Lavoro E Impresa Nelle Società Preindustriali

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Lavoro E Impresa Nelle Società Preindustriali Lavoro e impresa nelle società preindustriali Labour Societies and Business in Pre–Industrial nelle società e impresa preindustriali Lavoro Labour and Business in Pre–Industrial Societies Lavoro Come si lavorava, come si accumulava il reddito e come si faceva impresa nelle società preindustriali? Scorrendo il volume il lettore scoprirà, grazie alle esperien- e impresa nelle ze descritte, un insieme di caratteri qualificanti le diverse attività lavorative. Alcuni sono ben noti, altri forse meno, ma tutti ricadono in tre ambiti: la diversificazione delle fonti di reddito, la costruzione di reti di contatti (professionali e parentali, politici e religiosi), l’adozione di complesse strategie imprenditoriali. società How was work done, how did income accumulate, and how was business con- ducted in pre-industrial societies? Through the experiences described in this book, the reader will discover a series of features distinguishing the various preindustriali forms of work. Some are well-known, others perhaps less so, but all fall into three spheres: diversification of sources of income, creation of networks of contacts (professional and familial, political and religious), and adoption of complex busi- Labour and Business ness strategies. in Pre–Industrial Societies a cura di / edited by Roberto Leggero CHF 25.- / € 25 Laboratorio di Storia delle Alpi MAP Mendrisio Academy Press Laboratorio di Storia delle Alpi Studies on Alpine History Lavoro e impresa nelle società preindustriali Labour and Business in Pre-Industrial Societies Coordinamento editoriale a cura di /edited by Tiziano Casartelli Roberto Leggero Progetto grafico Alberto Canepa © 2017 Accademia di architettura, Mendrisio Università della Svizzera italiana Mendrisio Academy Press Sommario 7 Introduzione. 169 Fede che fa reddito. Creare lavoro, salario e reddito nelle società preindustriali L’oratorio di Sant’Anna a Morbio Superiore: un cantiere Roberto Leggero di comunità (1692-1705) Stefania Bianchi 19 La “fabbrica” del lignaggio. Il ruolo delle reti parentali aristocratiche urbane nella produzione di ricchezza 191 “Effetto Buddenbrook”. Imprese mercantili (XIII-XV secolo) e percorsi di mobilità sociale nella Bologna dell'età moderna Mirella Montanari Massimo Fornasari 47 Tra politica e professione. Gestire le risorse umane e sociali 209 Fare impresa in età preindustriale: a Merano nel Quattrocento riflessioni a partire dal caso lombardo (secolo XVIII) Hitomi Sato Luca Mocarelli 59 Alcuni esempi di “industria alberghiera” 229 The Industrious Revolution in Germany: in area prealpina e alpina (XV-XVI secolo) Constraints to Labour Supply and Working Motives around 1800 Stefania Duvia Ulf Christian Ewert, Felix Gräfenberg, Stephanie Klages 79 Charitable Organizations as Social Economic Facilitators. The Case of the Ceppo of Francesco di Marco Datini 255 Abstracts Paolo Nanni 103 Collective Resources, Work and Communication in the Tyrolean Upper Inn Valley in the late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times Yoshihisa Hattori 127 «Con conueneuole ricompensa»: le fonti di reddito del musicista nella prima età moderna Daniele Torelli 149 Fare carriera politica nei baliaggi ticinesi tra Cinquecento e primo Seicento Leonardo Broillet Introduzione. Creare lavoro, salario e reddito nelle società preindustriali Roberto Leggero Una riflessione preliminare Un saggio recente ha mostrato i rischi dell’evoluzione della storia economica in economia storica. Anche se la trasformazione è stata dettata da esigenze reali di maggiore scientificità ciò, tuttavia, ha fatto prevalere l’aspetto dell’a- nalisi economica su quello storico-umanistico con conseguenze profonde e complesse sulla disciplina che hanno comportato «il quasi totale abbandono della storia economica dell’età preindustriale – e medievale in particolare – a favore della società industriale e post-industriale»; il fatto che la storia econo- mica, divenuta economia storica, non faccia più riferimento all’idea blochia- na della storia come scienza «des hommes dans le temps»; infine, seguendo il procedimento degli economisti – continua l’autore dello studio citando Al- berto Grohmann –, il numero di variabili prese in considerazione diminuisce e, allo stesso tempo, non si analizzano più gli aspetti politici, istituzionali e culturali che influenzano le scelte economiche degli individui.1 Come conseguenza di tutto ciò, dal testo di Franco Franceschi emerge un pressante appello per il ritorno alla storia economica. Il tecnicismo delle ricostruzioni è in aumento ma, paradossalmente, esso esprime una “neutralizzazione” della storiografia e l’inserimento di una dimensione fortemente ideologica nel lavoro di ricerca. In ultima analisi è stata la caduta di un quadro interpretativo ed etico di ampio respiro ma evidente e dichiarato, a consentire la trasformazione della storia economica in economia storica con le conseguenze sopra rilevate. Non si andrà lontano dal vero nel ritenere che ciò implichi la richiesta di una visio- ne in grado di smantellare alcune certezze delle attuali prospettive teoriche 8 ROBERTO LEGGERO INTRODUZIONE 9 nascoste – in realtà non così nascoste – come è stato fatto dalla storiografia di esempio una constatazione: nelle società europee preindustriali e prerifor- medievale nel campo dell’identità europea. Essa ha rinunciato alle sicurezze mate, la fondazione religiosa del valore del lavoro è quantomeno ambigua. su un tema fondamentale come quello dell’identità, legate alla tranquilliz- Quest’ultimo è considerato un vincolo e un dovere dell’essere umano. Perciò zante idea secondo la quale i nomi dei popoli “barbarici” identificassero con il lavoro viene prima e, in qualche modo, esclude la questione della remu- certezza antiche organizzazioni politiche. Grazie a Walter Pohl si è affermata nerazione, perché esso è, nella sua essenza, una punizione. E infatti, come è una prospettiva volta a considerare tali “popoli” aggregati di tribù pronte ad stato ampiamente e tragicamente dimostrato dalle esperienze della schiavitù adottare i miti fondativi dei gruppi umani e dei capi considerati più capaci e dei lager, lavorare non significa necessariamente attendere alla formazione nelle migrazioni. Nel contesto dell’incontro tra popolazioni diverse, armi e di un reddito, ed è chiaro come nulla leghi per natura lavoro e remunerazione corredi funebri, una volta considerati stabili e sicuri segni dell’identità dei del lavoro, nella forma del salario o del profitto. popoli, sono divenuti elementi labili e non definitivi per accertarne identità Esiodo consiglia, in Le opere e i giorni, di lavorare per sfuggire alla fame ma, e presenza. Accettare l’evidenza oggettiva di tale precarietà, in un mondo soprattutto, alla rabbia degli Dei, che odiano i pigri. Nel mondo cristiano, la proteso verso sempre nuove garanzie dal punto di vista dell’identità, ha signi- struttura della settimana lavorativa, caratterizzata da lavoro e riposo, onora ficato anche respingere inopportune pulsioni ideologiche. e richiama i tempi dell’attività creatrice di Dio3 ma mentre quest’ultima è Occorre considerare, analogamente, anche le questioni relative all’economia libera e volontaria, il lavoro umano invece è la dura necessità scaturita dalla e all’organizzazione del tempo del lavoro non come fenomeni naturali, ma cacciata dal Paradiso terrestre. In tal senso il lavoro è insieme vincolo e do- puramente culturali, che strutturano la realtà intorno ai bisogni fondamentali vere dell’essere umano perché esso rappresenta l’espiazione di una colpa ori- dell’essere umano e delle comunità umane. Ma bisogni e comunità costituisco- ginaria. D’altra parte, la Bibbia è piena di amarezza e di dubbi circa il lavoro, no proprio il contesto delle variabili complesse espulso dalla presunta scientifi- spesso incentrati proprio sul rapporto tra lavoro e salario: «Che profitto ha cità dell’analisi neutrale e perciò, inevitabilmente, essa si rivela meno oggettiva l’uomo per tutta la fatica che dura sotto il sole?» (Eccl. 1, 3). dell’analisi che dichiari la propria visione accettandone le incertezze. La cristianizzazione dei temi del lavoro e del reddito, ovvero la «messa in Perciò occorre dire esplicitamente che la riflessione che ha preceduto e stimola- forma di una pedagogia economica cristiana», produce anche effetti parados- to la preparazione del presente volume – ma non necessariamente quella degli sali. In un volume recente dedicato al pensiero economico medievale, teso a studiosi che vi hanno collaborato – nasce da una suggestione che al lettore sarà ricostruirne la fisionomia attraverso l’uso di una «vasta testualità, originaria- parsa evidente fin dal titolo del libro. La grave crisi che, a partire dal 2008, ha mente patristica e giuridica, innervata su una lingua in formazione: la lingua colpito le economie mondiali è stata infatti la motivazione per riconsiderare le dei cristiani»,4 il lavoro come categoria è sostanzialmente marginale. Sono esperienze del passato – basate certo su concetti diversi di tempo, di proprietà, presenti, è vero, i vescovi, i monaci, i mercanti e gli usurai, attori importanti di futuro, di rischio correlato agli individui e alle comunità –, come modelli di dell’economia e protagonisti della trattatistica ma, per quanto riguarda il la- altri modi possibili di affrontare il tema della costruzione del reddito espresso voro, ci si limita a riconoscerlo tra le istituzioni economiche portanti assieme in termini individuali, familiari, come salario, profitto o rendita.2 al mercato, alla moneta e al credito.5 Poco spazio viene concesso ad attività che
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