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Public Record Office (PRO), FO 371/49069/9595 (13 August); Alexander Cadogan Diaries, Churchill College, Cambridge, 1/ 15 (13 August) NOTES I THE BIRTH OF EUROPEAN UNITY, 1929-49 1. Public Record Office (PRO), FO 371/49069/9595 (13 August); Alexander Cadogan diaries, Churchill College, Cambridge, 1/ 15 (13 August). 2. Standard critical accounts of British policy include: N. BeloiT, The General Says No (1963); M. Charlton, The Price if Victory (1983); A. Nutting, Europe Will Not Wait (1960); R. Mayne, The Recovery of Europe (1970). 3. R. W. D. Boyce, 'Britain's First "No" to Europe: Britain and the Briand Plan, 1929-30', European Studies Review, Vol. 10 (1980), 17-45; P. J. V. Rollo, Britain and the Briand Plan: the Common Market that never was (Keele, 1972); R. White, 'Cordial Caution: the British response to the French proposal for European Federal Union' in A. Bosco, ed., The Federal Idea: the History of Federalismfrom Enlightenment to 1945 (1991), 237-62. 4. A. Bullock, The Life and Times if Ernest Bevin, Vol. I. Trade Union Leader (1960), 356-63, 369-71, 386-8, 440-7, 622-3, 630-4, 648-9. 5. R. A. Wilford, 'The Federal Union Campaign', European Studies Review, Vol. 10 (1980), 102-4; A. Bosco, 'Federal Union, Chatham House ... and the Anglo-French Union', in Bosco, ed., Federal Idea, 291-325. 6. A. Shlaim, 'Prelude to Downfall: the British offer of Union to France, June 1940', Journal if Contemporary History, Vol. IX (1972), 27-63. 7. H. B. Ryan, The Vision of Anglo-America: the US-UK alliance and the emerging Cold War, 1943--6 (Cambridge, 1987); see also, for example, R. B. Woods, A Changing if the Guard: Anglo-America 1941-6 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1990) or, more generally: 184 Notes H. G. Nicholas, The US and Britain (Chicago, 1975); and the stimulating collection of essays from D. C. Watt, Succeeding John Bull (1979). 8. See especially, C. Thorne, Allies of a Kind: the US, Britain and the war against Japan, 1941-5 (Oxford, 1978); also W. R. Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-5: the US and the decolonisation qf the British Empire (Oxford, 1977). 9. In general see M. Kitchen, British Policy toward the Soviet Union during the Second World War (1986). 10. Public Record Office (PRO), CAB 66/21, WP 4(42) 8. 11. CAB 66/30, WP (42) 480; P. H. Spaak, The Continuing Battle (1971), 76-8; 0. Riste, 'The Genesis of North Atlantic Defence Cooperation', NATO Review, 29, No.2 (April 1981) 22-9. 12. Sir L. Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, Vol. V ( 1976), 181-97; J. Baylis, 'British wartime thinking about a post-war European security group', Review of International Studies, 9 ( 1983), 265-81; A. Shlaim, Britain and the Origins qf European Unity, 1940-51 (Reading, 1978), 54-85. 13. Reproduced in R. Butler and M. E. Pelly, eds, Documents on British Policy Overseas (hereinafter DBPO), Series 1, Vol. 1 ( 1984), document 102. 14. On these aspects see S. Greenwood: 'Ernest Bevin, France and "Western Union", 1945-6', European History Q,uarter!J, 14 ( 1984), especially 322-6. 15. DBPO, Series 1, Vol. 1, record ofmeeting of25July 1945. 16. J. W. Young, Britain, France and the Unity of Europe, 194~51 (Leicester 1984), 26. 17. See especially, F. Kersaudy, Churchill and de Gaulle (1983). 18. Woodward, Second World War, Vol. III (1974), 95-103; J. W. Young, France, the Cold War and the Western Alliance, 1944-9 (1990), 32, 45-6. 19. C. de Gaulle, War Memoirs, Vol. Ill. 1944--6 (1960), 192. 20. For a fuller account see Young, Unity of Europe, 14-25. 21. Greenwood, 'Ernest Bevin ... and Western Union', 334; PRO, FO 371/67670/25. 22. Young, Unity qf Europe, 29-33. 23. FO 371/59955/8895, 8989; quote from Hugh Dalton's diary, British Library of Political and Economic Science, 10 September 1946. 24. Young, Unity of Europe, 39-41. 25. For example, A. S. Milward, The Reconstruction qf Western Europe, 1945-51 (1984), 235. 185 Notes 26. For the debate on these issues:]. Charmley, 'Duff Cooper and Western European Union, 1944--7, Review of International Studies, Vol. II, (1985) 53-63; J. Charmley, Duff Cooper (1986); and J. W. Young, 'Duff Cooper as Ambassador to France, in J. Zametica, ed., British Officials and British Foreign Policy, 1945-50 (1990). But see also Cooper's memoirs, Old Men Forget (1954). 27. J. Baylis, 'Britain and the Dunkirk Treaty: the Origins of NATO', Journal of Strategic Studies, 5 (1982), 236-47; S. Greenwood, 'Return to Dunkirk: the Origins of the Anglo­ French Treaty of March 1947', Journal of Strategic Studies, 6 (1983), 49-65; Young, Unity of Europe, 44--51; B. Zeeman, 'Britain and the Cold War: an alternative approach. The Treaty of Dunkirk example', European History Quarter!J, 16 (1986), 343-67. 28. On the changes in French policy see Young, France ... and the Western Alliance, 142-7. 29. Young, Unity of Europe, 55-6, 60--1. 30. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, Vol. II (hereinafter FRUS) (Washington, 1972), 629. 31. M. ]. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947---452 (Cambridge, 1987), 48-51; Milward, Reconstruction, 62-3. 32. A. Bullock, Ernest Bevin, Vol. III: Foreign Secretary (1983), 404-6. 33. Ibid., passim; Charmley, 'Duff Cooper'; D. Dilks, 'The British View of Security', in 0. Riste, ed., Western Security: the formative years (New York, 1985), 25-55, especially 51; F. K. Roberts, 'Ernest Bevin as Foreign Secretary', in R. Ovendale, ed., The Foreign Policy of the Labour Governments, 1945-51 (Leicester, 1984). This approach is also usual in general histories such as: K. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, Vol. I, Britain in Search of Balance, 1940--61 (1986), 160; A. Sked and C. Cook, Post-war Britain (1982), 54-6; K. 0. Morgan, Labour in Power (Oxford, 1985), especially 276. 34. A. Adamthwaite, 'Britain and the World, 1945-9: the view from the Foreign Office', International4ffairs, Vol. 61 (1985), 223-35, especially 228; M. Howard, Introduction to Riste, ed., Western Security: theformativeyears, 12, 17. Milward, Reconstruction, 235-6, also sees Bevin's interest in European co-operation merely as 'a step towards his greater vision of a transatlantic Western Union'. 35. R. Ovendale, The English-Speaking Alliance: Great Britain, the US, the Dominions and the Cold War (1985), 45, and see 83-4. 36. F. Williams, Ernest Bevin (1952), 262. 186 Notes 37. Shlaim, Britain and the Origins of European Unity, 115-42; G.Warner, 'The Labour Governments and the Unity of Western Europe', in R.Ovendale, ed., The Foreign Policy rif the British Labour Governments 194!"r51 (Leicester, 1984), especially 64--5, 79-80; and see also Warner, 'Britain and Europe in 1948', inJ. Becker and F. Knipping, eds, Power in Europe? France, Great Britain, Germany and Italy in a post-war world, 194!"r50 (New York, 1986), especially 34--7. 38. J. L. Gaddis, 'The US and the question of a sphere of influence in Europe', in Riste, ed., Western Security, 78. 39. R. Holland, The Pursuit rif Greatness, 1900-70 (1991), 225; J. Kent, 'Bevin's Imperialism, and the idea of Euro-Africa', in M. Dockrill and J. W. Young, eds, British Foreign Policy, 194!"r56 (1989);]. Kent, 'The British Empire and the Origins of the Cold War', in A. Deighton, ed., Britain and the First Cold War (1990). These views are developed further in Kent, British Imperial Strategy and the Origins of the Cold War (forthcoming). 40. TUG Congress Report (1947), 420-2; CAB 128/10, CM (47) 77. The British customs union study set up in January 194 7 had made a negative decision but Bevin pushed this aside, arguing that a new situation had arisen. 41. Young, Unity of Europe, 68-70; Milward, Reconstruction, 239-43; Hogan, Marshall Plan, 66-7, 109-10. 42. Milward, ibid., 236-7, 242-4; Hogan, ibid., 110-11. 43. See for example E. Barker, The British between the Superpowers, 194!"r50 (1983), 127; N. Be1off, The General Says No, 52-3. 44. CAB 129/23, CP (48) 6. 45. The Times, 5 January 1948, 4. 46. See for example Bullock, Bevin, 395-8; J. Schneer, 'Hopes Deferred or Shattered; the British Labour Left and the Third Force Movement, 1945-9', Journal of Modern History, 56 Oune 1984)' 197-226. 47. CAB 129/23, CP (48) 8. 48. FO 371/62555/12502 (22 December-10 January). 49. House of Commons debates, Hansard (H. C. Deb. 5s), Vol. 446, Cols. 387-409 (Bevin) and 418-28 (Eden). 50. The Times, 23 January 1948, editorial. The arguments in favour of a Labour 'third force' policy are developed further in]. Kent and]. W. Young, 'The Third Force and the Origins ofNATO', in B. Heuser and R. O'Neill, Securing Peace in Europe, 194:-r62 (1992), 41-61. 51. H. C. Deb. 5s., Vol. 456, cols. 96-107. 187 Notes 52. R. S. Churchill, ed., The Sinews of Peace (1948), 198-202; M. Gilbert, Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill, 1945--63 (1988), 171,265-7, 278-321, 329-30. 53. Lord Strang, Home and Abroad (1956), 290. 54. This is the title, and underlying theme, of M. Carlton's 1983 book, based on a number of interviews. 55. See note 51 above. On policy over the Hague see: J. T. Grantham, 'British Labour and the Hague Congress', Historical Journal, 24 (1981), 443-52. 56. On French policy see Young, France ... and the Western Alliance, 186-7, 193, 205-7, 209 and especially 211-13. 57. For a fuller discussion see Young, Unity of Europe, 110-17. 58. Ibid., 129-31. 59. Ibid., 118-24.
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