine pristine a g . According . a ffected and will will and . The The .

CEU eTD Collection due to the effect fracking could have on the local environment. The fracking protest protest fracking The backgrounds, of variety a environment. from citizens local local of up made the currently is movement on have could fracking effect the to due campaigns environmental other on anti Many aspect. environmental the than rather fracking protester descriptions anti camefrom these of Many kumbaya.” sing and corner a in “sit would who people as and beards,” long including Ireland in how describe to language similar used interviewees Many movements. focus 6.1.4 significance fracking themedia discourse. within media the in coded also was it interviews, in mentioned the in occur been have divisions social these media the in that exaggerated claimed interviewed individual One issue. the and shops certain enter not would within divisions as such projects. the with many that claimed developments. energy and protests environmental of nature the about Ireland”

Protest Culture n rs poetr troye ad h icuin f non of inclusion the and stereotypes protester Irish on icsin o poet an protests of Discussions

I ti wy the way, this In . anti Interviewees also Interviewees - fracking rpsd fr proposed

of the same the of : “tree hugging hippie types,” “crusty new “crusty types,” hippie hugging “tree : movement

cig areas acking bt h mjrt interviewed majority the but , h lcl community local the

pointed to pointed - fracking activists who claimedfracking to activists who protester proteste

and many other similar other many and

poetn clue arose culture protesting d neighbours before, and therefore became involved with involved became therefore and before, ietf tesle mr wt te oa apc of aspect local the with more themselves identify s the .

rs u t te rqec ta te orb rjc was Project Corrib the that frequency the to Due social conflict social who

would stop speaking stop would

involved now are Corrib with involved were

n sca srf. o eape individuals example, For strife. social and

ities were identified between the two two the between identified were ities s Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl,

- that arose from the from arose that believed fracking activists had not worked not had activists fracking nlss n re t dtrie its determine to order in analysis

often not be this type ofstereotypical type this not be - agers,” having “long hair and and hair “long having agers,”

- Irish a with interviews, the in due to differing to due that similar issues could could issues similar that protester protester

Corrib

the movement the s are viewed viewed are s Interviewees eanUniversity it the into s all of who of all

views on on views

Project,

CEU eTD Collection distrust claims report the what matter no fracking with forward go to choose will 201 recommendations the follow will government the that sceptical are Many on. ran they promises and platforms the than policies different pursuing officials elected from research fracking proposed current the and report EPA 2012 the of scepticism to led had distrust this how and 6.1.5 priorities. and issues local of understanding of lack their to due involvement their against foreign disliked activist the of image the harm could foreign these movement protest fear Many United and States United the like countries were consequen technology. potential the from communities local their protect to aim Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should 6 EPA, DCENR, and NIEA and DCENR, EPA, 6 ed

negative entities in the Irish protest movement. Thesemovement. Irish protest the in entities negative

Distrust said said hope s that ie nevees pk epiil aot cret itut f the of distrust current a about explicitly spoke interviewees Five non discussed intervieweesSome also s narne until unwarranted is

ht foreign that

hs foreigners these protester ht h poet oeet otne t rmi local remain to continues movement protest the that protester of theof Government . pro Many local Many et Oe nevee camd ht itut f h gvrmn comes government the of distrust that claimed interviewee One ject. s but not the current local current the not but s protester s or spoke about them at all, but those who did had strong opinions opinions strong had did who those but all, at them about spoke or s

could h rpr cms u ad h gvrmn at up acts government the and out comes report the s feel the feel s

protester fracking report fracking s had had s

nov tesle haiy n the in heavily themselves involve ae oe te orb a poet and protests Gas Corrib the over taken

a cnend oa ctzn ad therefore and citizen, local concerned as s protester

Kingdom to protest environmental issues abroad. abroad. issues environmental protest to Kingdom - 70 Irish ,

and they and protester

stereotype described previously applies to applies previously described stereotype protester

instead instead s. This negative ‘hippie’ stereotype stereotype ‘hippie’ negative This s. professional s as

‘ p believe rofessional . protester o al interviewees all Not

. that the government the that uue anti future e o ti energy this of ces

Others to rs government Irish be made by the the by made be p rotester s oe locals some believe

come from from come on it. it. on - different fracking , s’

some some

who that that But ,

CEU eTD Collection 1) Fracking Risks and 1) and FrackingBenefits Risks terms th of assessment stakeholder also but risks, which by frames with associated subsequent and terms subcategories 6.2 in the interviews. as efficiency energy market. energy transmiss the and many as projects, wind Currently issues. climate and energy current a fracking of place in development 6.1.6 and infracking discourse. overall,

rvos government previous

Media Discourse Analysis Analysis Discourse Media

are below: listed Energy Sources: Wind and Nuclear i) newspaper the of coding the During nuclear and energy wind of possibilities the discussed also interviewees Many distrust of the current political system seems to be a be to seems current politicalsystem the of distrust Fracking Risks: A)

Adverse Environmental Impacts: Agriculture,1) 4) Earthquakes,4) 5) Fires, 6) Geology, Noise, 7) Odour, 8) 9) Radioactivity, 10) Soil

oe lo one t te imp the to pointed also Some e fracking news media discourse. media news fracking e ion cables that would be needed to transport neededto be would cablesthat ion

h mda icse fakn risks. fracking discusses media the significant

citizens citizens

since

and key associated terms i terms associated key and

h lt 1990s late the

oppose the installation of wind turbines wind of installation the oppose in the debate as well, though this idea was not as prominent as not was idea this though well, as debate the in

. Although nuclear energy has been prohibited in Ireland by by Ireland in prohibited been has energy nuclear Although .

mn blee t ol ofr slto t the to solution a offer could it believe many , 71 articles ,

rac o lfsye hne ad nrae in increases and changes lifestyle of ortance

otoes eit in exists controversy

The each , n order to determine a comprehensive comprehensive a determine to order n I identified identified I 4 h ctgre icroae o o not incorporate categories The . Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, categories, These categories represent categories different These 2) Pollution, Air 3) Climate Change, recurring element in Irish society Irish society in element recurring

the

wind energy into the Britishenergythe wind into four four 11

rln oe proposed over Ireland subcategories m in the Irish Midlands Midlands Irish the in ain categories categories eanUniversity ,

and 63 and energy with nly

CEU eTD Collection term the of significance frequ The Appendix. independence. energy and supply, of security security, energy to made were references when coded was security’ whe or mentioned specifically when coded were terms The themes. and terms for code to article each through reading manually the using terms the coded then 6. 4) KeyNoted Terms 3) Associated Discourses 2) Associated Stakeholders Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should 3

Frame Analysis Results Analysis Frame Each of the abovementioned terms was coded fo coded was terms abovementioned the of Each ii) Fracking Benefits: B) A) A) C) B) C) B) A) B) A)

Advers Adverse Economic Impa Other Key Terms: Corrib 1) Gas Project (Mayo), 2) Environment, 3) Local, 4) New Energy Sources:1) Nuclear Energy, Renewable 2) Political Discourse: 1) Mineral Rights Countries: Ch 1) Awareness Raising and Knowledge: 1) Awareness/Education, Lack2) of Knowledge, Risk Discourse: Controversial,1) 2) Danger/Threat, Debate, 3) 4) Fear, 5) Risk, 6) Stakeholder Groups: 1) Anti Positive Economic Impacts: Health, 4) Social Impacts, 5) Tourism Wildlife/Biodiversity15) Pollution, 11) Traffic/Roads, 12) Waste Water, 13) Pollution, Water 14) Use,Water Technology, Gas Shale 5) Market, Shale6) Gas Revolution Energy Fracking3) Process Description Principle, 5) Regulation Safety, Scare 7) Tactics States Political4) General4) Economic Benefits,

e Social Impacts: Aesthetics 1)

ny f perne f eti terms certain of appearance of ency The results The

Candidates within the Irish media fracking discourse, and therefore aids in the in aids therefore and discourse, fracking media Irish the within

ina, 2) Poland, Russia, 3) 4) Ukraine, United 5) Kingdom, United 6)

search tools in the software to find specific terms as well as well as terms specific find to software the in tools search , 5) Industry/Business of the media analysis media the of

n related terms were used. For example, the term ‘energy ‘energy term the example, For used. were terms related n cts: 1)

- 1) Energy 2) Cost, Fracking Movement, Fishermen, 2) Foreign 3) No Economic Benefit 5) 6)Jobs, Local EconomicIncentives

, 2) Policing,, 2) Politics, 3) 4) Precautionary

, 2) Future, 2) Generations/Children, 3) Human

r it r Energy Efficiency, can be found in found be can

s frequency within the articles the within frequency s Energy, Sustainable, 3) 4) Wind a at s n niao o the of indicator an as act can

Tables Tables 3 ) Energy) Secu

4 Protester - 1 3

in the in rity, . s, I CEU eTD Collection co were impacts social and environmental of consisting benefits the and impacts, social and impacts, economic impacts, environmental adverse of 6. to beused themedia within discourse. the of end the at listed total. in articles 320 and newspapers, local from 132 newspapers, national from analysed articles 188 with frequency, local and national the display sections frequency following The frames. perception risk prominent of determination Figure 3 .1 Fracking Risk and Benefit Discourse with benefits, and risks fracking into separated was discourse This 5 . The Percentage of ArticlesPercentage AdverseImpact of Containing . The Environmental Terms

of terms for each of the four categories. categories. four the of each for terms of only positive economic impacts. impacts. economic positive only in both National and Local both in in Total and Newspapers Appendix

in order to provide a provide to order in

Representative quotations from each term each from quotations Representative ee wti te ris the within vered

Terms that could have fit into positive positive into fit have could that Terms

n aaye the analysed I

illustration of how each term tended tended term each how of illustration Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, k section, section, k

em bsd n their on based terms the risks consisting risks the

uh as such eanUniversity

‘ are also are climate

CEU eTD Collection mentioned be risks environmental When mentioned. were the from articles in discourse the within risks prominent as feature ‘ in ‘wildlife/ ‘ as other environmental impacts. prominent more and movement, nationally locally mentioned prominently more much was and risk common most second m the with pollution’ ‘water as mentioned be often (11.5%) risk environmental denote about if the articlefrackingclimate spoke negativelyorpositivelyaffecting change. every for coded was change climate example, For terms. specific of slant positive or negative the not determine did to analysis I qualitative a section. conduct impact social a than rather section economic the in placed was which ‘l and negative or positive either as seen be could which change’ Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should ol pollution, soil

it o rss Te te risks other The risks. of lists mentioned earthquakes The articles referenced the environmental certain environm certain environmental the referenced articles The that shows analysis The

as the other most prominent risks prominent most other the as biodiversity

(8%). s psil efc o fakn, u te cul oltns r fet o those of effects or pollutants actual the but fracking, of effect possible a as

’ but not explained in more detail. For example, air pollution pollution air example, For detail. more in explained not but

ly ’ h poeto o arclua jobs. agricultural of protection the and

Agricultural risks were often discussed alongside tourism, the anti the tourism, alongside discussed often were risks Agricultural

(8%) in national discourse than local discourse and tended to be listed alongside listed be to tended and discourse local than discourse national in

business section of the newspapers, where mostly only economic benefits economic only mostly where newspapers, the of section business 2% f oa articles), total of (21% ’ ‘waste

(5%). These risks These (5%). , part of a list of fracking risk terms and the articles tended to discuss to tended articles the and terms risk fracking of list a of part ‘ i pollution air water ost focus and concern. ‘ concern. and focus ost

’ (8%)

‘ – ae pollution water

were ’

–

(6%)

were ‘ . fi each ‘ res, Water pollution Water wit were 74 , . The environmental risks did not appear often appear not did risks environmental The . discussed ‘ ’

h traffic/roads mentioned very rarely and and rarely very mentioned

‘

geology, ‘ identified agriculture ’ mention of climate change and does not does and change climate of mention Agriculture

‘ lmt change Climate a te ot omny eerd to referred commonly most the was

occasionally and usually and occasionally ’

’ , ‘ in the discourse, they tend they discourse, the in ’

noise,

’ (5%) the most common risk, common most the

’ (15%)

and farming appeared as the the as appeared farming and ocal economic incentives’ economic ocal ental risks less often, such often, less risks ental ’ ,

‘ ’ ‘ odour,

ae use water was was and and ‘ etoe much mentioned ’ therefore lmt change climate

‘ radioactivity, ’

(25%) (5%) referenced ol b would - fracking fracking

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not ’

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(2.5%). ’ n oa reporting local in

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h Uie Sae, h Uie Kndm Rsi, kan, oad ad hn. By China. and Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Kingdom, United the States, United the their 8 .

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job loss that could occur in relation to negative impacts on tourism, tourism, on impacts negative to relation in occur could that loss job

news coverage news stakeholder discourse stakeholder National and Local NewspapersNational and in To and ’

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9 prominent in the interviewprominent discourse the in ihn oa coverage, local Within rtss gis Carla n fakn in fracking and Cuadrilla against protests oeet a c was movement . ’

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s , - ’ - CEU eTD Collection eeoig hl rsucs n uoe r rrl se i te esae rprig with reporting, newspaper the reporting instead focusingfracking elsewhere. onthesuccess inthe UnitedStates and of in seen rarely are Europe in resources shale pipeline developing of lack geology, in differences to infrastructure, due America North of outside countries in resources gas unconventional develop to challenging more be may it that argue Scholars an compensation w as rights mineral their own often UK. the and Ireland in situations the and successes US regulations certain from exceptions including regulation federal supportive and markets, gas gas deregulated industry, domestic developed highly a deposits, gas shale extracting and locating in advances 2013). (Goldenberg by America did councils local the for revenues new producing it and jobs, creating prices, energy down driving like Britain transform to help will it that believes he as development ha Cameron David Minster Prime speeches, many in fracking of prominence the to attributed be int Europe. in were countri these in developments one almost in mentioned mentioned with fracking, to relation in entions most often most The prominence of of prominence The The

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the United Kingdom and United States United and Kingdom United the (25%) and (25%) ‘ Russia oh the Both es have on Irish fracking discourse fracking Irish on have es ’

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Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, ’

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are British newspapers and could therefore have artificially increased the detected the increased artificially have therefore could and newspapers British are h fakn rs dsore em apae mr feunl ta te political the than frequently more appeared terms discourse risk fracking The rms overall, and both and overall, rms 10 . The Percentage of ArticlesDiscoursePercentage Risk of Terms Containing . The both in

National and Local National and

Fermanagh Herald Fermanagh categories had terms that appeared in a significant portion significant a in appeared that terms had categories

Newspapers in Total and 80

and emng Herald Fermanagh Impartial Reporter Impartial Leitrim Observer Leitrim

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Irish CEU eTD Collection interview often data, inthe scholarly butnotas documents. protests to relation in used ‘ sides two the ‘debate’ why Reasons general a as used often was anti suc as such less mentioned ‘ threats, danger/threat Figure h as scaremongering and scare stories. scare and scaremongering as h - fracking movement to scare people into being against fracking. The term The fracking. against being into people scare to movement fracking were discourse risk the in terms common most The ’

was used similarly, but the ‘fracking debate’ was at times followed by examples of examples by followed times at was debate’ ‘fracking the but similarly, used was ‘ 11 risks, . The Percentage of ArticlesPercentage Political of Containing . The Discourse both Terms in ’ – the process the

(16%), ’ risks

and

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were used in relation to risks and benefits and were also often often also were and benefits and risks to relation in used were (11%) and (11%) ’

(12%), –

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According to the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering of Academy Royal the and Society Royal the to According al rights al ‘ regulation urse tended to focus on fracking regulation as a method of preventing of method a as regulation fracking on focus to tended urse ‘ Regulation

’ ‘

Policing were coded due to their mention in the literature review, but but review, literature the in mention their to due coded were ’ ’

(11%), (11%), (1.5%) and and (1.5%)

’ ’

discourse identified both positives and negatives in in negatives and positives both identified discourse mostly of references to references of mostly ‘ ciiis ee ecie i rlto t physical to relation in described were activities ’ policing

a ol etoe cainlyi lcl media local in occasionally mentioned only was ums, campaigns, ums, 82

‘ iea rights mineral ’

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issues appeared issues ‘ precautionary

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tegories were awareness raising and raising awareness were tegories Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, fracking

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’ f fracking of

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CEU eTD Collection on references to fracki referencesto on a either being fracking conceptof and terms discourse risk as well as benefits and risks as such codes fracking an purely discourse predicted,also localappeared theterm more o as well as benefits and risks environmental as such frequently. less much mentioned were (6%), discourse: practice, indica discourse, fracking the within prominent Figure ‘ shale gas market gas shale gnrl term general A terms keyother The

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(35%) and (35%) ng either being an old technology, as it was first used in the 1940s, or aor 1940s, the in used first was it as technology, old an beingeither ng ’ energy issue. issue. energy

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‘ ‘ environment s (33%). The other terms other The (33%). environment 85

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(3.5%), and (3.5%), Other Key used ‘ ’ Ariel Drehobl, CentralEurop ArielDrehobl, ’ fears ’

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. The spike in fracking reporting in June 2013 by the by 2013 June in reporting fracking in spike The . Figure .5 Analysis Articleof Publication Dates interview data, butit important and trends published, were fracking to referring articles when analysing By 15

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within the media discourse.within 86

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f fakn, ‘hl gs’ r hdalc rcuig wr pbihd n the in published were fracturing’ ‘hydraulic or gas,’ ‘shale ‘fracking,’ of ecnae of percentages . The The . and increasing the frequency of economic benefit terms benefit economic of frequency the increasing and , 15% in the in 15% , Irish Independent Irish emng Herald Fermanagh

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103

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presented with the with presented

in which fracking is framed in Ireland. This study analyses one one analyses study This Ireland. in framed is fracking which in – Over the next two years, stakeholders in Ireland will have ample time to build up theirup build to time amplehave Irelandwill years, stakeholdersin two next Overthe media, fracking the within frames prominent identify to able was study this Although

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nd of ideologies they promote. ideologiesnd of they promote. 110 noprt ohr elements other incorporate

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128 Articles ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **

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CEU eTD Collection Impact Codes the under Fracking CategoryRisks of Table ofarchives) possible online (no search not applicable = **N/A search) Independent in found Irish as articles (same Independent Irish subsidiaryof = *IrishInd. Accessible Not Papers Local Total Fra Reference No Papers Local Total Fracking Reference Papers Local Total 128 127 126 125 Wicklow 124 123 County Climate Change Climate Water Pollution Water

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2 (5%) 2 (5%) 2 (5%) 2 0 (12.5%) 5 (5%) 2 (T=40) r Examine Irish

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130

14 (24%) 14 (19%) 11 (24%) 14 (15%) 9 (25%) 15 (13.5%) 8 (T=59) Reporter Impartial

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9 (15%) 9 (15%) 9 0 (14%) 8 (44%) 26 (T=59) er Report al Imparti

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CEU eTD Collection Description Process Fracking Knowledge of Lack Education Awareness/ Raising Table Regulation Principle Precautionary Politics Policing Rights Mineral Discourse the under Category Discourses Associated Table Tactics Scare Safety Risk Fear Debate Danger/Threat Controversial theunder Category Discourses Associated Table Isle? Emerald the We Fracking Risk Should

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4 (7%) 4 (10%) 6 (12%) 7 (T=59) Reporter Impartial

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Total Total (4%) 13 (12%) 38 (12%) 39 (11%) 35 (12%) 39 (16%) 52 (22.5%) 72 (T=320) Total 35 (11%) 35 (1.5%) 5 (15.5%) 50 (8%) 26 (1%) 3 (T=320) 31 (10%) 31 (5%) 15 (7%) 23 (T=320) Total

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