The Founding Fathers of the EU the European Union Explained
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30Years 1953-1983
30Years 1953-1983 Group of the European People's Party (Christian -Demoeratie Group) 30Years 1953-1983 Group of the European People's Party (Christian -Demoeratie Group) Foreword . 3 Constitution declaration of the Christian-Democratic Group (1953 and 1958) . 4 The beginnings ............ ·~:.................................................. 9 From the Common Assembly to the European Parliament ........................... 12 The Community takes shape; consolidation within, recognition without . 15 A new impetus: consolidation, expansion, political cooperation ........................................................... 19 On the road to European Union .................................................. 23 On the threshold of direct elections and of a second enlargement .................................................... 26 The elected Parliament - Symbol of the sovereignty of the European people .......... 31 List of members of the Christian-Democratic Group ................................ 49 2 Foreword On 23 June 1953 the Christian-Democratic Political Group officially came into being within the then Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community. The Christian Democrats in the original six Community countries thus expressed their conscious and firm resolve to rise above a blinkered vision of egoistically determined national interests and forge a common, supranational consciousness in the service of all our peoples. From that moment our Group, whose tMrtieth anniversary we are now celebrating together with thirty years of political -
The Spaak Committee
The Spaak Committee Source: CVCE. European NAvigator. Étienne Deschamps. Copyright: (c) CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_spaak_committee-en-2c330a16-0797-4e30-9a6b- d3c6de5ada0e.html Last updated: 08/07/2016 1/2 The Spaak Committee From 9 July 1955 to 21 April 1956, a working party, composed of delegates from the six governments and chaired by the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Paul-Henri Spaak, undertook the task of drawing up a report which would sketch the broad outline of a future European Economic Community (EEC) and a European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC). In October 1955, although it had participated in the first preparatory sessions, the United Kingdom decided to play no further part in the work of the Spaak Committee, whose chances of success it saw as slight and, at all events, not altogether desirable. The British opposed a customs union because they wanted to maintain their autonomy with regard to the setting of tariffs, protect their industries and maintain the privileged links that they enjoyed with their Commonwealth partners. Besides, Britain, which had had the atomic bomb since 1952 and was already financing nuclear research programmes with the United States and Canada, did not want to compromise that fruitful collaboration by associating itself with Euratom. The working party, whose meetings were also attended initially by representatives of the High Authority of the ECSC, drew up a Report of the Heads of Delegation to the Foreign Ministers, which served as the basis for negotiations during the conference of the six Ministers for Foreign Affairs, which was held in Venice on 29 and 30 May 1956. -
Bibliography
Bibliography I. Primary Sources A. Manuscript Collections and Government Archives Foreign Affairs Oral History Program (FAOHP), Georgetown University Washington, D.C. (copies also deposited at George C. Marshall Library) Everett Bellows (February 1989) David S. Brown (March 1989) Vincent V. Checchi (July 1990) Lincoln Gordon (January 1988) John J. Grady (August 1989) William Parks (November 1988) Melbourne Spector (December 1988) Joseph Toner (October 1989) Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. W. Averell Harriman Papers George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, Virginia Dowsley Clark Collection European Recovery Plan Commemoratives Collection William C. Foster Papers George C. Marshall Papers Marshall Plan Photograph Collection Forrest Pogue Interviews (Paul Hoffman and John McCloy) Harry B. Price Interviews (conducted 1952–54) ECA and OEEC Leland Barrows Richard M. Bissell Samuel Board Harlan Cleveland H. Van B. Cleveland John O. Coppock Glenn Craig D. A. Fitzgerald William C. Foster Theodore Geiger Lincoln Gordon W. Averell Harriman Carroll Hinman Paul Hoffman E. N. Holmgren John Lindeman Shaw Livermore Robert Marjolin Orbun V. Powell MacDonald Salter Melbourne Spector Harold Stein Donald C. Stone Allan Swim Samuel Van Hyning Greece (Americans) Michael H. B. Adler Leland Barrows Dowsley Clark John O. Coppock Helene Granby Joseph F. Heath Robert Hirschberg Paul A. Jenkins Brice M. Mace Lawrence B. Myers Walter E. Packard Paul R. Porter 163 Bibliography Greece (Americans—continued) Alan D. Strachan Edward A. Tenenbaum John O. Walker Greece (Greeks) Costa Hadjiagyras Constantin D. Tsatsos Italy (Americans) Vincent M. Barnett William E. Corfitzen Henry J. Costanzo Bartlett Harvey Thomas A. Lane Dominic J. Marcello Walter C. McAdoo Guido Nadzo Chauncey Parker Donald Simmons James Toughill Italy (Italians) Giovanni Malagodi Donato Menichella Ernesto Rossi Turkey (Americans) Clifton H. -
The Bank of the European Union (Sabine Tissot) the Authors Do Not Accept Responsibility for the 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 Translations
The book is published and printed in Luxembourg by 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 15, rue du Commerce – L-1351 Luxembourg 3 (+352) 48 00 22 -1 5 (+352) 49 59 63 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 U [email protected] – www.ic.lu The history of the European Investment Bank cannot would thus mobilise capital to promote the cohesion be dissociated from that of the European project of the European area and modernise the economy. 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 The EIB yesterday and today itself or from the stages in its implementation. First These initial objectives have not been abandoned. (cover photographs) broached during the inter-war period, the idea of an 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 The Bank’s history symbolised by its institution for the financing of major infrastructure in However, today’s EIB is very different from that which 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 successive headquarters’ buildings: Europe resurfaced in 1949 at the time of reconstruction started operating in 1958. The Europe of Six has Mont des Arts in Brussels, and the Marshall Plan, when Maurice Petsche proposed become that of Twenty-Seven; the individual national 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 Place de Metz and Boulevard Konrad Adenauer the creation of a European investment bank to the economies have given way to the ‘single market’; there (West and East Buildings) in Luxembourg. Organisation for European Economic Cooperation. has been continuous technological progress, whether 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 in industry or financial services; and the concerns of The creation of the Bank was finalised during the European citizens have changed. -
John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University Recommended Citation Labinski, Nicholas, "Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin" (2011). Master's Theses (2009 -). Paper 104. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/104 EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN by Nicholas Labinski A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2011 ABSTRACT EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN Nicholas Labinski Marquette University, 2011 This paper examines John F. Kennedy’s rhetoric concerning the Berlin Crisis (1961-1963). Three major speeches are analyzed: Kennedy’s Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis , the Address at Rudolph Wilde Platz and the Address at the Free University. The study interrogates the rhetorical strategies implemented by Kennedy in confronting Khrushchev over the explosive situation in Berlin. The paper attempts to answer the following research questions: What is the historical context that helped frame the rhetorical situation Kennedy faced? What rhetorical strategies and tactics did Kennedy employ in these speeches? How might Kennedy's speeches extend our understanding of presidential public address? What is the impact of Kennedy's speeches on U.S. German relations and the development of U.S. and German Policy? What implications might these speeches have for the study and execution of presidential power and international diplomacy? Using a historical-rhetorical methodology that incorporates the historical circumstances surrounding the crisis into the analysis, this examination of Kennedy’s rhetoric reveals his evolution concerning Berlin and his Cold War strategy. -
Public Record Office (PRO), FO 371/49069/9595 (13 August); Alexander Cadogan Diaries, Churchill College, Cambridge, 1/ 15 (13 August)
NOTES I THE BIRTH OF EUROPEAN UNITY, 1929-49 1. Public Record Office (PRO), FO 371/49069/9595 (13 August); Alexander Cadogan diaries, Churchill College, Cambridge, 1/ 15 (13 August). 2. Standard critical accounts of British policy include: N. BeloiT, The General Says No (1963); M. Charlton, The Price if Victory (1983); A. Nutting, Europe Will Not Wait (1960); R. Mayne, The Recovery of Europe (1970). 3. R. W. D. Boyce, 'Britain's First "No" to Europe: Britain and the Briand Plan, 1929-30', European Studies Review, Vol. 10 (1980), 17-45; P. J. V. Rollo, Britain and the Briand Plan: the Common Market that never was (Keele, 1972); R. White, 'Cordial Caution: the British response to the French proposal for European Federal Union' in A. Bosco, ed., The Federal Idea: the History of Federalismfrom Enlightenment to 1945 (1991), 237-62. 4. A. Bullock, The Life and Times if Ernest Bevin, Vol. I. Trade Union Leader (1960), 356-63, 369-71, 386-8, 440-7, 622-3, 630-4, 648-9. 5. R. A. Wilford, 'The Federal Union Campaign', European Studies Review, Vol. 10 (1980), 102-4; A. Bosco, 'Federal Union, Chatham House ... and the Anglo-French Union', in Bosco, ed., Federal Idea, 291-325. 6. A. Shlaim, 'Prelude to Downfall: the British offer of Union to France, June 1940', Journal if Contemporary History, Vol. IX (1972), 27-63. 7. H. B. Ryan, The Vision of Anglo-America: the US-UK alliance and the emerging Cold War, 1943--6 (Cambridge, 1987); see also, for example, R. B. Woods, A Changing if the Guard: Anglo-America 1941-6 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1990) or, more generally: 184 Notes H. -
Council of Europe
AT A GLANCE Council of Europe The Council of Europe (CoE) is the oldest of the intergovernmental organisations set up in post-World War II Europe, and the one that has the most member states. Since its creation in 1949, the CoE has shared strong links with other European organisations, such as the European Coal and Steel Community and the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation; it now has close links with the European Union. Over time, the CoE has specialised in human-rights promotion and in monitoring the effective implementation of the European Convention of Human Rights. However, the CoE has recently come under pressure due to allegations of internal corruption and a rise of illiberal tendencies in Europe; in response, it has embarked on a reform process. A historical introduction to the CoE After the Congress of Europe in The Hague in 1948, a number of European countries decided to create the Council of Europe. This organisation, of which Winston Churchill was one of the founding fathers, was committed to intergovernmental cooperation among European countries to promote peace and cooperation on the continent. Central and eastern European countries were also invited to join, but in the end refused to become members due to Cold War tensions. Over the decades, the CoE has cooperated with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), as well as their successors (the European Communities/Union and OECD), and has gradually specialised in human rights and European cultural and scientific cooperation. As well as their interest in promoting European cooperation, the EU and the CoE share several symbols: Strasbourg is the seat of both the CoE and the European Parliament (which for many years also shared the CoE's debating chamber); both organisations have the same anthem and flag. -
Hendrik Brugmans, the Federal Solution, and the Cultural Renewal of Europe Lisa Maat
Hendrik Brugmans, the Federal Solution, and the Cultural Renewal of Europe Lisa Maat Master History, Faculty of Humanities Political Cultures and National Identities Supervisor: G.P. Scott-Smith June 10, 2012 Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................2 Chapter 1 The Origins of European Federalism .................................................................7 1.1 A Climate of High Hope...........................................................................................7 1.2 Different Directions..................................................................................................9 1.3 Unionism vs Federalism.........................................................................................11 1.4 Conclusion.............................................................................................................14 Chapter 2 Hendrik Brugmans’ views on European Integration.........................................15 2.1 Personal and Political Background .........................................................................15 2.2 The Federalist Solution...........................................................................................17 2.3 Peace, Reconciliation and World Federation...........................................................20 2.4 Federalism and the Cold War .................................................................................21 2.5 Culture and Morality ..............................................................................................24 -
The Founding Fathers of Europe and the ECSC Mother
The gender of citizenship in Europe The founding fathers of Europe and the ECSC mother Mauve CARBONELL ABSTRACT The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which emerged from the Treaty of Paris signed on April 14, 1951, was a world of men, of “founding fathers” who pooled the heavy industries that were then entrusted to the ECSC (coal and steel). Its virtuous image as a founding myth and mold for today’s EU—a builder of European peace and reconciliation—is essentially male. Women, who were invisible, worked in the shadows of the High Authority of the ECSC and the other institutions that were established during the 1950s. They especially performed “office” duties (secretaries, stenographers, interpreters), which were an important part of the burgeoning Community administration, for instance as interpreters who served as links between men who did not speak the same language. Members of the High Authority: D. Spierenburg, P. Malvestiti, A. Coppé (front), and P. Finet, P.-O. Lapie, H. Potthoff, A. Wehrer, F. Hellwig and R. Reynaud (back). © EC, 1959. F. Etzel, U. Wenmakers, A. Coppé, J. Monnet and D. Spierenburg, April 30, 1953, Luxembourg. © USA/SRE, Paris and FJME, Lausanne. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which emerged from the Treaty of Paris signed on April 14, 1951, was a world of men, of “founding fathers” who pooled the heavy industries that were then entrusted to the ECSC (coal and steel). Its virtuous image—a builder of European peace and reconciliation—is essentially male. Where were the women in this first community? Although invisible, they nevertheless worked for a number of decades in the shadow of the founding fathers and European leaders. -
L'homme Politique Belge Belgian Man of Politics De Belgische Politieke
L’homme © Belga FR politique belge Paul-Henri Spaak (Schaerbeek, 1899 – Bruxelles, 1972) voit le jour dans une famille très présente dans la vie politique et culturelle du pays. Son père, Paul Spaak (1870-1936), avocat de formation, brille dans le monde de la dramaturgie. Sa mère, Marie Janson, est la fille de Paul Janson, le puissant tribun libéral progressiste, à la pointe du combat pour le suffrage universel, et la sœur du ministre Paul-Emile Janson. Elue au Sénat dès 1921, Marie Spaak-Janson sera la première femme parlementaire de Belgique. Docteur en droit de l’Université de Bruxelles (1921), Paul-Henri Spaak acquiert une notoriété précoce en plaidant brillamment des causes retentissantes comme celle de l’anarchiste De Rosa, auteur d’un attentat manqué contre le prince Umberto d’Italie, fiancé de la princesse Marie-José, en 1929. Engagé en politique au sein du Parti ouvrier belge (P.O.B.) où il fait ses armes en tant que chef de cabinet adjoint du ministre Joseph Wauters, chargé du travail et de la prévoyance sociale (1925-1927), il s’y montre un pacifiste résolu, prend des positions perçues comme révolutionnaires par nombre de ses pairs, au point de frôler l’exclusion de son parti. Cela ne l’empêche pas d’entamer une carrière politique nationale qui s’avère prometteuse. Elu représentant de l’arrondissement de Bruxelles dès 1932, il entre trois ans plus tard dans le premier gouvernement Van Zeeland, assumant durant quinze mois les fonctions de ministre des transports et des P.T.T. En 1936, il accède pour la première fois au ministère des affaires étrangères dans Paul-Henri Spaak, Ministre des un contexte politique européen difficile marqué par la montée des extrémismes de droite comme de gauche. -
Femmes Parlementaires Dans La Belgique De La Question Royale
Université catholique de Louvain Faculté de philosophie et lettres Département d’histoire Femmes parlementaires dans la Belgique de la question royale Leurs itinéraires et leur rôle dans la vie politique de juin 1949 à novembre 1950 Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Licenciée en histoire par Natacha WITTORSKI Promoteur : M. DUMOULIN Louvain-la-Neuve 2003 2 Parmi les personnes qui nous ont aidée à la réalisation de ce mémoire, nous tenons à remercier tout particulièrement Monsieur le Professeur M. Dumoulin, qui en a accepté la direction, et Monsieur J.-R. Kupper, pour le soin qu’il a mis à la relecture de ces pages. 3 UCL Université catholique de Louvain Faculté de philosophie et lettres Département d’histoire ANNÉE ACADÉMIQUE : 2002-2003 SESSION : JUIN 2003 NOM : WITTORSKI PRÉNOM : Natacha TITRE DU MÉMOIRE : Femmes parlementaires dans la Belgique de la question royale. Leurs itinéraires et leur rôle dans la vie politique de juin 1949 à novembre 1950 PROMOTEUR : M. DUMOULIN Résumé : Il s’agit de porter un éclairage sur le rôle des femmes parlementaires belges, autour d’une tranche de notre histoire politique, entre les premières élections au suffrage masculin et féminin et la fin de la question royale. Outre des aspects biographiques, ce travail contient un parcours de l’actualité (élections de 1949 et 1950, et consultation populaire) et un examen de l’activité de ces seize parlementaires au sein même du Parlement. Les quelques fonds d’archives existants ont été complétés par une consultation de la presse, quotidienne ainsi que féminine, en plus de la lecture des Annales parlementaires. -
European Union Constitution and Its Effects on Federalism in the EU
The European Union Constitution and its Effects on Federalism in the EU NICHOLAS P. ZALANY* Since its unveiling in May 2003 and approval by the Intergovernmental Conference in June 2004, the European Union Constitution has sparked intense debate. If ratified by Member States, the Constitution will inaugurate a new era in the distribution of power between the EU institutions and Member State governments. This Note will examine the Constitution in the historicalcontext of EU integrationand examine how its changes vis-6-vis current EU governing treaties affect federalism in the EU. It will be shown that any decline in Member State sovereignty that may resultfrom certainprovisions of the Constitution is justifiable in light of the needs to streamline the functioning of the EU in the wake of enlargement and to ensure greater coordination in the areas of common foreign and security policy andjustice and home affairs. I. INTRODUCTION The future of the European Union (EU) stands to be shaped in a profound manner by the EU Constitution agreed to by European heads of state on June 18, 2004.1 This document represents the culmination of the most ambitious reorganization in the EU's half-century of existence. 2 While the Constitution has met with criticism,3 European heads of state and the framers of the Constitution recognized the need for the EU to codify the series of overlapping and often opaque treaties that have governed the EU over the course of its history.4 In addition to rendering pre-existing treaties more coherent and accessible to ordinary Europeans, the Constitution introduces many new measures designed to enhance the functioning of the EU institutions in the wake of enlargement from fifteen to twenty-five * B.A., Case Western Reserve University, 2002.