Democracy in Indonesia 1

Democracy in Indonesia 1 Democracy in Indonesia A Survey of the Indonesian Electorate 2003 141103-INTRODUCTION 1 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 2 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 3 141103-INTRODUCTION 2 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 2 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 3 Democracy in Indonesia A Survey of the Indonesian Electorate 2003 Project Director and Editor: Tim Meisburger The Asia Foundation Editorial Board: Douglas Ramage, Roderick Brazier, Robin Bush, Hana Satriyo, Zacky Husein, Kelly Deuster, Wandy N. Tuturoong, Sandra Hamid Questionnaire Design: Craig Charney – Charney Research Report: Craig Charney, Nicole Yakatan, and Amy Marsman – Charney Research Research and Fieldwork: Farquhar Stirling, Achala Srivasta, Eko Wicaksono, Safril Faried, Dindin Kusdinar, Rocky Hatibie – ACNielsen Indonesia 141103-INTRODUCTION 3 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 4 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 5 About The Asia Foundation The Asia Foundation is a non-profit, non-governmental organization committed to the development of a peaceful, prosperous, and open Asia-Pacific region. The Foundation supports programs in Asia that help improve governance and law, economic reform and development, women’s participation, and international relations. Drawing on nearly 50 years of experience in Asia, the Foundation collaborates with private and public partners to support leadership and institutional development, technical assistance, exchanges, policy research, and educational material. With a network of 17 offices throughout Asia, an office in Washington, D.C., and headquarters in San Francisco, the Foundation addresses these issues on country and regional levels. In the past fiscal year of 2002, the Foundation provided grants, educational materials, and other resources of more than $50 million to 22 countries and territories in Asia and through its Books for Asia program has distributed over 750,000 books to over 4,000 schools and other regional educational institutions. During the past five years, the Foundation has supported more than 800 public interest non- governmental organizations. For more information, visit The Asia Foundation’s website at www.asiafoundation.org This publication was made possible through support provided by the U. S. Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. All Photos on the cover by Kantor Berita Antara, except for lower right by P.J. Leo 141103-INTRODUCTION 4 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 4 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 5 Preface This report presents the findings of The Asia Foundation’s third national survey of the Indonesian electorate. The aim of the research was to assess voter knowledge and opinion, and to identify key issues and challenges facing election administrators and assistance providers in advance of the 2004 National Elections. The survey was conducted between June 25 and August 10, 2003, in 32 of Indonesia’s 33 provinces, and consisted of a random, nationally representative sample of 1,056 in-person interviews, plus an over- sample of 230 people to allow some regional analysis. The survey was funded with generous support from the U.S. Agency for International Development. This is the eighth in a groundbreaking series of democracy assessment surveys sponsored by The Asia Foundation in Asia. The first was a national voter education survey conducted in Indonesia in advance of the 1999 elections. The second was a follow-up survey in Indonesia in August 1999, the third was in Cambodia in 2000, the fourth was a survey of the Indonesian justice sector in 2001, the fifth and sixth were in East Timor in 2001 and 2002, and the seventh was again in Cambodia in 2003. (These surveys, in English and local languages, can be found at http://www.asiafoundation.org/publications/surveys.html). The specific objectives of the survey were to determine how much of the know-ledge of democracy and elections gained by the Indonesian electorate during the last election in 1999 had been retained, and to clearly identify specific gaps in knowledge so that voter education providers could accurately target them. The survey also sought to measure opinion and attitudes related to democracy and democratic values in Indonesia, and to compare those findings with data collected during the 1999 surveys in order to identify democratization trends, and quantify change over time. The survey results will be of practical benefit to the Komisi Pemilihan Umum (the election commission) and civil society organizations as they develop their civic and voter education campaigns. By clearly identifying areas of greatest need, the survey will enable voter and civic education providers to effectively target their limited resources to achieve the greatest possible impact. The survey will also provide a baseline from which assistance providers and election administrators can accurately measure the efficacy of specific program interventions. In addition, the survey will be useful for policy makers, academics and students interested in developing a greater understanding of the current state and development of democracy in Indonesia. Douglas E. Ramage Representative Indonesia The Asia Foundation Jakarta, November 2003 141103-INTRODUCTION 5 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 6 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 7 141103-INTRODUCTION 6 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 6 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 7 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 INTRODUCTION 29 NATIONAL REPORT: CHAPTER 1 : THE NATIONAL MOOD 35 Direction of the Country Right Direction Reasons Wrong Direction reasons Indonesia’s Biggest Problems Economic Situation Differences in Mood The President’s job Performance DPR Job Performance Job Performance of DPR Provincial Representatives Political Alienation Summary CHAPTER 2 : POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 53 Turnout in Presidential Election Reasons for Voting in Preseidential Election Reasons for Non-Voting in The Presidential Election Turnout in DPR Election Reasons to Participate In DPR Election Expectations of the 2004 Elections Differences in Expectation for Elections Interest in Politics Reasons for Disinterest in Politics Politic Discussion Running For Political Office Summary CHAPTER 3 : VOTER EDUCATION NEEDS: 69 ELECTIONS & ELECTORAL PROCEDURES Knowledge of Upcoming Election Awarness of DPD Knowledge of Electoral Procedures Who Needs to Regiisters? Actions Likely if No Registrar Visits Awareness of Regristration Deadline Knowlegde of Election Organizations Recourse for Election Problems Responsibilty for Resolving Election Disputes Election Complaint Process Index Impact of Party Gifts to Voters 141103-INTRODUCTION 7 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 8 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 9 Presence of Miltia or Secuurity at Public Meetings Voter Education Recommendations for All Voters Voter Education Recommendations for Specific Target Groups Summary CHAPTER 4 : VOTER EDUCATION NEEDS: 91 EFFICACY, INSTITUTIONS, AND PARTIES Political Efficacy What Election Can Accomplish Functions of DPR Party Identification Reason for Vote Choice Difference Among Parties Islamic Party Difference Islamic Party Goals Interest in Voter Education Voter Education Recommendations for All Voters Summary CHAPTER 5 : CIVIC EDUCATION NEEDS 111 Characteristic of a Democratic Country Personal Consequences of Democracy Principles of Democracy Democratic Knowledge Index Support for Expanded Military Poers Support for Autocratic Leadership Women Making Their Own Decision Political Party Meetings : Party Meetings Political Tolerance : Candidates from Unpopular Groups Lifting The Ban on Former PKI Members Civic Edication Recommendations for Specific Target Groups Summary CHAPTER 6 : GENDER AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 131 Problems Facing Women Gender Issues In Politics ans Elections Influence Needs of Woman on Voting Decision Women Issue’s and The Vote Voting for Women Candidates Gender and Electoral Representation Why Prefer Male/Female Representatives? Support for Parties With a 30% Women’s Quota Summary 141103-INTRODUCTION 8 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 8 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 9 CHAPTER 7 : CRIME, JUSTICE AND CORRUPTION 145 Concern for Personal Safety Violent Crime Confidence in Law Enforcement Perceived Incidence of Goverment Corruption Incidence of Bribery Summary CHAPTER 8 : INFORMATION SOURCES, 155 MEDIA USE AND LANGUAGE Introduction - Voter Education Sources and Media Information Sources : National Events Informations Sources : Election Procedures TV Exposure Time of TV Viewing TV Station Exposure Radio Exposure Time of Radio Listening Radio Station Exposure Preferred Informations Sources : Election Procedures Preferred Sponsoring Organizations : Election Information Language Use Languages Preferences for Voter Education Summary CHAPTER 9 : CAMPAIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 171 Voter Education : Phase I, electoral Processes Voter Education : Phase II, Political Institutions and Parties Civic Education : Democratic Values and Tolerance Conclusion Summary Appendix : Target Group Demographics REGIONAL: CHAPTER 1 : INTERREGIONAL COMPARISON 183 CHAPTER 2 : JAVA 201 CHAPTER 3 : KALIMANTAN 221 CHAPTER 4 : PAPUA 241 CHAPTER 5 : SUMATRA 261 CHAPTER 5 : SULAWESI 281 141103-INTRODUCTION 9 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 10 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 11 141103-INTRODUCTION 10 11/17/03, 7:48 PM 10 Democracy in Indonesia Democracy in Indonesia 11 Executive Summary This report presents the findings of The Asia Foundation’s third national opinion survey of the Indonesian

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